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► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.
Sociological theories.[Sociology is the scientific study of societies and the behaviour of people in groups.] Sociologists have proposed a variety of theories that explain criminal behaviour. One such theory, known as differential association, proposed that criminal behaviour is learned behaviour, that is, the more the individual is exposed to contact with persons whose own behaviour is unlawful, the more likely he is to learn and adopt their values as the basis for his own behaviour. The theory of anomie (normlessness) suggested that criminality is a result of the offender's inability to attain by socially acceptable means the goals that society expects of him. Anomy, in societies or individuals, is a condition of instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values or from a lack of purpose or ideals. When a social system is in a state of anomie, common values and common meanings are no longer understood or accepted, and new values and meanings have not developed. Such a society produces, in many of its members, psychological states characterized by a sense of futility, lack of purpose, and emotional emptiness and despair. Striving is considered useless, because there is no accepted definition of what is desirable. Control theory emphasizes the links between the offender and his social group—the individual's bond to society. According to this theory, the ability of the individual to resist the inclination to commit crime—which may be an easy way to satisfy a particular desire—depends on the strength of his attachment to parents and his commitment to orthodox moral values that prohibit the conduct in question. Labeling theory, by contrast, portrays criminality as a product of the reaction of society to the individual, rather than of his own inclinations and personality. It assumes that the criminal is not substantially different from any other individual, except that he has become involved in the processes of the criminal justice system and has acquired a “criminal” identity. Through a process of rejection by law- abiding persons and acceptance by other delinquents, the offender becomes more and more socialized into criminal behaviour patterns and estranged from law-abiding behaviour. Eventually he comes to see himself cast by society into the role of a criminal.
Sociology [sausi'Dladsi] - социология; sociological [sausia'bdsilol] - социологический; sociologist [sausi’Dladsist] - социолог; differential [difa'ren/al] - отличительный; association [asausi'eijanl - связь; learn [1э:п] - научиться; expose [iks'pauzl - подвергать; adopt [s'dspt] - перенимать; attain [a'tein] - достигнуть; acceptable [sk'septsbl] - приемлемый; psychological [saika'bd3ikal] - психологический; futility [fju:'tiliti] - тщетность; striving - старания; стремления; bond - связь, узы; resist [ri'zist] - противостоять; inclination [inkli'nei/эп] - склонность; attachment [a'taet/mant] - привязанность; commitment [ka'mitmant] - обязательство; orthodox ['3:00dDksj - общепринятый; labelling ['leibaliq] - снабжениепродуктаэтикеткой; маркировка; assume - предполагать; criminal justice –уголовноесудопроизводство; acquire [a'kwaia] - приобретать; criminal identity –личностьпреступника; rejection [п^зек/эп] - непринятие; delinquent [di'lirjkwant] - правонарушитель; socialize [’saujslaiz] - подготавливатькжизнив; estrange [is'treind3l - отдалять; eventually [I'vent/uali] –вконцеконцов; cast [ka:st] - бросать; anomalous [э'пэтэ1эз] - неправильный, аномальный, ненормальный; insanity [in'saeniti] - умопомешательство._____
1) Who a variety of theories that explain criminal behaviour proposed? 2) What theory that criminal proposed behaviour is learned behaviour? 3) What this theory does mean? 4) What theory that criminality is a result of the offender's inability to attain by socially acceptable means the goals that society expects of him suggested? 5) What a condition of instability might result from? 6) What when a social system is in a state of anomie happens? 7) What such a society produce in many of its members might? 8) Why is considered striving useless?
9) What theory the links between the offender and his social group emphasizes? 10) What this does theory run about?
