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1) Who, of the following, would be most likely to argue that the power of ideas shapes society?
a. the Lenskis
b. Marx
c. Weber
d. Durkheim
Answer: c
Page Reference: 86
Skill: Conceptual
2) Which of the following concepts refers to people who interact in a defined territory and share culture?
a. culture
b. society
c. nation
d. state
Answer: b
Page Reference: 86
Skill: Conceptual
3) Gerhard Lenski claimed that which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society?
a. technology
b. social conflict
c. human ideas
d. human desire for change
Answer: a
Page Reference: 86-87
Skill: Factual
4) According to Lenski, the term sociocultural evolution refers to:
a. changes brought about by new ways of thinking.
b. changes created by ideas coming from other societies.
c. change that results from social conflict.
d. changes that occur as a society acquires new technology.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 87
Skill: Conceptual
5) Which of the following factors would the Lenskis’ approach highlight as bringing about change in society?
a. the telephone
b. conflict between workers and factory owners
c. new religious movements
d. the extent to which people share moral values
Answer: a
Page Reference: 87
Skill: Applied
6) Hunting and gathering societies were the only kind on the Earth from the origins of the human species some 3 million years ago until about:
a. 250,000 years ago.
b. 100,000 years ago.
c. 12,000 years ago.
d. 2,500 years ago.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 87
Skill: Factual
7) Today, hunting and gathering societies:
a. are quickly spreading around the world.
b. represent about half the world’s population.
c. are few in number but are found on every continent.
d. are close to disappearing from the world.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 87
Skill: Factual
8) Which of the following is true of hunting and gathering societies?
a. Population is small; they are nomadic.
b. Population is large; they live in villages.
c. Population is small; they raise crops and animals.
d. Population is large; most people are farmers.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 87
Skill: Factual
9) In hunting and gathering societies:
a. men and women do almost entirely the same tasks.
b. men hunt animals while women gather vegetation.
c. women hunt animals while men gather vegetation.
d. men and women work together as hunters.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 87
Skill: Factual
10) The social standing of women and men in hunting and gathering societies is:
a. unequal, with men controlling farming.
b. fairly equal, with men and women making a vital contribution to survival.
c. unequal, with women raising the young while men secure food.
d. equal, because both men and women perform the same tasks.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 87
Skill: Factual
11) A great danger to hunting and gathering societies is:
a. warfare
b. growing more food than they can carry.
c. the forces of nature, including storms and droughts.
d. All of the above are correct.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 87
Skill: Factual
12) Horticultural societies are those in which:
a. people are nomadic.
b. people hunt animals and gather vegetation.
c. people have learned to raise animals.
d. people use simple hand tools to raise crops.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 88
Skill: Factual
13) Humans first planted gardens in which region of the world?
a. Africa
b. Asia
c. Latin America
d. the Middle East
Answer: d
Page Reference: 88
Skill: Factual
14) The first type of society to generate a material surplus is:
a. hunting and gathering.
b. horticultural and pastoral.
c. agrarian.
d. industrial.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 88
Skill: Factual
15) Christianity, Islam, and Judaism all began in _____________ societies.
a. hunting and gathering
b. pastoral
c. agrarian
d. industrial
Answer: b
Page Reference: 88
Skill: Conceptual
16) As societies generate a greater productive surplus, their people generally:
a. become more socially equal.
b. gain more productive specialization
c. become less warlike.
d. All of the above are correct
Answer: b
Page Reference: 88
Skill: Applied
17) What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by animals or more powerful energy sources?
a. hunting and gathering
b. horticultural
c. pastoral
d. agrarian
Answer: d
Page Reference: 88
Skill: Conceptual
18) Where in the world did large-scale cultivation or farming first develop?
a. in southeast Asia
b. in the Middle East
c. in North America
d. in Africa
Answer: b
Page Reference: 88
Skill: Factual
19) Agrarian technology developed based on the use of:
a. the plow.
b. animal power.
c. the development of metals.
d. All of the above are correct.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 88-89
Skill: Factual
20) The Roman Empire at its peak power was what type of society?
a. hunting and gathering
b. horticultural and pastoral
c. agrarian
d. industrial
Answer: c
Page Reference: 89
Skill: Factual
21) Gerhard Lenski claims that the development of more complex technology:
a. is entirely positive.
