Classification of crimes

UNIT 4

► Ex. I. Choose the correct words to complete the following statements.

Law breakers: a pickpocket; a burglar; a murderer; a kidnap­per; a traitor; an accomplice; a drug dealer; a spy; a terrorist; an assassin; a hooligan; a stowaway; a thief; a hijacker; a forger; a robber; a smuggler; an arsonist; a shoplifter; a mugger; an of­fender; a vandal; a gangster; a deserter; a bigamist.

11)... sets fire to property illegally. 2)... steals from shops while acting as an ordinary customer. 3)... is someone who attacks people and robs them in a public place.|4)... is anyone who breaks the law. 5)... deliberately causes damage to prop­erty. 6)... breaks into houses or other buildings to steal. 7)... kills someone. 8)... takes away people by force and demands money for their return. 9)... steals things from people's pockets in crowded places. 10)... helps a criminal in a criminal act.

12)... buys and sells drugs illegally. 12)... gets secret informa­tion from another country. 13)... uses violence for political reasons. 14)... murders for political reasons or a reward. 15)... causes damage or disturbance in public places. 16)... hides on a ship or plane to get a free journey. 17)... is one who steals. 18)... takes control of a plane by force and makes the pilot change course. 19)... makes counterfeit (false) money or signa­tures. 20)... is someone who steals money or property by force from people or places. 21)... brings goods into a country ille­gally without paying tax. 22)... betrays his country to another state. 23)... is a member of a criminal group. 24)... is a soldier who runs away from the army. 25)... marries illegally, being married already.

13) Ex. II. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Тяжкое убийство; поджог; кража; убийца; лицо, похитив­шее человека с целью выкупа; двоеженец; торговец нарко­тиками; правонарушитель; вандал; поджигатель; вор- взломщик; террорист; магазинный вор; уличный грабитель; вор; хулиган; контрабандист; сообщник; карманный вор; шпион; убийца по политическим мотивам или по найму; воздушный пират; заяц (в поезде и т.п.); фальшивомонет­чик; гангстер; грабитель, разбойник; предатель; дезертир.

14) Ex. III. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.

Felony and misdemeanor /Most legal systems find it neces­sary to divide crimes into categories, for various purposes con­nected with the procedure of the courts—determining, for in­stance, which kind of court may deal with which kind of of­fense. The common law originally divided crimes into two categories—felonies (the graver crimes, generally punishable with death, which resulted in forfeiture of the perpetrator's land and goods to the crown) and misdemeanor (for which the common law provided fines or imprisonment). There were many differences in the procedure of the courts according to whether the charge was felony or misdemeanor, and other mat­ters that depended on the distinction included the power of the police to arrest a suspect on suspicion that he had committed an offense, since to arrest a suspect was generally permissible in felony, but not in misdemeanor. [Suspect is someone who is thought to be guilty of a crime.]by the early 19th century it had become clear that, the growth of the law had rendered this clas­sification obsolete and in many cases inconsistent with the grav­ity of the offenses concerned, for example, theft was a felony, irrespective of the amount stolen or obtaining by fraud was al­ways a misdemeanor. Efforts to abolish the distinction in Eng­lish law did not succeed until 1967, when the distinction was replaced by that between arrestable offenses and other offenses.

I [Arrestable offenses are ones punishable with five years' im­prisonment or more.] The traditional classification between fel­ony and misdemeanour has been retained in many U.S. jurisdic­tions and is used as the basis of determining the court that will hear the case.

Common law –общееправо; felony [’felani] - фелония (категориятяжкихпреступлений, постепениопасностинаходящаясямеждугосударственнойизменойимисди­минором); forfeiture ['fDifitJэ] - конфискация; misdemeanour [misdi’mi:na] - мисдиминор (категориянаименееопасныхпреступлений, граничащихсадминистративнымиправо­нарушениями); charge [t/aid^] - обвинение; distinction [dis'tiqk/an] - различение; permissible [pa'misabl] - до­пустимый; obsolete ['Dbsali:t] - устарелый; render (make) something obsolete; inconsistent [inkan'sistant] - несовме­стимый; gravity [’graeviti] - тяжесть; arrestable offence - преступление, всвязискоторымможетбытьпроизведен арест; jurisdiction [dguaris'dikjan] –судебнаяпрактика.

1) What categories did the common law originally divide crimes into? 2) What crimes were generally punishable with death? 3) What were felonies resulted in? 4) What crimes were generally punishable with fines or imprisonment? 5) Was to arrest a suspect on suspicion generally permissible in felony or in misdemeanor? 6) Arrestable offenses are ones punishable with five years' imprisonment, aren’t they? 7) What is the tradi­tional classification between felony and misdemeanor used as?

► Ex. IV. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

Any kind of court may deal with any kind of offense.

Felonies are generally punishable with imprisonment. 3) Felonies are never resulted in forfeiture of the perpetrator's land to the crown. 4) Misdemeanors are generally punishable with death. 5) To arrest a suspect was generally permissible in misdemeanor, but not in felony. 6) Theft was a misdemeanor, irrespective of the amount stolen. 7) Obtaining by fraud wasalways a felony. 8) Arrestable offenses are ones punishable with ten years' imprisonment or more. 9) The traditional classifi­cation between felony and misdemeanor is incorrect.

► Ex. V. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) Felony a serious crime is. 2) Felon someone who is guilty of a serious is crime. 3) Misdemeanor a crime is that is not very serious. 4) The common law originally crimes into felonies and misdemeanors’ divided. 5) Felonies crimes generally punish­able with are death. 6) Misdemeanors crimes for which the common law are provided fines or imprisonment. 7) To was arrest a suspect on suspicion generally permissible in felony.

8)To arrest a suspect on suspicion generally impermissible in was misdemeanor. 9) Theft a felony, irrespective of the amount was stolen. 10) Obtaining by fraud always a was misdemeanor. 11) Arrestable offenses ones punishable with five years' imprisonment or more are.

► Ex. VI. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Виновный в совершении преступления; приобретение пу­тем мошенничества; тюремное заключение; судебная прак­тика; преступление, в связи с которым может быть произ­веден арест; конфискация; мисдиминор; обвинение; разли­чение; допустимый; устарелый; наказуемый; воровать; по­дозреваемое лицо; арест по подозрению; общее право; не­совместимый; фелония; арестовать; штраф; кража.

► Ex. VII. Complete the following statements.