6) What theory criminality as a product of the reaction of society to the portrays individual? 12) What this theory assume does? 13) Through what process the offender does become more socialized into criminal behaviour? 14) Who cast by society into the role of a is criminal?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Biology is the scientific study of societies and the behaviour of people. 2) Amateurs have proposed a lot of theories that explain criminal behaviour. 3) Differential association theory proposes nothing new. 4) The more the individual is exposed to contact with persons whose own behaviour is unlawful, the less likely he is to learn and adopt their values as the basis for his own behaviour. 5) The theory of anomie speaks of the offender's inability to attain his goals. 6) Common values and common meanings are no longer understood or accepted by the offender. 7) A sense of failure, lack of balance, and emotional insanity characterize anomalous society. 8) Striving is considered useful, because it is clear what is desirable.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Control theory the links between the offender and his social group emphasizes. 2) The ability depends of the individual to resist the inclination to commit crime on the strength of his attachment to parents and his commitment to orthodox moral values. 3) To commit crime be an easy way to satisfy a particular desire may. 4) Labeling theory criminality as a product of the reaction of society to the individual portrays. 5) Law-abiding persons the offender reject. 6) Other delinquents the offender accept. 7) The offender socialized into criminal behaviour patterns becomes. 8) The offender estranged from law-abiding behaviour becomes. 9) The offender to see himself cast by society into the role of a criminal comes.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Неуравновешенность; эмоциональное расстройство; сознание неудачи; социология; социологический; социолог; отличительный; связь; подвергать; перенимать; достигнуть; психологический; тщетность; стремления; противостоять; склонность; привязанность; обязательство; общепринятый; предполагать; уголовное судопроизводство; приобретать; личность преступника; непринятие; правонарушитель; отдалять; аномальный; умопомешательство; подготавливать к жизни в; приемлемый.
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
I) Sociology is... 2) Sociologists have proposed... 3) Differential association theory proposes... 4) The more the individual is exposed to... 5) The theory of anomie suggests... 6) Anomy in societies is... 7) Anomy in individuals is... 8) When a social system is in a state of anomie... common values and common meanings are no longer understood or accepted. 9) Anomalous society produces... 10) Striving is considered...
II) Control theory emphasizes... 12) The ability of the individual to resist the inclination to commit crime depends on...
13) To commit crime may be... 14) Labeling theory portrays... 15) Labeling theory assumes... 16) Law-abiding persons reject... 17) Other delinquents accept... 18) The offender becomes socialized into... 19) The offender becomes estranged rom... 20) The offender comes to see himself...■1
► Ex: VI. Choose one topic to speak about a) differential association theory; b) anomie theory; c) control theory; d) labeling theory. Retell the text Sociological theories.
UNIT 17
► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.
Psychological theories.Behaviour theory views all behaviour—criminal and otherwise—as learned and thus manipulable by the use of punishment. Social learning theory examines the manner in which behaviour is learned from contacts within the family and other intimate groups (close personal friends, for example), from social contacts outside the family, particularly from peer groups. Peer group is a group of people, especially young people of the same age, social class etc as yourself. Peer pressure is a strong feeling that you must do the same things as other people of your age if you want them to like you. Teenagers, for example, often start smoking because of peer pressure. Social learning theory states that behaviour is learned from exposure to models of behaviour in the media, particularly television. Mental illness (affecting the mind or happening in the mind) is the cause of a relatively small proportion of crimes, but its importance as a causative factor may be exaggerated by the seriousness of some of the crimes committed by persons with mental disorders. Severe depression or psychopathy, sometimes described as sociopathy, may lead to grave offenses of violence. [Depression is a feeling of sadness that makes you think there is no hope for the future. Psychopath is someone who has a serious and permanent mental illness that makes them behave in a violent or criminal way. Sociopath is someone whose behaviour towards other people is considered unacceptable, strange, and possibly dangerous.] On a less serious level, depression may lead to theft or other uncharacteristic (not typical of someone or something and therefore surprising) behaviour.
Psychological [sailo'bd3ilol] - психологический; learn - научиться; peer [pia] - ровня; exposure [iks'p9U3a] - подвергание; media [mi:dia] –средствамассовойинформации; causative [’kD.zativ] - причинный; exaggerate [ig'zaed39reit] - преувеличивать; psychopathy [’saiksupaeGi] - психопатия; psychopath ['saikaupasQ] - психопат; sociopath ['seuf iapaeQj.
1) What theory all behaviour as learned views? 2) What social learning theory does examine? 3) What is by the term “peer group” meant? 4) What is by the term “peer pressure” meant?
5) What social learning theory state does? 6) What the cause of a relatively small proportion of crimes is? 7) Where psychopathy may lead? 8) What is by the term “depression” meant?
