Answer the questions to the text 2. Check your answers in accordance with the text.

1. How long has construction developed?

2. Are many of the processes developed through thousands of years still practiced to the present day? Name some of them in case they are.

3. What has construction been orientated to?

4. What has construction been traditionally based on?

5. What materials were in common use in the U.K.?

6. What materials were foundations and walls constructed?

7. How were roads formed?

8. What was design based on?

9. Why has the population gone away from the villages?

Read the text for the second time and mark interesting facts in each part of it.

17. What is a ''rule of thumb'' technique?

UNIT 9

PREFABRICATION

Text: Prefabrication

Grammar: The Infinitive

New words:

1. accuracy, n. [´ækjVqrqsı] точность, правильность

2. actual, adj. [´æktSLql] действительный

3. aesthetic, adj. [i:s´θetık] эстетический

4. drawback, n. [drO:bæk] недостаток

5. essential, adj. [ı´senS(q)l] существенный, необходимый

6. joint, n. [GOınt] шов, стык

7. security, n. [sı´kjV(q)rıtı] надежность

8. strength, n. [streNθ] прочность

9. cold bridges мостики холода

10. cost saving сокращение затрат

11. fire resistance огнеупорность

12. thermal insulation теплоизоляция

13. weather exclusion погодоустойчивость

14. under off-site conditions в заводских условиях

1. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combination.

Global economy; industrialized construction; standardized building components; to form building elements; the dimensional co-ordination; a maximum and a minimum limit of size; the accuracy of the components; industrialized building systems; adequate strength and security; the cost savings of mass production; standard repetitive tasks.

2. Find the synonyms.

drawback a) advantage; b) disadvantage; c) benefit.

essential a) necessary; b) unnecessary; c) needless.

strength a) weakness; b) power; c) fragile.

actual a) real; b) unreal; c) true.

accuracy a) privacy; b) concrete; c) precision.

3. Read and translate the word combinations.

the accuracy to be achieved the achieved accuracy of components

industrialized systems to be developed the developed industrialized systems

standard repetitive tasks to be completed the completed standard repetitive tasks

limits of size to be determined the determined limits of size

components to be manufactured the manufactured building components

prefabricated components to be finished the finished prefabricated components

4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive.

1. Prefabrication can improve productivity greatly.

2. The need to be competitive in the global economy is a hot.

3. Components are manufactured units to be used in building.

4. Some basic requirements should be taken into account when designing joints.

5. All joints should be able to transfer loads from one unit to another.

6. With the quick development of new technologies all this work can be done by robots.

7. Advantages of prefabrication include the opportunity to use specialized equipment to produce components.

5. Read and translate the text.

PREFABRICATION

The need to be competitive in the emerging global economy is a hot. Many prefabrication technologies deliver a better product because building is done in a quality controlled, sheltered environment. Besides, prefabrication can improve productivity greatly. An awareness of the current trends and latest innovations in prefabrication and industrialized construction is essential.

Prefabrication is an assembly of standardized building components under off-site conditions. Components are manufactured units, made to pre-determined sizes, to be used in building. Standardized components are joined together to form building elements. Units may include doors, stairs, window walls, wall panels, floor slabs, roof trusses, room-sized components, and even entire buildings.

Once fabrication of building components has started, it is difficult to make changes to the design. This means that the dimensional co-ordination between all the components is essential. For any component there will be a maximum and a minimum limit of size, between which the actual size must lie. The actual size must always be less than the basic size.

The greater the accuracy of the components to be joined, the less width will the joint between them require. The joint between components is the major problem in industrialized building systems. If external, its problems are those of weather exclusion, thermal insulation, and fire resistance. All joints should be of adequate strength and security. The aesthetic problem of large joints exposed is a serious one.

The design of the joints should be as simple and economical as possible, so the following basic requirements should be taken into account:

· in-situ concrete connections should be kept to a minimum;

· all joints should be able to transfer loads from one unit to another;

· all joints must have the same degree of fire resistance as the structure;

· all external panel joints should be insulated so that cold bridges will not be formed.

Advantages of prefabrication include the cost savings of mass production, the opportunity to use specialized equipment to produce components, and standardization of parts for quick assembly and erection.

The major drawback is the responsibility for quality control, but with the quick development of new technologies all this work can be done by robots. Robots are most suited for an industrialized construction, where prefabrication can be divided into standard repetitive tasks. Robots are also being developed for assembly of prefabricated components on site. They can inspect finished prefabricated components for drawbacks. The Japanese are installing rails on prefabricated panels to serve as guides for robots.

6. Fill in the gaps.

1. Prefabrication can improve … greatly.

a) fertility; b) productivity; c) possibility.

2. An awareness of the current trends and innovations in construction is ….

a) essential; b) special; c) residential.

3. Prefabrication is an assembly of standardized components under … conditions.

a) on-site; b) off-side; c) off-site.

4. The … size must always be less than the basic size.

a) pre-determined; b) standardized; c) actual.

5. The greater the … of the components to be joined, the less width will the joint between them require.

a) security; b) accuracy; c) possibility.

6. All joints should be of adequate … and security.

a) strength; b) strong; c) fire resistance.

7. External panel joints should be insulated so that … will not be formed.

a) mass production; b) thermal insulation; c) cold bridges.

8. … can be divided into standard repetitive tasks.

a) construction; b) prefabrication; c) innovation.

9. Robots can inspect finished prefabricated components for ….

a) advantages; b) comebacks; c) drawbacks.

7. There are some notes the student made after reading the text "Prefabrication". Did he remember everything right? Read his notes and correct them if necessary.

1. A lot of prefabrication technologies produce a better product because construction is done in the controlled conditions.

2. It is not important to be aware of the latest tendencies and novelties.

3. The assembly of the prefabricated components is done at the building site.

4. Standardized components include room-sized components and entire buildings.

5. When production of building elements has started, you can easily change the design.

6. The actual size of components is equal to its maximum size.

7. The problems of large exposed joints is the aesthetic one.

8. The main advantage of prefabrication is quality control.

9. Robots can be applied to carry out standard repetitive tasks.

8. Answer the questions to the text.

1. What is prefabrication?

2. What building components can be produced industrially?

3. What is an actual size of a prefabricated component?

4. What does the width of a joint depend on?

5. What are the problems of external joints?

6. What are the basic requirements for the joints?

7. Name all the advantages of prefabrication?

8. What is its disadvantage?

9. What can help builders to overcome this trouble?

9. Give the English equivalents.

· технологии заводского изготовления

· заранее определенные размеры

· соответствие размеров всех компонентов

· монолитные бетонные швы

· массовое производство

· проверять готовые элементы на брак

· быстрый монтаж и возведение

10. Ask your partner to explain to you in English the following terms.

· prefabrication;

· pre-determined size;

· actual size;

· cold bridges;

· fire resistance.

11. Discuss with your group-mates the role of the robots in the building construction nowadays and in the future. Suggest your own ideas on the improvement of construction techniques.

UNIT 10

Дата добавления: 2015-07-20