I) The common law originally divided crimes into... 2) Felo­nies are... 3) misdemeanors’ are... 4) To arrest a suspect on suspicion was permissible in... but not in... 5) Theft was...

6)Obtaining by fraud was... 7) Arrestable offenses are...

8)The classification between felony and misdemeanor is used as...

► Ex. VIII. Choose one topic to speak about a) felonies; b) misdemeanors; c) arrestable offenses. Retell the text Felonies and misdemeanor’s.

UNIT 5

► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.

Murder. In English tradition, murder was defined as the willful killing with malice aforethought of a human creature in being, the death occurring within a year and a day of the injury. Most of these elements remain in modern definitions of the crime— the requirement that the victim is “in being,” for instance, dis­tinguishes abortion from murder. Many of the problems of de­fining murder have centred on the mental element—the “malice aforethought. The old English rule extended this concept to include not only intentional or deliberate killings but also acci­dental killings in the course of some other serious crime (such as robbery or rape).This rule, the felony murder rule, was Adopted in many other jurisdictions/ although it has often pro­duced harsh results when death has been caused accidentally in the course of what was intended to be a minor crime.[The rule was abolished in England in 1957, but since then English law has been in a state of confusion over the precise definition of murder. lt is now settled that an intention to kill is not necessary and that an intention to cause serious bodily injury is sufficient. Similar problems have arisen in many U.S. jurisdictions, some of which |distinguish between different degrees of murder— first-degree murder may require proof of premeditation over and above the normal requirement of intention. By the way, murder and manslaughter are not mentioned in the Koran and are subject in Islamic countries to customary law as amended by Shari’ah. [Manslaughter is the crime of killing someone illegally but not deliberately. Shari'ah is a system of religious laws followed by Muslims]. Virtually all systems treat murder as a crime of the utmost gravity, providing in some cases the death penalty or a special form of sentence, such as a life sentence. A high proportion of murders in all societies is committed sponta­neously by persons acquainted with the deceased, often a mem­ber of the same family, as a result of quarrels or provocation.

Murder –тяжкоеубийство (убийство, совершенноесзара­нееобдуманнымзлымумыслом); wil(l)ful - намеренный, умышленный, сознательный; malice aforethought ['maelis a'fD:0D:t] –заранееобдуманныйзлойумысел; in being - живущий; occur [э'кэ:] - случаться; injury ['ind^ari] - телес­ноеповреждение; accidental [aeksi’dentl] - случайный; in the course of –втечение;?cause [k:>:z] - причинить; pre­meditation [prkmedi'tei/an] - преднамеренность; over and above –вдобавлениек; by the way -¹междупрочим; man­slaughter [’maen'sbita] –непредумышленноеубийство; Ko­ran [кэ:'га:п]; Islamic [iz'laemik] - исламистский; customary law –обычноеправо; amend [a'mend] –вноситьпоправки; Muslim [’muslim] - мусульманин; utmost ['Atmsust] - край­ний; gravity ['graeviti] - ^ тяжесть; spontaneously [spDn'teiniasli] - стихийно; deceased [di'si:st] - покойник; quarrel [’kwjral] - ссора, перебранка(with, between).

[1] What was murder defined as in English tradition? 2) What distinguishes abortion from murder? 3) What have many of the problems of defining murder centred on? 4) What did the old English rule extend this concept to? 5) When did the felony murder rule produce harsh results? 6) Why has English law been in a state of confusion over the precise definition of mur­der? 7) What is now settled in English law? 8) What may first- degree murder in U.S. jurisdictions require? 9) What is not mentioned in the Koran? 10) What do all systems treat murder as? 11) How are most murders committed?

► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

I) In English tradition, murder was defined as the unwilled kill­ing. 2) Nothing distinguishes abortion from murder. 3) The fel­ony murder rule includes not only unintentional or indeliberate killings but also accidental killings in the course of some other petty crimes.4) The felony murder rule produces good results when death has been caused accidentally in the course of what was intended to be a serious crime.5) The felony murder rule states that an intention to kill is necessary and that an intention to cause serious bodily injury is insufficient 6) English tradi­tion treats murder as a misdemeanour and provides a life sen­tence. 7) All murders are committed spontaneously and as a result of quarrels or provocation.

► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) Murder defined as the willful killing with malice was afore­thought of a human creature in being. 2) The death within a year and a day of the occurs injury. 3) The requirement that the victim in being is distinguishes abortion from murder. 4) Mur­der accidental killings in the course of robbery or includes rape.

15) The death has been accidentally in the course of what was intended to be a minor caused crime. 6) An is intention to kill not necessary. 7) An is intention to cause serious bodily injury suf­ficient. 8) Murder may proof require of premeditation over and above the normal requirement of intention. 9) Murder are and manslaughter not mentioned in the Koran. 10) Murder is as a crime of the utmost treated gravity. 11) Murder either death penalty or life sentence provides. 12) Murders are spontaneously committed.

► Ex. IV. TranslatethefollowingwordsandphrasesfromRussianintoEnglish. Малозначительное преступление; заранее обдуманный злой умысел; тяжкое убийство; намеренный; живущий; непреду­мышленное убийство; случаться; телесное повреждение; слу­чайный; причинить; преднамеренность; обычное право; вно­сить поправки; крайний; тяжесть; стихийно; покойник; ссора.

► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.

1) Murder was defined as... 2)... distinguishes abortion from murder. 3) The problems of defining murder centred on...

16) The precise definition of murder includes not only... but...

17) The felony murder rule produces harsh results when...

18) The precise definition of murder settles that... 7) First- degree murder requires... 8) Murder and manslaughter are not mentioned in... and are subject in... 9) All jurisdictions treat murder as... and provide... 10) Most of murders are commit­ted...

► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about murder: a) its conception in England; b) its conception in U.S. jurisdictions; c) its conception in the Koran; d) its conception in general. Retell the text Murder.

UNIT 6

► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.