8) What is by the term “psychopath” meant? 10) What meant is by the term “sociopath”? 11) What may to theft or other uncharacteristic behaviour lead?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Behaviourism is the belief that the scientific study of the mind should be based only on people's behaviour, not on what they say about their thoughts and feelings. 2) To manipulate means to make someone think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skilfully deceiving them or influencing them.
3) Peer group is a group of people, especially young people of blue blood. 4) Peer pressure is a strong feeling that you must not do the same things as other people of your age if you want them to like you. 5) Teenagers often start smoking because of pressure of work. 6) Depression is a feeling of joy that makes you think there is hope for the future. 7) Sociopath is someone who has a serious and permanent mental illness that makes them behave in a violent or criminal way. 8) Psychopath is someone whose behaviour towards other people is considered unacceptable, strange, and possibly dangerous.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Behaviour theory criminal behaviour as learned and thus ma- nipulable by the use of punishment views. 2) Social learning theory that criminal behaviour might be states learned from contacts within the family and other intimate groups. 3) Social learning theory that criminal behaviour might be learned from peer groups states. 4) Social learning theory that behaviour is learned states from exposure to models of behaviour in the media. 5) Mental illness the cause of a relatively small proportion of crimes is. 6) Psychopathy lead to grave offenses of violence may. 7) Depression may to theft or other uncharacteristic behaviour lead.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Аристократического происхождения; интимный; нехарактерный; манипулировать; загруженность работой; преступное поведение; психическая болезнь; кража; депрессия; психологический; научиться; ровня; тяжкое преступление; причинный; психопатия; подвергание; средства массовой информации; психопат; применение наказания; контакты внутри семьи; модели поведения; насилие.
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
1) Behaviour theory views... 2) Social learning theory examines... 3) Mental illness is the cause of... 4) Psychopathy may lead... 5) Depression may lead... 6) Psychopath is...
2) Sociopath is...
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about a) behaviour theory; b) social learning theory; c) mental disorders and criminality. Retell the text Psychological theories.
UNIT 18
► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.
Marxist theories.Marxism is the system of political thinking invented by Karl Marx, which explains changes in history as the result of a struggle between social classes. In accordance with Marxist theories crime is viewed as a product of class society, of exploitative systems founded upon the institution of private property. [Exploitative means treating people unfairly to get money or an advantage.] Because the socialist system is considered by its proponents as incapable of producing crime, a number of specific sources of criminal activity have been suggested: (1) external enemies and remnants of the overthrown reactionary classes who infiltrate the country with spies and foreign- inspired sabotage; (2) remains of the old society, such as gangsters and hooligans, who refuse to reform; (3) lingering aspects of bourgeois ideology that prize profit-seeking, cunning, selfishness, and decadence and thus encourage crime; and (4) the poverty and cultural backwardness that is seen as the legacy of the old society. The Cultural Revolution (1966-76) in China has also been cited as a cause of crime; it is said to have confused notions of right and wrong and to have destroyed respect for authority. [An action that is right is morally correct. Wrong is not morally right or acceptable.] Crime is ultimately to be eliminated by thought reform and by education.
Exploitative [ik'spbitativ] - эксплуататорский; proponent [pra'paunant] - сторонник; remnants ['remnants] - пережитки; infiltrate ['infiltreit] - проникать; foreign-inspired sabotage ['saebata:3] –диверсияпоподстрекательствуиззаграницы; reform - исправляться; lingering ['liqgarin] - затяжной; bourgeois [’bua3wa:] - буржуазный; prize [praiz] –высокоценить; profit-seeking –погонязанаживой; cunning ['кдщг)] - хитрость, коварство; selfishness ['selfiJnis] -эгоизм; decadence [’dekadans] - упадок; backwardness ['baekwadnis] - отсталость; legacy [’legasi] - наследство; cite [sait] - ссылаться; confuse [k9n'fju:z] - смешивать; notion ['пэи/эп] - понятие; ultimately [’Altimitli] –вконцеконцов; eliminate [1'limineit] - уничтожать; thought [0D:t] - продуманный.
1) What the system of political thinking invented by Karl Marx is? 2) What Marxism does explain? 3) What is as a product of class society in accordance with Marxist theories viewed?
4) What systems are upon the institution of private property founded? 5) Is the socialist system by its proponents as incapable of producing crime considered? 6) What specific sources of criminal activity in accordance with Marxist theories are?