b. has both positive and negative effects.
c. is entirely negative in its effect.
d. has no effect on the quality of human life.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 88-89
Skill: Factual
22) Assume you are studying a society that has just invented cities, has increasing specialization, and has just started using money to buy and sell goods and services. It is likely that the society is at which stage of sociocultural evolution?
a. hunting and gathering
b. horticultural and pastoral
c. agrarian
d. industrial
Answer: c
Page Reference: 88-89
Skill: Applied
23) Many people have marveled at the Great Wall in China and the Great Pyramids in Egypt. These monuments stand as evidence of the productive power of which type of society?
a. hunting and gathering
b. horticultural and pastoral
c. agrarian
d. industrial
Answer: c
Page Reference: 89
Skill: Applied
24) In terms of social inequality, agrarian societies generally:
a. have much more inequality than less productive societal types.
b. have about the same amount of social inequality as less productive societal types.
c. have less social inequality than less productive societal types.
d. come very close to being egalitarian societies.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 89
Skill: Factual
25) Which of the following types of society has the most productive specialization?
a. hunting and gathering
b. horticultural and pastoral
c. agrarian
d. industrial
Answer: c
Page Reference: 88-89
Skill: Factual
26) The birth of the discipline of sociology took place during the development of which type of society?
a. pastoral
b. horticultural
c. industrial
d. agrarian
Answer: c
Page Reference: 89
Skill: Factual
27) Films about advancing technology, including "Frankenstein," make the point that advancing technology:
a. not only solves some problems but creates new ones.
b. is the solution to all human problems.
c. will never do anything good for humanity.
d. All of the above are correct
Answer: a
Page Reference: 90
Skill: Factual
28) Industrialization changes societies in many ways. All of the following except for one are changes brought on by industrialization. Which is NOT such a change?
a. A larger share of a society’s people live in cities.
b. There are fewer types of jobs and fewer people now work for income.
c. The rate of social change increases.
d. Advances in communication and transportation make society seem smaller.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 89-90
Skill: Factual
29) Compared to an industrial society, a postindustrial society is based on:
a. an information-based economy.
b. a factory-based economy.
c. an immigrant labor force.
d. a less productive economy.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 90
Skill: Factual
30) Karl Marx believed that the industrial-capitalist system was:
a. very productive.
b. concentrating wealth in the hands of a few.
c. giving rise to two great classes: capitalists and proletarians.
d. All of the above are correct.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 92
Skill: Factual
31) The driving force of social change, according to Marx, is:
a. advancing technology.
b. social conflict between classes.
c. dominant ideas.
d. the way in which society is held together.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 92
Skill: Factual
32) Karl Marx argued that the dominant social institution is:
a. the family.
b. religion.
c. politics.
d. the economy.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 92
Skill: Factual
33) Marx described the widespread beliefs that supported the capitalist economic system as:
a. false consciousness.
b. class consciousness.
c. cultural awareness.
d. revolutionary politics
Answer: a
Page Reference: 93
Skill: Conceptual
34) Marx called those who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits:
a. proletarians.
b. peasants.
c. capitalists.
d. burghers.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 92
Skill: Conceptual
35) As the suffering of workers became worse, Marx predicted that they would:
a. eventually starve to death.
b. rise up against the capitalist system.
c. go into business for themselves.
d. demand that women as well as men join the labor force.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 94
Skill: Factual
36) As Marx used the concept, alienation means:
a. the sense of not knowing right from wrong.
b. that most people do not want to work at all.
c. that people object to highly specialized work.
d. the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 94
Skill: Conceptual
37) Marx described alienation as involving which of the following?
a. alienation from the act of working
b. alienation from the products of work
c. alienation from other workers
d. All of the above are correct
Answer: d
Page Reference: 95
Skill: Conceptual
38) Marx noted 4 ways in which capitalism alienates workers. Which of the following is NOT 1 of these 4 ways?
a. alienation from the act of working
b. alienation from human potential
c. alienation from the family
d. alienation from the product of work
Answer: c
Page Reference: 95
Skill: Factual
39) In the socialist society Marx hoped to see, which of the following would be true?
a. Capitalists would pay fair wages to workers.