Rape. The traditional legal definition of rape is the performance of sexual intercourse by a man -other than her husband with a woman against her will, by force or fraud. Most jurisdictions do not treat as rape an act of sexual intercourse by a husband with his wife without her consent, unless the marriage has been ter­minated by a legally recognized separation. Although many rapes involve the application or threat of violence, it is possible to commit rape by fraud—either by persuading the victim that what is to take place is not sexual intercourse (by representing it as medical treatment, for instance) or by impersonating some other person. In many rape trials the issue is whether the victim consented to the sexual intercourse, and this may lead to distressing cross-examination, in some cases about the woman's previous sexual behaviour, whether with the accused or with other persons. In many jurisdictions cross-examination of the complainant (plaintiff) on such matters is now restricted, and the embarrassment of the complainant is mitigated by provi­sions restricting publication of the woman's identity, when guilt is established, rape in most systems of criminal law is treated as a grave crime. 95 percent of those convicted of rape in England are sentenced to imprisonment. Many rapists escape conviction for a variety of reasons. The victim may be reluctant to report the incident, possibly because of fears of hostile treatmen,by investigating authorities or by defense lawyers in court; there are a lot of acquittals of those indicted for rape as a result of the difficulty of proving a crime,of which there are rarely any wit­nesses other than the complainant and the accused. The motiva­tion of rapists is now acknowledged to be a more complex mat­ter than was formerly believed; it is widely accepted that rape is not necessarily the result of sexual desire but is more likely to be motivated by aggression and the desire to humiliate the vic­tim.

Sexual [’sekjual] intercourse –половыесношения; terminate ['t9:mineit] - прекращать; separation [sepa'rei/an] - раз­дельноежительствосупругов (посоглашениюилиреше­ниюсуда); impersonate [im'p9:saneit] выдаватьсебязадругоелицо; issue t'isju:/'i/u:] –предметспора; distressing [dis'tresiq] –внушающийбеспокойство; complainant [kam'pleinant] - истец; v restrict [ris'trikt] - ограничивать; embarrassment [im'bcerasmant] ^xсмущение; mitigate ['mitigeitl - смягчать; provisions [pra'vi39nz] - условия; publication [pAbli'keifэп] - оглашение; rapists [reipists] - насильники; convict [kan'vikt] –признаватьвиновным; con­viction - осуждение; обвинительныйприговор; acquittal [a'kwitl] –оправдательныйприговор; indict [in'dait] –предъявлятьобвинение.

1) What is the traditional legal definition of rape? 2) What act do most jurisdictions not treat as rape? 3) What do many rapes involve? 4) How is it possible to commit rape by fraud? 5) What is the issue in many rape trials? 6) What may lead to distressing cross-examination? 7) What is now restricted in many jurisdictions? 8) What is the embarrassment of the com­plainant mitigated by? 9) What is rape treated as in most sys­tems of criminal law? 10) Why do many rapists escape convic­tion? 11) What is the motivation of rapists?

► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

Rape is the performance of sexual intercourse by a man with a woman in accordance with her will. 2) Rape is the crime of forcing someone to have sex, especially by using persuasion.

"43) Most jurisdictions treat as rape an act of sexual intercourse by a husband with his wife without her consent.-4) Many rapes don’t involve the application of violence. 5) It is impossible to commit rape by fraud. 6) Absence of publication of the woman’s identity increases the embarrassment of the complain­ant. 7) Rape is treated as a petty crime. 8) Rapists are usually sentenced to fines. 9) Many rapists escape punishment. 10) The victim may be wishful to report the incident. 11) The victim is afraid of hostile treatment by close friends. 12) Few acquittals of those indicted for rape. 13) Rape is necessarily the result of sexual desire. 14) A strong hope or wish to make the acquaint­ance of somebody motivates rape, 15) Rape isn’t motivated by the desire to humiliate the victim.

► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) Rape the performance of sexual intercourse by a man with a woman against her will is. 2) Rape the crime of forcing some­one to have sex, especially by using is violence. 3) Most juris­dictions do not as rape an act of sexual intercourse by a husband with his wife without her treat consent. 4) Many rapes the application or threat of violence involve. 5) It possible to commit rape is by fraud. 6) Rape is as a grave crime treated. 7) Rapists are usually to imprisonment sentenced. 8) Many rapists convic­tion escape. 9) The victim be reluctant to report the incident may. 10) The victim afraid is of hostile treatment by investigat­ing authorities. 11) There a lot of acquittals of those are indicted for rape. 12) Rape not necessarily the result is of sexual desire. 13) Rape is by aggression motivated. 14) Rape is by the desire to humiliate the motivated victim.

► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Избежать наказания; выдавать себя за другое лицо; предмет спора; внушающий беспокойство; истец; ограничивать; смущение; смягчать; условия; оглашение; насильники; при­знавать виновным; обвинительный приговор; оправдатель­ный приговор; предъявлять обвинение; половые сношения; прекращать; раздельное жительство супругов.

► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.

19) The definition of rape is... 2) Most jurisdictions do not treat as rape... 3) Rapes involve... 4) It is possible to commit rape by... 5) The issue of rape trials is... 6) Rape trials lead to...

10) The embarrassment of the complainant is mitigated by...

11) When guilt is established, rape is treated as... 9) Most of those convicted of rape are sentenced to... 10) Many rapists escape... 11) The victim may be reluctant to... because of...

► Rape trials deal with a lot of acquittals as a result of...

► The motivation of rapists is...

► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about a) rape and its definition;

b) rape and fraud; c) rape and rapists; d) rape and its victims; e) rape and its motivation. Retell the text Rape.

UNIT 7

Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.

Incest. The crime of incest consists of sexual intercourse be­tween near relatives. Incest was not a crime under the common law but was punishable historically in the ecclesiastical courts. Legislation prohibiting incest was enacted in England in 1908, and most English-speaking jurisdictions now prohibit inter­course between close relatives. Most systems forbid intercourse between immediate relatives—father and daughter, brother and sister, mother and son. There are some anomalies—English law prohibits intercourse between grandfather and granddaughter but not between grandmother and grandson. Consent to inter­course is irrelevant to the charge of incest, but if there is no consent, the crime of rape may also be committed. Generally, sexual intercourse between family members who are not related by blood—for instance, stepfather and stepdaughter—is not considered incest, but this is prohibited in some jurisdictions. Both parties are considered guilty if incest occurs, but in many systems there is an exemption from liability for women below a certain age (16 in England, 18 in some U.S. jurisdictions). Most cases of incest that come before criminal courts concern sexual intercourse between fathers and relatively young daughters, and it is believed that incest in this form is far more common than the statistics of court cases suggest. Treatment of the offenders in such cases presents acute difficulties to the courts—on the one hand, the offense is widely regarded as serious, involving sexual abuse of children and a breach of the parent's responsi­bility for the child's welfare;*on the other hand, to impose a se­vere penalty, such as imprisonment,' on the father may result in the destruction of the family unit and the infliction of other dep­rivations on the child victim, in particular feelings of guilt for being responsible for the imprisonment of the father.

