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Construction, unlike most of the other technologies of today, is a process that has developed over thousands of years and through numerous civilization. Indeed, many of the processes and techniques developed through those times are still practiced in some form or other to the present day. By nature, construction has been heavily orientated towards craft skills supplemented by semi-skilled labour. This is particularly true where small firms are concerned and, when time and labour costs were low, this approach was often encouraged. Construction has been based traditionally on materials that were easily obtainable.
In the U.K. this meant that main materials in common use were timber, brick and clay products.
Foundations and walls were of timber, stone or brick (or possibly a mixture of all three). Ground floors were stone or brick and suspended floors and roofs of timber. Cladding to the roofs was the most varied, being stone or slate, clay tiles or timber. Doors and window frames were also of timber construction and finishes were generally based on clay or limestone products.
Similarly roads were formed from granite sets, stone or clay bricks and gravel. Marine works such as piers and breakwaters were primarily of stone or timber construction and drainage works were constructed in brickwork. This led to the development of three major crafts:
a) carpentry,
b) bricklaying and tiling,
c) plastering and rendering,
which are still very much in evidence to the present day.
Design was very much a ''rule of thumb'' technique, based on the experience of craftsmen. Modifications were made on site as the work progressed. Only the major building projects, e.g. cathedrals, churches and manor houses, were built to a carefully designed plan since the time scale for construction of these was much greater. Most of the main elements were made to order and the results were variable in appearance, scale and function.
As industry has grown the population has gone away from the villages to towns and cities since these are the centers of trade and commerce.
Rather then allow urban movement to run uncontrolled, planning restrictions have to be imposed and these have developed in three main forms:
a) joining of land usage,
b) density of population,
c) visual appearance,
so that the development of any piece of land is controlled by these factors.
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