5) What also cited as a cause of crime in China was?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Capitalism is a system of political beliefs and principles whose main aims are that everyone should have an equal opportunity to share wealth and that industries should be owned by the government. 2) Communism is a political system in which the government controls the production of all food and goods, and which has no different social classes. 3) Socialism is a system of production and trade based on property and wealth being owned privately, with only a small amount of industrial activity by the government. 4) Sabotage means to make someone have a particular feeling or react in a particular way. 5) To inspire is damage that has been done deliberately to equipment, vehicles etc in order to prevent an enemy or opponent from using them.
6) Hooligan is a member of a violent group of criminals. 7) Gangster is a noisy violent person who causes trouble by fighting etc. 8) Someone who is selfish is good at deceiving people in order to get what they want. 9) Someone who is cunning is caring only about himself and not about other people. 10) Decadence is the state of having low moral standards and being more concerned with pleasure than with serious matters.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Marxism the system of political thinking invented by Karl Marx is. 2) Marxism changes in history as the result of a struggle between social classes explains. 3) Crime as a product of class society is viewed. 4) Crime as a product of private property is viewed. 5) Socialist system as incapable of producing crime is considered. 6) External enemies the country with spies infiltrate. 7) Remnants produce of the overthrown reactionary classes sabotage. 8) Remains refuse of the old society to reform.
9) Bourgeois ideology profit-seeking and selfishness prizes.
10) Bourgeois encourages ideology crime. 11) The poverty and cultural backwardness seen as the legacy of the old society is.
7) Crime ultimately to be eliminated by education is.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Погоня за наживой; эксплуататорские системы; частная собственность; эксплуататорский; сторонник; пережитки свергнутых реакционных классов; проникать в страну; диверсия по подстрекательству из-за границы; исправляться; затяжной; буржуазная идеология; высоко ценить; погоня за наживой; коварство; эгоизм; упадок; отсталость; наследство; ссылаться; смешивать понятия справедливости и несправедливости; в конце концов; уничтожать преступность; продуманная реформа.
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
1) Crime is viewed as... 2) Exploitative systems are founded upon... 3) Socialist system is considered as... 4) External enemies infiltrate... 5) Gangsters and hooligans refuse...
6) Bourgeois ideology prizes... and encourages... 7) Poverty is seen as... 8) Crime is ultimately...
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about a) crime and its Marxist interpretation; b) the first specific source of criminal activity; c) the second specific source of criminal activity; d) the third specific source of criminal activity; e) the fourth specific source of criminal activity. Retell the text Marxist theories.
CHAPTER V
DETECTION OF CRIME
UNIT 19
► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.
Crime detection and its phases/in most countries the detection of crime is the responsibility of the police, although special law enforcement agencies may be responsible for the discovery of particular types of crime. Customs departments, for instance, may be responsible for the detection of smuggling and related offenses;.-Crime detection falls into three distinguishable phases: the discovery that a crime has been committed, the identification of a suspect, and the collection of sufficient evidence to indict the suspect before the court. [To indict means to officially charge someone with a criminal offence.] Criminologists have shown that many crimes are discovered by persons, such as victims or witnesses, other than the police, but certain types—in particular crimes that may involve a subject's assent, such as dealing in drugs or prostitution, or those in which there may be no identifiable victim, such as obscenity—are often not discovered unless the police take active steps to determine whether these crimes are being committed. [Obscenity is sexually offensive language or behaviour.] This may require controversial methods, such as surveillance, interception of communications, infiltration of gangs, and entrapment, for example, by making a purchase from a suspected drug dealer. [Surveillance is the act of carefully watching a person or place because they may be connected with criminal activities. To infiltrate means to se-cretly join an organization or enter a place in order to find out information about them or harm them. Entrapment is the practice of trapping someone by tricking them, especially to show that they are guilty of a crime.]