Incest [’insest] - кровосмешение; sexual intercourse ['sek/ual ’intakes] –половыесношения; common law –общееправо; punishable - наказуемый; ecclesiastical [ikli:zi'aestikal] - церковный; prohibit [pra'hibit] - запрещать; enact [I'naekt] - вводить (закон); forbid [fa'bid], forbade [fa'baed / fa'beid], forbidden [fa'bidn] - запрещать; anomaly [э'пэтэП] –непо­следовательность; consent [kan'sent] - согласие; irrelevant [I'relivant] –неотносящийсякделу; exemption from liabil­ity [ig'zempjan fnm laia'biliti] - иммунитет (освобождение) отответственности; treatment - исправ­ление; acute [a'kju:t] - сильный; abuse [a'bju:s] - оскорбле­ние; breach [bri:tj] - нарушение; welfare [’welfea] - благо­денствие; infliction [in’flik/эп] - причинение deprivations [depri'vei/anz] - лишения; victim - потерпевший.;

► What does the crime of incest consist of? 2) Was incest a crime under the common law? 3) Was incest punishable histori­cally in the ecclesiastical courts? 4) When was legislation pro­hibiting incest enacted in England? 5) What jurisdictions pro­hibit intercourse between close relatives? 6) What do most sys­tems forbid? 7) Are there any anomalies in English law?

20) What is irrelevant to the charge of incest? 9) When may the crime of rape be committed? 10) What is not considered incest?

► Are both parties considered guilty if incest occurs? 12) Are there any exemptions from liability? 13) What do most cases of incest concern? 14) What and why presents acute difficulties to the courts?

12) Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1) The crime of incest consists of sexual intercourse between distant relatives. 2) Incest was not a crime under the criminal law. 3) Incest was punishable theoretically in the ecclesiastical courts. 4) Consent to intercourse is relevant to the charge of incest. 5) Sexual intercourse between stepfather and stepdaughter is considered incest. 6) Both parties are considered guilty if incest happens. 7) Incest involves sexual insult of children. 8) Incest involves a breach of the parent's responsibility for the child's well-being. 9) Incest may result in the disintegration of the family unit.

► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) The crime of incest of sexual intercourse between near rela­tives consists. 2) Incest not a crime under the common law was.

21) Incest punishable historically in the ecclesiastical was courts.

22) Consent to intercourse irrelevant to the charge of incest is.

23) Sexual is intercourse between stepfather and stepdaughter not considered incest. 6) Both parties are guilty if incest occurs con­sidered. 7) Incest sexual abuse of children involves. 8) Incest a breach of the parent's responsibility for the child's welfare in­volves. 9) Incest result in the destruction of the family unit may.

► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Непоследовательность; согласие; не относящийся к делу; освобождение от ответственности; кровосмешение; поло­вые сношения; общее право; наказуемый; церковный; за­прещать; вводить закон; исправление; вовлекать; иметь ре­зультатом; состоять из; рассматривать; оскорбление; нару­шение; благоденствие; причинение; лишения; потерпев­ший; некарательное воздействие на преступников.

► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.

1) The crime of incest consists of... 2) Incest was... 3) Legis­lation prohibiting incest was... 4) Most systems forbid...

13) There are some anomalies... 6) Consent to intercourse is...

►... is not considered incest. 8) Both parties are considered...

c) Most cases of incest... concern... 10) Treatment of the of­fenders presents... 11) Incest is widely regarded as... 12) Incest involves... 13) To impose a severe penalty...

UNIT 8

► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.

Arson. In common law, arson consisted of setting fire to the dwelling of another person. In English law any kind of damage deliberately caused by fire—even setting fire to rubbish—is now arson, but generally setting fire to a building is necessary. The gravity of the crime may depend on the extent to which life is endangered—the law may distinguish between arson endan­gering life, or arson of occupied buildings, and other forms of arson, but most systems consider the crime a serious one. The motivation of those who commit arson differs—arson may be committed as an act of revenge against an employer or by a jealous lover, for example, or by persons who find excitement in fires or have pathological impulses to set fires. Pathological behaviour or feelings happen regularly, are unreasonable, and impossible to control. Pupils out of resentment or simple van­dalism sometimes set schools on fire. [Resentment is a feeling of anger because something has happened that you think is un­fair. Vandalism is the crime of deliberately damaging things, especially public property.] Some arson is more rationally mo­tivated—a burglar may set fire to a house to conceal the evi­dence of his crime, as may an employee who is anxious to con­ceal accounts from an auditor. [Burglar is someone who gets into houses, shops etc to steal things. Auditor is someone whose job is to officially examine a company's financial records.] An­other phenomenon is setting fire to premises belonging to the fire setter in order to make a fraudulent insurance claim.

Arson [’a:sn] - поджог; arsonist; dwelling - жилище; gravity - серьезность, тяжесть; extent [iks'tent] - степень; endanger [in'deind30] –подвергатьопасности; revenge [ri'vend3] / vengeance [’vend3ans] - месть; jealous ['d^elas] - ревнивый; excitement [ik'saitmant] - возбуждение; pathological [paeGa'bdsikal] - патологический; impulse ['impAls] - побу­ждение; resentment [ri'zentmantj –чувствообиды; ration­ally [’raejanali] - разумно; burglar - вор-взломщик; anxious ['aeqkjas] - озабоченный; phenomenon [fi'naminan] - фено­мен; premises [’premisiz] –домсприлегающимипри­стройкамииучастком; fraudulent [’fn.djulant] - мошенни­ческий; insurance claim –эскизстрахования; suicidal [sjui'saidl] impulse –влечениексамоубийству; sick fancies

► болезненные фантазии.

24) What did arson consist of in common law? 2) What is now arson in English law? 3) What may the gravity of the crime de­pend on? 4) What act may arson be committed as? 5) Whom may arson be committed by? 6) Pathological behaviour is im­possible to control, isn’t it? 7) When do pupils usually set schools on fire? 8) Who may set fire to a house to conceal the evidence of his crime? 9) Who may be anxious to conceal ac­counts from an auditor? 10) Who sets fire to premises in order to make a fraudulent insurance claim?

14) Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

► Arson includes setting fire to the dwelling of another person.

