UNIT 16 4 страница

Laymen ['leiman] - неспециалисты; at random ['raendsm] - наугад; deliberate - обдумывать; in secrecy ['si:krisi] - тай­но; reach a decision –прийтикрешению; reliance [ri'laians] - зависимость; incompetent [in'kprnpitant] - не­компетентный; amateur - дилетант; administration of jus­tice –отправлениеправосудия; jurisdiction [d3U9ris'dik/an]- судебнаяпрактика; exempt [ig'zempt] - исключать; excuse [iks'kju:z] –освобождатьотобязанности; undue On'dju:] - чрезмерный; hardship - неудобство; commitment - пере­дача; moderate [’mDdareit] - смягчать; elaborate [I'laebarit] –тщательноразработанный; screening - отбор; voir dire (говоритьправду) - допроссудомприсяжногонапредметвыясненияегобеспристрастностиинепредубежденности; trial counsel [’kaunssl] - адвокат, выступающийвсуде; challenge for cause –отводпоконкретномуоснованию; likelihood - вероятность; bias ['baias] - предубеждение; peremptory challenge –отводбезуказанияпричины; hung jury –составприсяжных, непришедшийкединомумне­нию; mistrial –судебныйпроцессбезединодушногоре­шенияприсяжных.

1) Who in deciding cases brought to trial participates? 2) Who recruited at random from the is widest population for the trial of a particular case? 3) Who allowed to deliberate in secrecy, to reach a decision, is and to make it public without giving rea­sons? 4) Was jury as a charter of liberty overpraised? 5) Was jury as a reliance on incompetent amateurs in the administration of justice overcriticized? 6) What groups of people exempted from jury service are? 7) What conducted by trial counsel be­fore a trial is? 8) What meant is by the term “challenge for cause”? 9) What meant is by the term “peremptory challenge”?

10) What cases are by the state against persons accused of hav­ing committed a crime brought? 11) Who is the plaintiff called?

12) Who is the defendant called? 13) What called is a corn-

plaint? 14) What the jury should presume if the defendant pleads not guilty? 15) What verdict be in criminal cases must?

16) What is by the term “unanimous” meant? 17) When the judge declare a mistrial does? 18) What is by the term “mis­trial” meant?

► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1) Jury is a group of professionals. 2) These laymen do not par­ticipate in deciding cases brought to trial. 3) These laymen are selected at random. 4) These laymen are not allowed to deliber­ate in secrecy. 5) These laymen reach a decision secretly.

6) These laymen make their decision public. 7) Jury is over­praised as a charter of democracy. 8) Jury is overcriticized as a reliance on competent professionals in the administration of justice. 9) Most jurisdictions exempt amateurs from jury ser­vice. 10) All jurisdictions don’t excuse jurors if the service im­poses undue hardship. 11) The law permits counsel to challenge probable jurors for cause. 12) The law permits counsel to chal­lenge suppositional jurors without giving a reason.

► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) Jury a group of laymen is. 2) These laymen in deciding cases brought to trial participate. 3) These laymen recruited at random are. 4) These laymen are to deliberate in secrecy allowed.

5) These laymen are allowed to a decision reach. 6) These lay­men their decision public without giving reasons are allowed to make. 7) Jury is as a charter of liberty overpraised. 8) Jury is as a reliance on incompetent amateurs in the administration of jus­tice overcriticized. 9) Most jurisdictions police officers from jury service exempt. 10) All jurisdictions jurors if the service imposes undue hardship excuse. 11) The law counsel to chal­lenge prospective jurors for cause permits. 12) The law counsel to challenge prospective jurors without giving a permits reason.

► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Неспециалисты; наугад; обдумывать; тайно; прийти к ре­шению; зависимость; передача; смягчать; тщательно разра­ботанный; отбор; говорить правду; адвокат, выступающий в суде; отвод по конкретному основанию; вероятность; предубеждение; отвод без указания причины; состав при­сяжных, не пришедший к единому мнению; отправление правосудия; судебная практика; исключать; освобождать от обязанности; чрезмерный; неудобство; судебный процесс без единодушного решения присяжных.

► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.

1) Jury is... 2) These laymen are recruited... 3) These laymen are allowed... 4) Jury is overpraised as... 5) Jury is overcriti­cized as... 6) Most jurisdictions exempt... from jury service.