b. Class conflict would no longer exist.
c. All people would do the same work.
d. Factory technology would be abolished.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 96
Skill: Applied
40) Which of the following is TRUE?
a. “Canadian society” is problematic
b. Quebec wants to be recognized as a “special society”
c. all ethnic groups have the characteristics of a “society”
d. a “society” need not be aware of itself to be an independent entity
Answer: a
Page Reference: 94
Skill: Conceptual
41) Karl Marx used a philosophical approach called _____, Max Weber followed an approach called _____.
a. tradition; rationality
b. rationality; tradition
c. materialism; idealism
d. idealism; materialism
Answer: c
Page Reference: 96-97
Skill: Conceptual
42) To compare societies at different times in history, Max Weber made use of:
a. ideal types.
b. stereotypes.
c. statistical rates.
d. All of the above are correct.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 96
Skill: Conceptual
43) What Lenski called the industrial society and Marx called the capitalist society, Weber considered:
a. a technological society.
b. an ideal society.
c. a traditional society.
d. a rational society.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 97
Skill: Applied
44) How did Weber describe traditional societies?
a. People look open-mindedly to the future.
b. People pass the same values and beliefs from generation to generation.
c. People live in the present, paying little attention to the past or the future.
d. People strive to be more and more productive.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 96
Skill: Conceptual
45) When Weber used the concept "rationality," he had in mind:
a. a concern with what's good for the entire community.
b. a respect for tradition.
c. deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish any task.
d. limiting the extent of class conflict.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 97
Skill: Conceptual
46) Karl Marx considered capitalism to be _____, but Max Weber argued that capitalism was very _____.
a. irrational; rational
b. rational; irrational
c. unproductive; productive
d. productive; unproductive
Answer: a
Page Reference: 97
Skill: Factual
47) In describing the rationalization of society, Max Weber claimed that modern society had become:
a. more religious.
b. disenchanted.
c. full of anomie.
d. less productive.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 97
Skill: Conceptual
48) __________ considered industrial capitalism to be highly rational.
a. Marx
b. Weber
c. Durkheim
d. The Lenskis
Answer: b
Page Reference: 97
Skill: Factual
49) Weber traced the origins of the capitalist economy in Europe to:
a. colonialism.
b. feudal monarchy.
c. the Protestant Reformation.
d. technological innovation.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Factual
50) According to Max Weber, early Calvinists were:
a. deeply religious and highly disciplined.
b. eager to enjoy what money could buy.
c. people who respected the past.
d. All of the above are correct.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Factual
51) Max Weber's analysis of the rise of capitalism provides strong evidence of:
a. the results of class conflict.
b. the effects of increasing specialization.
c. the importance of advancing technology.
d. the power of ideas to change society.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 98
Skill: Factual
52) Which of the following is NOT one of the seven characteristics of a rational organization as identified by Weber?
a. specialized tasks
b. technical competence
c. awareness of time
d. personality
Answer: d
Page Reference: 98-99
Skill: Factual
53) Comparing and contrasting the ideas of Karl Marx and Max Weber, which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Marx thought modern society was alienating; Weber did not.
b. Weber thought modern society was alienating; Marx did not.
c. Both Marx and Weber thought modern society was alienating, although for different reasons.
d. Neither Marx nor Weber thought modern society was alienating.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Applied
54) Max Weber described the features of rational social organization pointing to all but one of the following. Which one is NOT part of his analysis?
a. organizations become large-scale
b. self-discipline is important
c. people in the workplace share highly personal relationships
d. technical competence is the key to getting jobs
Answer: c
Page Reference: 98-99
Skill: Factual
55) Weber could see the advantages of industrial capitalism,
a. and he was optimistic about the future.
b. but he thought it would never actually develop.
c. but he thought workers would soon overthrow the system.
d. but he was pessimistic about the future
Answer: d
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Factual
56) Emile Durkheim saw society as a system "beyond us" with the power to guide our lives. Therefore, he described elements of society, including cultural norms, values, and beliefs as:
a. social facts.
b. ideal types.
c. false consciousness.
d. forms of rationality.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Conceptual
57) It would be correct to say that Durkheim thought of society as:
a. existing only in the human mind.
b. an objective reality
c. changing from moment to moment.
d. having no clear existence at all.