► Setting fire to rubbish is absurdity. 3) Any kind of damage involuntarily caused by fire is arson. 4) The gravity of the crime doesn’t depend on the extent to which life is endangered.

d) Arson may be committed as an act of vengeance against an employer. 6) A lucky lover may commit arson. 7) Persons who are not interested in fires may commit arson. 8) Arson may be committed by persons who have suicidal impulses, to set fires.

3) Pupils out of amusement sometimes set schools on fire.

4) Pupils out of sick fancies sometimes set schools on fire.

► A burglar may set fire to a house to hide the evidence of his crime. 12) An employee sets fire to cover accounts from an auditor. 13) A fire setter sets fire to his own premises in order to make a dishonest insurance claim.

25) Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) Arson of setting fire to the dwelling of another person con­sists. 2) Setting is fire to rubbish arson. 3) Any kind is of dam­age deliberately caused by fire arson. 4) The gravity of the crime depend on the extent to which life is endangered may.

15) Arson may be as an act of revenge against an committed em­ployer. 6) A commit jealous lover may arson. 7) Persons com­mit who find excitement in fires may arson. 8) Arson may be by persons who have pathological impulses to committed set fires.

► Pupils set out of resentment sometimes schools on fire.

► Pupils set out of simple vandalism sometimes schools on fire. 11) A burglar set fire to a house to conceal the evidence of his may crime. 12) An employee fire to conceal accounts from an auditor sets. 13) A fire setter fire to his own premises in or­der to make a fraudulent insurance claim sets.

26) Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Ревнивый; возбуждение; патологический; побуждение; чувство обиды; разумно; вор-взломщик; озабоченный; фе­номен; поджог; влечение к самоубийству; жилище; тя­жесть; степень; подвергать опасности; месть; мошенниче­ский; иск из страхования; забава; нелепость.

27) Ex. V. Complete the following statements.

e) Arson consisted of... 2) Any kind of damage deliberately caused by fire is... 3) Setting fire to rubbish is... 4) The grav­ity of the crime may depend on... 5) The law may distinguish... 6) Most systems consider... 7)... differs. 8) Arson may be committed... 9) Schools are set on fire by... 10) A burglar may set fire to... 11) An employee may set fire to... 12) An­other phenomenon is...

s.
UNIT 9

► Ex. 1 Scan through the text. Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.

Theft. Theft (or larceny) is probably the most common crime involving a criminal intent'. The crime of grand larceny in some U.S. jurisdictions consists of stealing more than a specified sum of money or property worth more than a specified amount. The traditional definition of theft specified the physical removal of an object that was capable of being stolen, without the consent of the owner and with the intention of depriving the owner of it forever. This intention, which has always been an essential fea­ture of theft, does not necessarily mean that the thief must in­tend to keep the property—an intention to destroy it, or to aban­don it in circumstances where it will not be found, is sufficient. In many legal systems the old definition has been found to be inadequate to deal with modern forms of property that may not be physical or tangible (a bank balance, for instance, or data stored on a computer), and more sophisticated definitions of theft have been adopted in modem legislation. The distinction that the common law made between theft (taking without con­sent) and fraud (obtaining with consent, as a result of deception) has been preserved in many modern laws, but the two crimes are rarely regarded as mutually exclusive, as they were in the past. It is now accepted that an act may constitute both theft and fraud, as in the theft and subsequent sale of an automobile. Bur­glary is the crime of breaking into a dwelling or into a building by night with intent to commit a felony or to steal things. The essence of burglary is normally the entry into a building with a criminal intent. Entry without the intent to commit a crime is merely a trespass, which is not criminal in many jurisdictions. Although the motivation of most burglars is theft, but it is pos­sible, for instance, to commit burglary with intent to rape. Rob­bery is the commission of theft in circumstances of violence. It involves the application or the threat of force in order to commit the theft. Robbery takes many forms—from the mugging of a stranger in the street, in the hope of stealing whatever he may happen to have in his possession, to much more sophisticated robberies of banks, involving numerous participants and careful planning.

Larceny ['la:sani] - воровство; grand larceny –похищениеимуществавкрупныхразмерах; specify [’specifai] –точноопределять; abandon [a'baendan] - оставлять; tangible [’taend39bl] - осязаемый, материальный; sophisticated [sa'fistikeitid] - утонченный; fraud [fn:d] - мошенничест­во; deception [di'sep/эп] - обман; subsequent f'sAbsikwant] - последующий; burglary [Ъэ:д1эп] –ночнаякражасовзломом (противоправноепроникновениевпомещениесумысломсовершитьвнемфелониюиликражу); felony I'felani] - a serious crime; trespass ['trespas] –нарушениевладения; burglar [Ъэ:д1э] –вор-взломщик; mug ['тлд] –нападатьсзади, схвативзагорло (сцельюограбления); stranger [’streind3a] - незнакомец; criminal intent - умысел.

1)What is the most common crime involving a criminal intent?

2)What does the crime of grand larceny consist of? 3) What did the traditional definition of theft specify.? 4) What intention was an essential feature of theft? 5) What intentions are sufficient now? 6) Why were more sophisticated definitions of theft adopted in modern legislation? 7) What distinction did the common law make between theft and fraud? 8) What was pre­served in many modern laws? 9) Theft and fraud are rarely re­garded as mutually exclusive, aren't they? 10) Theft and fraud were regarded as mutually exclusive in the past, weren't they?

What is the crime of breaking into a dwelling by night with intent to steal things? 12) What is the essence of burglary? 13) Entry without the intent to commit a crime is merely a tres­pass, isn't it? 14) What is not criminal in many jurisdictions?

15) What is the motivation of most burglars? 16) Is it possible to commit burglary with intent to rape? 17) What is the com­mission of theft in circumstances of violence? 18) Robbery in­volves the application or the threat of force in order to commit the theft, doesn't it? 19) What forms does robbery take?

► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1) Thievery is the most common crime involving a criminal intent. 2) Theft is the physical removal of an object that was incapable of being stolen. 3) Theft is the physical removal of an object with the consent of the owner. 4) Theft is the physical removal of an object without the intention of depriving the owner of it forever. 5) Fraud is a method of legally getting money or property from someone, often by using clever and complicated methods. 6>Burglary is the crime of breaking into a dwelling by night with intent to commit a serious crime such as murder. 7) The essence of burglary is normally the entry into a building with a peaceful intent. 8) Entry with the intent to commit a crime is merely a trespass. 9) The motivation of most burglars is to maintain a family. 10)'Robbery is the commission of theft without violence. 11) Robbery doesn’t involve the ap­plication of force in order to commit the theft. 12) Robbery in­volves the threat of violence in order to commit the theft. 13)rRobbery is the practice of hypnotizing people in the street. 14fRobbery involves many participants and precise planning to steal things from a bank.

► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

Theft the most common crime involving a criminal is intent.

Theft the physical is removal of an object that was capable of being stolen. 3) Theft the physical removal of an object without the consent of the owner is. 4) Theft the physical removal of an is object with the intention of depriving the owner of it forever.

Fraud a method of illegally getting money or property from someone, often by is using clever and complicated methods.

► Burglary the crime of breaking into a dwelling or into a is building by night with intent to commit a felony or to steal things. 7) The essence is of burglary normally the entry into a building with a criminal intent. 8) Entry is without the intent to commit a crime merely a trespass. 9) The motivation is of most burglars theft. 10) Robbery circumstances is the commission of theft in of violence. 11) Robbery in order to commit the in­volves the application of force theft. 12) Robbery order to commit the theft involves the threat of force in. 13) Robbery is the the street mugging of a stranger in. 14) Robbery participants and careful planning might involve numerous to steal things from a bank.

Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Содержать семью; угроза насилием; воровство; точно оп­ределять; оставлять; осязаемый; утонченный; мошенниче­ство; обман; последующий; ночная кража с взломом; фело­ния; нарушение владения; вор-взломщик; проникать в жи­лище; нападать сзади; незнакомец; насилие; вовлекать; умысел; воровать; могущий быть украденным; сущность; лишать владельца собственности навсегда.

Ex. V. Complete the following statements.

1) Theft is... 2) The crime of grand larceny consists of...

The traditional definition of theft specified... 4) This inten­tion to commit the theft does not... 5) Modern forms of prop­erty may not be... 6) Theft means taking... 7) Fraud means obtaining... 8) Theft and fraud are rarely regarded as...

► Burglary is... 10) The essence of burglary is... 11) Entry without the intent to commit a crime is... 12) Robbery is... 13) Robbery involves... 14) Robbery takes...

Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about a) theft; b) fraud; c) bur­glary; d) robbery. Retell the text Theft.

► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.

Organized crime. In addition to that segment of the population made up of individual criminals acting independently or in small groups, there exists a so-called underworld of criminal organizations engaged in offenses such as organized vice (drugs, prostitution, pornography, loan-sharking, gambling), cargo theft, fraud, robbery, kidnapping for ransom, and the de­manding of “protection” payments. [Loan-sharking is lending money at extremely high rates of interest.] In the United States and Canada, the principal source of income for organized crime is the supply of goods and services that are illegal but for which there is continued public demand. Organized crime in the United States is a set of shifting coalitions between groups of gangsters, business people, politicians, and union leaders. Many of these people have legitimate jobs and sources of income. In Britain groups of organized criminals have not developed in this way, principally because the supply and consumption of alcohol and opiates (a type of drug that contains opium and makes you want to sleep), gambling, and prostitution remain legal but partly regulated. This reduces the profitability of supplying such demands criminally. British crime organizations tend to be rela­tively short-term groups drawn together for specific projects, such as fraud and armed robbery, from a pool of professional criminals. Crime syndicates in Australia deal with narcotics, cargo theft and racketeering. [Syndicate is a group of people or companies who join together in order to achieve a particular aim. Racketeering is a dishonest way of obtaining money, such as by threatening people.] In Japan, there are gangs that special­ize in vice and extortion. In many Third World countries, apart from the drug trade, the principal form of organized crime is black-marketeering, including smuggling and corruption in the granting of licenses to import goods and to export foreign ex­

change. Armed robbery, cattle theft, and maritime piracy and fraud are organized crime activities in which politicians have less complicity. Robbery is particularly popular and easy be­cause of the availability of arms supplied to nationalist move­ments by those who seek political destabilization of their own or other states, and who may therefore exploit the dissatisfac­tion of ethnic and tribal groups.

Underworld –преступноеподполье; organized vice - экс­плуатацияпорокаорганизованнымипреступниками; por­nography [рэ:’подгэЛ] - порнография; loan-sharking - ган­гстерскоеростовщичество; ransom ['raensam] - выкуп; con­tinued - непрерывный; shifting - меняющийся; coalition - союз; legitimate [Ii'd3itimit] - легальный; alcohol ['aelkahol]; opiate ['aupiit / eit] –снотворноесредство; pool –общийфонд; crime syndicate ['sindikit] –преступныйсиндикат; narcotics [na:'kDtiks]; racketeering [raeki'tiarir]] / extortion [iks'tD:Jэп] - вымогательство; black-marketeering - спеку­ляцияначёрномрынке; foreign exchange –иностраннаявалюта; maritime ['maeritaim] - морской; piracy ['paiarasi] - пиратство; complicity [kam'plisiti] - соучастие; availability - наличие; destabilization [di:steibilai'zei/an]; exploit [iks'pbit] - эксплуатировать; tribal - племенной; usury ['ju: зэп] - ростовщичество.

1) What is organized crime engaged in? 2) What is organized crime in the US and Canada? 3) What do British crime organi­zations deal with? 4) Crime syndicates in Australia deal with narcotics, cargo theft and racketeering, don’t they? 5) Do Japa­nese gangs specialize in vice and extortion? 6) What is organ­ized crime in many Third World countries?

► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1) Individual criminals are interdependent. 2) Individual criminals operate in small groups. 3) Criminal organizations are en­gaged in usury. 4) Criminal organizations are engaged in legal gambling and illegal gambling. 5) The principal source of in­come for organized crime is the supply of legal goods. 5) Many gangsters have illegitimate jobs and sources of income.

► Crime syndicates deal with toyshops. 7) Criminal organiza­tions specialize in virtue. 8) The principal form of organized crime is persuasion. 9) Organized crime includes courage and modesty. 10) Charity and mercy are organized crime activities.

28) Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) Individual act criminals independently. 2) Individual crimi­nals in small groups act. 3) Criminal organizations are in loan­sharking engaged. 4) Criminal are organizations engaged in gambling. 5) The principal source is of income for organized crime the supply of illegal goods. 5) Many gangsters legitimate jobs and sources of income have. 6) Crime syndicates with nar­cotics deal. 7) Criminal organizations in vice specialize. 8) The principal is form of organized crime black-marketeering. 9) Or­ganized crime smuggling and corruption includes. 10) Armed robbery are and maritime piracy organized crime activities.

29) Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Взаимозависимый; эксплуатировать; союз; снотворное средст­во; общий фонд; легальный; алкоголь; наркотик; дестаби­лизация; ростовщичество; убеждение; отвага; скромность; благотворительность; милосердие; преступное подполье; эксплуатация порока организованными преступниками; порнография; гангстерское ростовщичество; выкуп; непре­рывный; меняющийся; преступный синдикат; вымогатель­ство; спекуляция на чёрном рынке; иностранная валюта; морское пиратство; соучастие; наличие; племенной.

30) Ex. V. Complete the following statements.

1) Individual criminals act... 2) Criminal organizations are en­gaged in... 3) The principal source of income for organizedcrime is... 4) Organized crime is a set of... 5) Many gangsters have legitimate... 6) Some groups of organized criminals have not developed... 7) Some crime organizations tend to be...

► Crime syndicates deal with... 9) There are gangs that spe­cialize... 10) The principal form of organized crime is... in­cluding... 11) Politicians have less complicity in... 12) Rob­bery is...

31) Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about a) organized crime in the US; b) organized crime in Britain; c) organized crime in Australia and Japan; d) organized crime in Third World countries. Retell the text Organized crime.

UNIT 11

32) Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.

White-collar crime. Crimes committed by business people, professionals, and politicians in the course of their occupation are known as “white-collar” crimes, after the typical attire of their perpetrators. Criminologists tend to restrict the term to those illegal actions intended by the perpetrators principally to further the aims of their organizations rather than to make money for themselves personally. Examples include conspiring with other corporations to fix prices of goods or services in or­der to make artificially high profits or to drive a particular com­petitor out of the market; bribing officials or falsifying reports of tests on pharmaceutical products to obtain manufacturing licenses; and constructing buildings or roads with cheap, defec­tive materials. The cost of corporate crime in the United States has been estimated at $200,000,000,000 a year. Such crimes have a huge impact upon the safety of workers, consumers, and the environment, but they are seldom detected. Compared with crimes committed by juveniles or the poor, corporate crimes are very rarely prosecuted in the criminal courts, and executives seldom go to jail, though companies may pay large fines. The term white-collar crime is used in another sense, by the public and academics, to describe fraud and embezzlement. Rather than being crime “by the firm, for the firm,” this constitutes crime for profit by the individual against the organization, the public, or the government. Tax fraud, for example, costs at least 5 percent of the gross national product in most developed coun­tries. Because of the concealed nature of many frauds and the fact that few are reported even when discovered, the cost is im­possible to estimate precisely. The economic cost of white- collar crime in most industrial societies is thought to be much greater than the combined cost of larceny, burglary, auto theft, forgery, and robbery.

White-collar crime –беловоротничковоепреступление (преступнаямахинация, совершеннаяслужащимилили­цом, занимающимвысокоеобщественноеположение); at­tire [a'taia] - clothes; perpetrator ['рэ: pitreita] нарушитель; restrict [ris'trikt] - ограничить; intend - наме­реваться; further –способствоватьосуществлению; conspire [kan'spaia] –тайнозамышлять; artificially [a:ti'fijali] - ис­кусственно; competitor [kam'petita] - конкурент; falsify [’b:lsifai] - фальсифицировать; pharmaceutical [fa:ma'sju:tikal] - фармацевтический; corporate ['кэ:рэгй] - корпоративный; impact [’impaekt] - воздействие; detect - обнаруживать; juveniles [’dsuivinailz] - несовершеннолетние; embezzlement [im'bezlmant] –растратаимущества; consti­tute - составлять; conceal - скрывать; larceny ['la:sani] - во­ровство; burglary [Ъэ:д1эп] –ночнаякражасовзломом; forgery ['b:dgari] - подделка; robbery [’гэЬэл] - грабеж.

1) Who commits white-collar crimes? 2) What do criminolo­gists tend to restrict? 3) What are white-collar crimes? 4) What is the cost of corporate crime in the United States? 5) What do these crimes have? 6) Are these crimes detected? 7) Are corporate crimes prosecuted in the criminal courts? 8) Who goes sel­dom to jail? 9) Who may pay large fines? 10) The term white- collar crime is used to describe fraud and embezzlement, isn't it? 11) What is impossible to estimate precisely?

► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1) Crimes committed by business people are known as capital crimes. 2) The perpetrators intend to push forward the aims of their organizations. 3) The perpetrators intend to make money for themselves personally. 4) The perpetrators conspire with their friends to fix prices of goods in order to make artificially low profits. 5) The perpetrators do their best to drive a particu­lar competitor out of the market. 6) The perpetrators pay money to officials to obtain licenses. 7) The perpetrators fabricate re­ports of tests on pharmaceutical products. 8) The perpetrators construct buildings or roads with too expensive materials.

White-collar crimes have a huge effect upon the safety of workers. 10) White-collar crimes are detected often. 11) White- collar crimes are constantly prosecuted in the criminal courts.

The executives of white-collar crimes never go to jail.

The cost of white-collar crimes is possible to estimate pre­cisely.

Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) Crimes known committed by business people are as white- collar crimes. 2) The perpetrators to further the aims of their organizations intend. 3) The perpetrators intend don’t to make money for themselves personally. 4) The perpetrators with other corporations to fix prices of goods in order to make conspire artificially high profits. 5) The conspire perpetrators with other corporations to drive a particular competitor out of the market.

The perpetrators officials to obtain licenses bribe. 7) The fal­sify perpetrators reports of tests on pharmaceutical products.

8)The construct perpetrators buildings or roads with cheap,defective materials. 9) White-collar crimes a huge impact upon the safety of workers have. 10) White-collar crimes are seldom detected. 11) White-collar prosecuted crimes are rarely in the criminal courts. 12) The go executives of white-collar crimes seldom to jail. 13) The cost is of white-collar crimes impossible to estimate precisely.

► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Ограничить; грабеж; намереваться; способствовать осуще­ствлению; тайно замышлять; искусственно; беловоротнич­ковое преступление; нарушитель; конкурент; фальсифици­ровать; фармацевтический; корпоративный; воздействие; обнаруживать; несовершеннолетние; растрата имущества; составлять; скрывать; воровство; ночная кража со взломом; подделка; преступление, караемое смертной казнью.