7) All jurisdictions' excuse jurors if... 8) Voir dire is conducted by... 9) The law permits counsel to challenge... 10) Criminal cases are brought by... against... 11) The state is called...

12) The accused person is called... 13) The charge against the defendant is called... 14) The defendant pleads... 15) The jury should presume... 16) In criminal cases the verdict must be 17) All jurors must agree... 18) The judge declares a mistrial when...

► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about jury: a) its selection; b) its challenge for cause; c) its peremptory challenge; d) its verdict. Re­tell the text Jury.

CHAPTER VIII

IMPRISONMENT

■jUNIT 30 I

► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.

Prisons.The idea of imprisonment as a form of punishment is relatively modern. Until the late 18th century, prisons were used primarily for the confinement of debtors who could not pay, of accused persons waiting to be tried, and of those convicted per­sons waiting for their sentences—death or transportation. Since the late 18th century, with the decline of capital punishment (death penalty), the prison has come to be used also as a ₍place of punishment, With the abolition of transportation, the prison has become the principal sanction for most serious crimes. Con­cern over prison conditions has not diminished over the years. Problems of security and the protection of prisoners from,vio­lence on the part of other prisoners have been compounded by the difficulties arising from overcrowding, as prison populations in most countries continue to grow. The people who make up the populations of most prison systems have many characteris­tics in common.? The populations of most prison systems are predominantly male—in England males outnumber females by 28 to 1 (although themumber of women in prison is rising at a higher rate than the number of men)—and relatively young— nearly 70 percent Of those in custody are under the age of 30. fTo be in custody means to be kept in prison by the police until you go to court, because the police (think you are guilty.] Most offenders in prison have a number of previous convictions; the offenses they have committed are most commonly burglary, theft, violence, or robbery. A similar picture is revealed by U.S.

statistics; the most common offenses for which prisoners are in custody are burglary and robbery. [Burglary is the crime of get­ting into a building to steal things. Violence is behaviour that is intended to hurt other people physically. Robbery is the crime of stealing things from a bank, shop etc, especially using vio­lence.]

Imprisonment [im'prizanmant] –тюремноезаключение; primarily [’praimarili] –главнымобразом; confinement [kan'fainmant] –лишениесвободы, заключениеподстра­жу; convicted person - осужденный; transportation - транспортация (ссылатьзаморякаквидуголовногонаказания); abolition [aeba'lijэп] - отмена; concern [kan’sa:n] - забота, беспокойство; diminish [di'minij] - уменьшаться; compound [kam'paund] - усугублять; predominantly [pri'dDminantli] –главнымобразом; in custody –содержащийсяподстра­жей; previous conviction - судимость; burglary [’ba:glari] –ночнаякражасовзломом; robbery [’nbari] –грабежсна­силиемилиразбой.

1) What prisons were used primarily for until the late 18th cen­tury? 2) Why the prison has come to be used as a place of pun­ishment? 3) When the prison has become the principal sanction for most serious crimes? 4) What not diminished over the years has? 5) What have problems come into being as prison popula­tions in most countries continue to grow? 6) What make people up the populations of most prison systems? 7) What the most common offenses for which prisoners are are in custody?

► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1) The idea of imprisonment as a form of punishment is old.

2) Prisons were used for the confinement of debtors who didn’t want to pay. 3) Prisons were used for the confinement of ac­cused persons waiting to be freed. 4) Prisons were a deterrent to innocent persons. 5) With the abolition of death penalty, the prison has come to be used as a place of punishment. 6) With the decline of transportation, the prison has become the princi­pal sanction for most serious crimes. 7) Concern over prison conditions includes the protection of prisoners from violence on the part of warders and prisoners of conscience. 8) Concern over prison conditions includes the difficulties arising from overcrowding of mass and solitary cells. 9) Prison populations cease to grow. 10) Prison populations are predominantly female and relatively old.

► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) The idea is of imprisonment as a form of punishment rela­tively modern. 2) Prisons used were for the confinement of debtors who could not pay. 3) Prisons were for the confinement of accused persons waiting to be tried used. 4) Prisons for the confinement of those convicted persons waiting for their sen­tences were used. 5) With the decline of death penalty, the prison a place of punishment has come to be used as. 6) With the abolition of transportation, the prison the principal sanction for most serious crimes has become. 7) Concern over prison conditions the protection of prisoners from violence on the part of other prisoners includes. 8) Concern over prison conditions the difficulties arising from overcrowding includes. 9) Prison populations to continue grow. 10) Prison populations predomi­nantly male and relatively young are.

► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Тюремное заключение; тюремный надзиратель; содержа­щийся под стражей; лишение свободы; осужденный; обви­няемый; транспортация; камера одиночного заключения; приговор; должник; судимость; ночная кража совзломом; грабеж с насилием или разбой; санкция; население; узник совести; правонарушение; безопасность; защита; насилие; продолжаться; виновный; общая камера.Theideaofimprisonmentasaformofpunishmentis...

1) Prisons were used for... 3) With the decline of death pen­alty, the prison has come to be... 4) With the abolition of transportation, the prison has become... 5) Concern over prison conditions includes... 6) Prison populations continue...

4) Prison populations are...

► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about a) prison as a place of confinement; b) prison as a place of punishment; c) prison condi­tions; d) prison populations. Retell the text Prisons.

► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to question, the text and to give answers.

Types of prisons.Prisons are classified administratively as lo­cal or central prisons. Local prisons serve a variety of pur­poses—holding prisoners awaiting trial or sentencing and pris­oners serving shorter sentences, up to about 18 months. There the worst overcrowding occurs. Prisoners serving longer sen­tences are detained in central prisons. Central prisons are large maximum-s^ui^ty prisons holding more than 1,000 offenders in conditions of strict security. For security, prisoners are classi­fied into four categories, from A (prisoners likely to attempt escape, and constituting, if successful, a significant danger to the public) to D (prisoners who can be trusted to work in condi­tions of minimal security). Prisoners who are not considered a danger to the community may be confined in low-security or open prisons, where there is normally no obstacle to a prisoner's absconding. Women are normally held in separate institutions. Young people who have done something illegal are kept in de­tention centres because they are too young to go to prison. The purpose of these institutions is rather treatment or correction than punishment. Detention centres for young offenders serving sentences that must not exceed.four months are based on the principle of strict discipline and physical activity; research has failed to show, however, that it is an effective deterrent to fur­ther crime.

Serve a sentence –отбыватьнаказание; long sentence - ■длительныйсроклишениясвободы; short sentence - крат­кийсроклишениясвободы; detain [di'tein] –содержатьподстражей; security –режимвтюрьме; maximum- security prison –тюрьмасмаксимальнойизоляциейза­ключенных; strict / high security –строгийрежим; medium security –режимсреднейстрогости; minimum security –общийрежим; likely - склонный; escape - побег; constitute - составлять; confine –держатьвзаперти; open prison –тюрьмаоткрытоготипа (неохраняемая); abscond [sb'skimd] –скрыватьсяотправосудия; treatment –исправлениепре­ступников; detention centre –центрдлясодержанияподстражейзадержанныхправонарушителей; discipline ['disiplin] - дисциплина.___________________________

► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1) Prisons are classified administratively as rural or municipal prisons. 2) Local prisons hold prisoners awaiting their release from prison. 3) Local prisons hold prisoners serving longer sen­tences. 4) The worst overcrowding occurs in and characterizes central prisons. 5) Prisoners serving shorter sentences are de­tained in central prisons. 6) Central prisons are open prisons. 7) Central prisons hold prisoners in conditions of low security. 8) Prisoners who are likely to attempt escape, and constituting, if successful a significant danger to the public must be confined in low-security prisons. 9) Prisoners who are not considered a danger to the community may be confined in high-security pris­ons. 10) There are normally some obstacles to a prisoner's ab­sconding in open prisons. 11) Females are normally held to­gether with males. 12) Young offenders are kept in large maxi-mum-security prisons. 13) Young offenders must not go to prison. 14) The purpose of detention centres is rather punish­ment than treatment. 15) Young offenders are to serve sentences that must not exceed twelve months. 16) Detention centres are based on the principle of permissiveness and mental activity.

17) Detention centres are an effective deterrent to further crime.

► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) Prisons classified administratively as local or central prisons are. 2) Local prisons prisoners awaiting trial or sentencing hold.