Answer: b
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Factual
58) _____________ argued that society was here long before we were born.
a. Marx
b. Weber
c. Durkheim
d. The Lenskis
Answer: c
Page Reference: 99
Skill: Factual
59) How would Durkheim describe the importance of a social structure such as family?
a. Family is one important source of inequality.
b. Family exists only in the meaning it has for a particular person.
c. Family plays a part in the operation of society.
d. Family is the result of humanity's biological evolution.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 100
Skill: Applied
60) Durkheim claimed that, for each of us as individuals, society:
a. maintains the highest level of personal privacy.
b. helps free people from human culture.
c. helps people “be all they can be.”
d. regulates individuals, reining in their desires and passions.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 100
Skill: Factual
61) Which of the following would likely be a question Emile Durkheim would ask about the 2001 terrorist attacks?
a. How did these attacks unite people across North America?
b. Which class benefits most from the war on terror?
c. What new kinds of technology will come out of this crisis?
d. How might the attacks increase bureaucracy and the power of government?
Answer: a
Page Reference: 100
Skill: Applied
62) Which of the following would likely be a question Emile Durkheim would ask about computer technology and the Information Revolution?
a. Will computer technology work to unite people or isolate individuals?
b. How might computer technology further increase specialization?
c. Might access to unlimited information on the Internet increase the danger of anomie?
d. All of the above are correct.
Answer: d
Page Reference: 102
Skill: Applied
63) Which of the following concepts was used by Durkheim to name a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals?
a. division of labor
b. false consciousness
c. anomie
d. alienation
Answer: c
Page Reference: 100
Skill: Conceptual
64) Looking over the long course of history, Durkheim claimed that societies change as _____ gives way to _____.
a. Gesellschaft; Gemeinschaft
b. individualism; collective conscience
c. mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity
d. organic solidarity; mechanical solidarity
Answer: c
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Conceptual
65) What concept did Durkheim use to refer to social bonds, which are strong among members of industrial society and are based on specialization and mutual interdependence?
a. Gesellschaft
b. mechanical solidarity
c. collective conscience
d. organic solidarity
Answer: d
Page Reference: 102
Skill: Conceptual
66) Durkheim explained that organic solidarity is based on:
a. specialization and interdependence.
b. collective conscience.
c. shared moral values.
d. common cultural heritage.
Answer: a
Page Reference: 102
Skill: Conceptual
67) “Anomie” refers to:
a. alienation
b. distinctiveness
c. normlessness
d. self-destruction
Answer: c
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Conceptual
68) Of the three founding sociologists considered in Chapter 4 of the text, who held the most optimistic view of modern society?
a. Karl Marx
b. Max Weber
c. Emile Durkheim
d. All were equally optimistic.
Answer: c
Page Reference: 101
Skill: Factual
69) Of the following sociologists, which one might you most expect to be having a conversation about the question of what holds society together?
a. Gerhard Lenski
b. Karl Marx
c. Max Weber
d. Emile Durkheim
Answer: d
Page Reference: 102
Skill: Applied
70) Of the following sociologists, which one was most interested in how society is divided?
a. Gerhard Lenski
b. Karl Marx
c. Max Weber
d. Emile Durkheim
Answer: b
Page Reference: 102
Skill: Applied
71) If you were to hear a sociologist speaking of class conflict as the “engine of history,” which of the following would it most likely be?
a. Gerhard Lenski
b. Karl Marx
c. Max Weber
d. Emile Durkheim
Answer: b
Page Reference: 102
Skill: Applied
72) If you wanted to learn more about a society's worldview to be a powerful force causing change, to which of the following sociologists would you turn?
a. Gerhard Lenski
b. Karl Marx
c. Max Weber
d. Emile Durkheim
Answer: c
Page Reference: 102-103
Skill: Applied
73) __________ might point out that the internet threatens to increase the problem of anomie.
a. Marxa
b. Weber
c. Durkheim
d. Goffman
Answer: c
Page Reference: 102
Skill: Conceptual
74) Today, __________ would likely be concerned about the emergence of a new symbolic elite.
a. Marx
b. Weber
c. Durkheim
d. The Lenskis
Answer: a
Page Reference: 102
Skill: Conceptual
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