► Ex. V. Complete the following statements,

1) Crimes committed by professionals in the course of... are known as... 2) The perpetrators intend to further... 3) The perpetrators don’t intend to make... 4) The perpetrators con­spire with other corporations to fix... 5) The perpetrators con­spire with other corporations to drive... 6) The perpetrators bribe... 7) The perpetrators falsify... 8) The perpetrators con­struct... 9) White-collar crimes have a huge impact upon...

33) White-collar crimes are detected... 11) White-collar crimes are rarely prosecuted in... 12) The executives of white-collar crimes seldom go to... 13) The cost of white-collar crime is thought to be...

► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about white-collar crime: a) its definition; b) its executives; c) its economic cost. Retell the text White-collar crime.

UNIT 12

► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.

Terrorism. From the 1960s, international terrorist crimes, such as the hijacking of passenger aircraft, political assassinations and kidnappings, and urban bombings, constituted a growing phenomenon of increasing concern, especially to Western gov­ernments. Most terrorist groups are associated either with revo­lutionary movements (some Marxist organizations) or with na­tionalist movements. Three categories of terrorist crime may be distinguished, not in legal terms, but by intention. Foremost is the use of violence and the threat of violence to create public fear. This may be done by making random attacks to injure or kill anyone who happens to be in the vicinity when an attack takes place. Because such crimes deny, by virtue of their being directed at innocent bystanders, the unique worth of the indi­vidual, terrorism is said to be a form of crime that runs counter to all morality and so undermines the foundations of civiliza­tion. Another tactic generating fear is the abduction and assassi­nation of heads of state and members of governments in order to make others afraid of taking positions of leadership and so to spread a sense of insecurity. Persons in responsible positions may be abducted or assassinated on the grounds that they are “representatives” of some institution or system to which their assailants are opposed. A second category of terrorist crime is actual rule by terror. It is common practice for leaders of terror­ist organizations to enforce obedience and discipline by terroriz­ing their own members. A community whose collective inter­ests the terrorist organization claims to serve may be terrorized so that their cooperation, loyalty, and support are ensured. Groups that come to power by this means usually continue to rule by terror. Third, crimes are committed by terrorist organi­zations in order to gain the means for their own support. Bank robbery, kidnapping for ransom, extortion, gambling rake-offs (profit skimming), illegal arms dealing, and drug trafficking are among the principal crimes of this nature. In the Middle East, hostages are frequently sold as capital assets by one terrorist group to another.

Hijacking [’haid3aekit]] –воздушноепиратство; bombings ['bDmir]zl - бомбежки; constitute - составлять; foremost –напервомместе; random ['rsendam] –выбранныйнаугад; injure ['ind3a] - ранить; in the vicinity [vi'siniti] of –побли­зости; by virtue ['v3:tJu:] of –всилу; abduction [aeb'dAkJanl

► похищение; insecurity [insi’kjuariti] –отсутствиебезо­пасности; assailant [a'seilant] –субъектнападения; actual ['aektJиэ1] –фактическисуществующий; claim [kleim] - претендовать; ensure [in'Jиэ] - обеспечивать; ransom [’raenssm] - выкуп; extortion [iks'tDi/an] - вымогательство; rake-off - взятка; skim the cream off –сниматьсливки; hostage ['hDStid3l - заложник.

1) What constituted a growing phenomenon of increasing con­cern to Western governments? 2) What are most terrorist groups associated with? 3) What may be distinguished by intention?

What is the first category of terrorist crime? 5) What is the first tactic generating fear? 6) Why is terrorism said to be a form of crime that runs counter to all morality and undermines the foundations of civilization? 7) What is the second tactic generating fear? 8) What is the second category of terrorist crime? 9) What is common for leaders of terrorist organiza­tions? 10) What and how may be terrorized? 11) What is the third category of terrorist crime? 12) What are the principal crimes of this category?

► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1.) Hijacking is the use of violence or threats to take control of a car. 2) To terrorize means to take someone away illegally, usu­ally by force, in order to get money for returning them. 3) Ter­rorist is someone who uses bribes to obtain political demands.

34) Terrorist uses violence to create public order. 5) The gov­ernment is determined to surrender to international terrorism.

16) Terrorism is directed at innocent onlookers. 7) Terrorism throws down the unique worth of the individual. 8) Terrorism runs counter to all immorality. 9) Terrorism strengthens the foundations of civilization. 10) Terrorism is the best medicine for fear. 11) Terrorism encourages ordinary people to take posi­tions of leadership. 12) Terrorism spreads a sense of security. 13) Terrorism cultivates obedience and discipline by terrorizing their own members. 14) To kidnap means to deliberately frighten people by threatening to harm them, especially so they will do what you want.

► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) Hijacking the use of violence or threats is to take control of a plane. 2) To kidnap to take someone away means illegally, usu­ally by force, in order to get money for returning them. 3) Ter­rorist uses is someone who bombing or shooting to obtain po­litical demands. 4) Terrorist violence to create public fear uses.

35) The government is to combat international terrorism deter­mined. 6) Terrorism is at innocent bystanders directed. 7) Ter­rorism the unique worth of the individual denies. 8) Terrorism counter to all morality runs. 9) Terrorism the foundations of civilization undermines. 10) Terrorism fear generates. 11) Ter­rorism others afraid of taking positions of makes leadership.

► Terrorism a sense of insecurity spreads. 13) Terrorism obe­dience and discipline by terrorizing their enforces own mem­bers. 14) To terrorize to deliberately frighten people by threat­ening to harm them, means especially so they will do what you want.

► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Насилие; угроза; воздушное пиратство; взять под контроль; бомбежки; выбранный наугад; ранить; похищение; взять незаконно силой; отсутствие безопасности; субъект напа­дения; претендовать; обеспечивать; выкуп; вымогательст­во; взятка; заложник; насильно или обманом похитить; соз­дать страх в обществе; бороться против международного терроризма; невинный наблюдатель; отрицать; уникальная ценность личности; мораль; основы цивилизации; генери­ровать страх; распространять; принуждать к покорности; терроризировать; пугать людей; сдаваться.

I

► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.

1) Hijacking is... 2) To kidnap means... 3) Terrorist is...

36) Terrorist uses... 5) The government is determined to...

17) Terrorism is directed at... 7) Terrorism denies... 8) Terror­ism runs... 9) Terrorism undermines... 10) Terrorism gener­ates... 11) Terrorism makes... 12) Terrorism spreads...

► Terrorism enforces... 14) To terrorize means...

► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about terrorism: a) its first cate­gory; b) its second category; c) its third category. Retell the text Terrorism.

CHAPTER III

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