2) Local prisons prisoners serving shorter sentences hold.

3) The worst overcrowding and characterizes local prisons oc­curs in. 5) Prisoners serving longer sentences in central prisons are detained. 6) Central prisons large maximum-security prisons are. 7) Central prisons prisoners in conditions of strict security hold. 8) Prisoners who are likely to attempt escape, and consti­tuting, if successful, a significant danger to the public in high- security prisons must be confined. 9) Prisoners who are not considered a danger to the community in low-security prisons may be confined. 10) There normally no obstacle to a prisoner's absconding in open prisons is. 11) Women normally held in separate institutions are. 12) Young offenders are in detention centres kept. 13) Young offenders too young to go to prison are.

14) The purpose of detention centres rather treatment than pun­ishment is. 15) Young offenders to serve sentences that must not are exceed four months. 16) Detention centres the principle of strict discipline and physical activity are based on. 17) Detention centres not an effective deterrent to further crime are.

► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Режим в тюрьме; задержание; тюрьма с максимальной изо­ляцией заключенных; режим средней строгости; сельский; общий режим; содержать под стражей; держать взаперти; неохраняемая тюрьма; скрываться от правосудия; строгий режим; незаконный; исправление преступников; побег; го­родской; центр для содержания под стражей задержанныхправонарушителей; отбывать наказание; поведение, не представляющее опасности; освобождение из тюрьмы; все­дозволенность.

► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.

1) Prisons are classified administratively as... 2) Local prisons hold prisoners awaiting... 3) Local prisons hold prisoners serv­ing... 4) The worst overcrowding occurs in and characterizes... 5) Prisoners serving longer sentences are detained in... 6) Central prisons are... 7) Central prisons hold prisoners.in con­ditions of... 8) Prisoners who are likely... must be confined in... 9) Prisoners who are not considered a danger to the commu­nity may be confined in... 10) There is normally no obstacle to... in open prisons. 11) Women are held in... 12) Young of­fenders are kept in... 13) Young offenders are too young to go... 14) The purpose of detention centres is... 15) Young of­fenders are to serve... 16) Detention centres are based on...

17) Detention centres are not...

I

► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about a) local prisons; b) central prisons; c) dangerous prisoners; d) prisoners of safe conduct; e) detention centres. Retell the text Types of prisons.

UNIT 32

► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to question the text and to give answers.

Some aspects of the prisoner’s life.Prisons have been de­scribed as institutions, in which every aspect of life is subject to control. In addition to daily routines such as mealtimes, times of rising and retiring, and bathing, many other aspects of the pris­oner's life are subject to control. This control is a means of maintaining security, controlling the introduction of weapons or

(У 1

contraband substances, and preventing escapes/ Most prisons limit the number of visits that a prisoner may receive from his family or friends. In England the Prison Rules allow a convicted prisoner one visit every four weeks, although the prison gover­nor may increase or limit visits at his discretion. Only relatives and friends of the prisoner may visit him, although adequate facilities must be available for visits by legal advisers if the prisoner is engaged in any litigation (for instance, divorce pro­ceedings). Visits normally take place within the sight of an offi­cer, and in some cases within his hearing. In many prisons, vis­its are conducted with the prisoner sitting on one side of a table and his visitor on the other, with a wire partition between them; the visitor may be searched for contraband. In other prisons the conditions for visiting may be less restrictive—the visitor and the prisoner may be allowed to meet in a room without any physical barrier but still in the sight of officers. Conjugal visits, in which the prisoner's spouse comes to stay with the prisoner for a period of several days,, are not permitted in England, but some U.S. states do permit them. Correspondence of prisoners in England is subject to censorship by the prison authorities, and prisoners may not write more than one letter each week. Control of the prison is maintained by a number of disciplinary sanctions, which may include forfeiture of privileges, confine­ment within a punishment cell, or the loss of remission or good time. Generally, prisons are governed by rules setting out a code of conduct and listing prohibited behaviour; the code must be given to the prisoner on his arrival in the prison. Typically, the prohibited offenses include mutiny and violence to officers; escaping, or being absent from a place where the prisoner is required to be; and possessing unauthorized articles.

Subject [’sAbd3ikt] - подлежащий; routine [ru:'ti:n] - заве­денныйпорядок; retire for the night –ложитьсяспать; in­troduction - внесение; внедрение; contraband - контра­банда; convicted - осужденный; prison governor –начальниктюрьмы; adequate [’asdikwit] - соответствующий; fa­

cilities [fa'silitiz] - удобства; legal adviser - адвокат; litiga­tion - тяжба, судебныйспор; wire - проволочный; partition [pa:'ti/9n] - перегородка; restrictive [ris'triktiv] - ограни­чительный; barrier [Ъэепэ] - барьер; conjugal ['kDndsugal] - супружеский; spouse [spauz] - супруг, супруга; censorship [’senss/ip] - цензура; disciplinary ['disiplinari] - дисципли­нарный; forfeiture ['fnifit/s] - потеря; confinement [kan'fainmant] - заключение; remission [ri'mi/an] - поми­лование; good time –времяхорошегоповедения (зачиты­ваемоезаключеннымвсрокзаключения); mutiny [’mju:tini] - мятеж; salubrious [sa'lu:brias] –полезныйдляздоровья; accomplice [a'kpmplis] - соучастникпреступления.

► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1) Every aspect of life in prisons is subject to improvement.

2) It's necessary to maintain salubrious climate in prisons. 3) It's necessary to control the production of weapons in prisons.

4) It's necessary to promote escapes in prisons. 5) Most prisons limit the number of visits that a prisoner may receive from his accomplices. 6) Prisons may not allow a convicted prisoner one visit every four weeks. 7) Only investigation officers of the prisoner may visit him. 8) Visits normally take place out of the sight of an officer and out of his hearing. 9) The visitor is to be searched for contraband. 10) Conjugal visits are not permitted.

11) Correspondence of prisoners is subject to censoring.

12) Prison disciplinary sanctions include intensified nutrition and outdoor games. 13) Remission is a reduction of the time that someone has to spend in prison. 14) Good time is time added to the sentence as a reward for good behaviour.

15) Prisons are governed by rules setting out a code of behav­iour. 16) Morse code must be given to the prisoner on his arri­val in the prison. 17) Prisons are governed by rules listing au­thorized behaviour. 18) The prohibited offenses include strong drinks and pickles.

► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) Every aspect of life in prisons subject to control is. 2) It's necessary in prisons to maintain security. 3) It's necessary in prisons to control the introduction of weapons. 4) It's necessary in prisons to prevent escapes. 5) Most prisons the number of visits limit that a prisoner may receive from his family or friends. 6) Prisons may a convicted prisoner one visit every four weeks allow. 7) Only relatives and friends of the prisoner him may visit. 8) Visits normally within the sight of an officer or within his hearing take place. 9) The visitor searched for con­traband may be. 10) Conjugal visits permitted are. 11) Corre­spondence of prisoners subject is to censorship. 12) Prison dis­ciplinary sanctions forfeiture of privileges, confinement within a punishment cell, and the loss of remission or good time in­clude. 13) Remission a reduction of the time that someone has to spend in prison is. 14) Good time time deducted from the is sentence as a reward for good behaviour. 15) Prisons by rules setting out a code of conduct are governed. 16) The code of conduct to the prisoner on his arrival in the prison must be given. 17) Prisons by rules listing prohibited behaviour are gov­erned. 18) The prohibited offenses mutiny and violence to offi­cers include. 19) The prohibited offenses escaping include and possessing unauthorized articles.

► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Адвокат; улучшение; тяжба; цензура; заключение; помило­вание; заведенный порядок; ложиться спать; внесение; кон­трабанда; осужденный; начальник тюрьмы; мятеж; здоро­вый климат; соленые огурцы; соучастник преступления; следователь; усиленное питание; игры на открытом воздухе.

► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.

1) Every aspect of life in prisons is subject to... 2) It's neces­sary to maintain... 3) It's necessary to control... 4) It's neces­sary to prevent... 5) Most prisons limit... 6) Prisons may al­low... 7) Only relatives and friends of the prisoner may...

5) Visits normally take place... 9) The visitor may be...

7) Conjugal visits are... 11) Correspondence of prisoners is... 12) Prison disciplinary sanctions include... 13) Remission is... 14) Good time is... 15) Prisons are governed by rules set­ting... 16) The code of conduct must be given... 17) Prisons are governed by rules listing... 18) The prohibited offenses include...

► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about ’ a) control in prison; b) visits and visitors in prison; c) correspondence of prisoners; d) disciplinary sanctions in prison; e) prohibited offenses in prison; Retell the text Some aspects of the prisoner's life.

CHAPTER IX

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

UNIT 33 1

► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to question the text and to give answers.

Capital punishment and its application.Death was formerly the penalty for all felonies in English law. In practice the death penalty was never applied as widely as the law provided. Many offenders who committed capital crimes were allowed what was known as benefit of clergy. The origin of benefit of clergy was that offenders who were ordained priests were subject to trial by the church courts rather than the secular courts. If the offender convicted of a felony could show that he had been ordained, he was allowed to go free, subject to the possibility of being pun­ished by the ecclesiastical courts. In medieval times the only proof of ordination was literacy and it became the custom by the 17th century to allow anyone convicted of a felony to es­cape the death sentence by giving proof of literacy. All that was required was the ability to read or recite one particular verse from Psalm 51 of the Bible, known as the “neck verse” for its ability to save one's neck; most offenders learned the words by heart. The application of the death penalty was extremely er­ratic, as in any capital case the judge was entitled to reprieve the offender so that he could petition for mercy; but the judge was not obliged to do this, and if he decided to “leave the offender for execution,” the death sentence was normally carried out immediately, without appeal. In practice, many offenders who were convicted of capital crimes escaped the gallows as a result of reprieves and royal pardons. Until the mid-19th century exe­cutions in England were public, and throughout the 18th centurygreat crowds attended the regular executions in London and other cities. Often an execution was followed by scenes of vio­lence and disorder in the crowd, and it was commonly believed that pickpockets were busy among the spectators at executions. Public opinion eventually turned against the idea of executions as spectacles, and after 1868 executions were carried out in pri­vate in prisons. Parliament (in 1957) restricted the death penalty to certain types of murder, known as “capital murders”— murder in the course of. theft, murder of a police or prison offi­cer in the execution of his duty, murder by shooting or causing an explosion, and murder on a second occasion/ All other mur­ders were to be punished by a life sentence (life imprisonment).

Felony [’felani] - фелония (категориятяжкихпреступлений, постепениопасностинаходящаясямеждугосударствен­нойизменойимисдиминором);-provide - предусматри­вать; capital crime - преступление, караемоесмертнойказнью; benefit of clergy –неподсудностьдуховенствасветскомусуду (привилегиядуховногозвания); ordain [ir.'dein] –посвящатьвдуховныйсан; subject - подлежа­щий; secular [’sekjula] - светский; convict [kan'vikt] - при­знатьвиновным; ecclesiastical [ikli:zi'aestikal] - церковный; literacy [’litarasi] - грамотность; recite - декламировать; psalm [sa:m] - псалом; execute ['eksikju:t] - казнить; er­ratic [I'raetik] - беспорядочный; entitle –даватьправо; re­prieve an offender –отсрочитьисполнениеприговораocyжденному; petition for mercy –подаватьходатайствоопомиловании; execution [eksi'kju:Jan] –приведениевис­полнениеприговораксмертнойказни, смертнаяказнь; gallows ['gaelauz] - виселица; royal pardon –королевскоепомилование; eventually [iVent/uali] –современем; spec­tacle ['spektakal] - зрелище; in private –призакрытыхдве­рях; restrict [ris’trikt] - ограничивать; shoot - застрелить; cause –бытьпричиной; explosion [iks'plaujan] - взрыв; second occasion –повторныйслучай.

► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1) Death was the penalty for all misdemeanours. 2) Death pen­alty was applied as widely as the law provided. 3) Many of­fenders who committed capital murders were allowed what was known as benefit of clergy. 4) Many offenders who were or­dained priests were subject to trial by the secular courts rather than the church courts. 5) If the offender convicted of a felony could show that he had been ordained, he was allowed to repair a damage. 6) Anyone convicted of a felony was allowed to es­cape the death sentence by giving proof of morality. 7) The ap­plication of the death penalty was well-ordered. 8) The judge was entitled to reprieve the offender so that he could repent of his sins. 9) The judge was obliged to reprieve the offender.

Дата добавления: 2015-07-19