Crime detection - расследование / раскрытиепреступления; law enforcement agency –правоприменяющийорган; органюстиции; полицейскийорган; related - связанный; distinguishable [dis'tiqgwi/abl] - отличимый; identification of suspect –опознаниеподозреваемого; sufficient evidence –достаточноедоказательство; indict [in'dait] –предъявлятьобвинение; report - сообщать; subject's assent [a'sent] –согласиесубъекта; identifiable –могущийбытьидентифицированным, могущийбытьопознанным; obscenity [ab'seniti] - непристойность, непристойноеповедение; controversial [lontra'vaijal] - спорный; surveillance [ss:'veilans] - наблюдение; interception Iinta:'sepjan] - перехват; подслушивание; intercept [ints:"sept] - перехватить; infiltration [infil'treijэп] - проникновение; entrapment –провокацияпреступлениясцельюегоизобличения; entrap [in'traep] –пойматьвловушку._____________________
1) Whose responsibility the detection of crime in most countries is? 2) What phases crime detection does fall into? 3) When crimes are discovered by persons? 4) What crimes exclusively by the police are discovered? 5) What methods to determine whether crimes are being committed might be required?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) The detection of crime is the responsibility of victims or witnesses. 2) Legislative departments may be responsible for the detection of smuggling. 3) Crime detection includes television advertising. 4) Crime detection includes the identification of a victim. 5) Crime detection includes the collection of rumours to indict the suspect before the court. 6) Crime detection includes the act of carefully watching a person or place because they may be connected with criminal activities. 7) Crime detection does not include the practice of trapping someone by tricking him or her.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) The detection of crime the responsibility of the police is.
2) Special law enforcement agencies responsible for the discovery of particular types of crime may be. 3) Customs departments responsible for the detection of may be smuggling.
4) Crime detection the discovery that a crime has been includes committed. 5) Crime detection the identification includes of a suspect. 6) Crime detection the collection of evidence to indict the suspect before the includes court. 7) Many crimes are by victims and witnesses discovered.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Раскрытие преступления; ответственность; правоприменяющий орган; таможня; контрабанда; правонарушение; совершить преступление; опознание подозреваемого; свидетельское показание; предъявлять обвинение; жертва; свидетель; согласие; наркотик; могущий быть опознанным; непристойное поведение; установить виновность; наблюдение; подслушивание; проникновение; провокация преступления с целью его изобличения; поймать в ловушку; покупка; подозреваемый; слухи; реклама средствами телевидения.
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
1) The detection of crime is... 2) Special law enforcement agencies may be... 3) Crime detection falls... 4) Criminologists have shown... 5) The police should use... to determine whether crimes are being committed.
Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about crime detection: a) its law enforcement agencies; b) its phases; c) its methods. Retell the text Crime detection and its phases.
UNIT 20
► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.
Suspect identification by fingerprints. Forensic science plays an important part in the investigation of serious crimes. One of the first significant developments was identification by fingerprints. [Identification is an act of identifying by official papers or cards, such as your passport, that prove who you are. To identify means to recognize and correctly name someone or something. Fingerprint is a mark made by the pattern of lines at the end of a person's finger, which can be used by the police to help find criminals.] It was discovered in the 19th century that almost any contact between a finger and a surface left a latent mark. [Something that is latent is present but hiddei^, and may develop or become more noticeable in the future.] (t was accepted in 1893 that no two individuals had the same fingerprints. Fingerprint evidence was accepted for the first time in an English court in 1902. Fingerprinting is now widely used as a means of identifying criminals. Most major police forces maintain collections of fingerprints taken from known criminals at the time of their conviction, for use in identifying these individuals should they commit later crimes. [Conviction is a decision in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime.] Fingerprints found at the scene of the crime are matched with fingerprints in the collection. According to the British standard, if the sets of fingerprints share at least 16 characteristics, it is considered that they are from t same person.Forensic [fa'rensik] - судебный; investigation - расследование, дознание; identification [aidentifi'kei/an] - установлениеличности; pattern [’paetsn] - рисунок; surface - поверхность; latent ['leitant] - скрытый, латентный; fingerprintevidence –отпечаткипальцевкакдоказательство; fingerprinting - дактилоскопия; maintain [mein'tein] - хранить; conviction - осуждение, судимость; crimescene - местосовершенияпреступления; match –подбиратьподпару; clue [klu:] - улика; identifyingwitness - понятой.
1) What an important part in the investigation of serious crimes plays? 2) What one of the first significant developments was?
3) What in the 19th century was discovered? 4) What accepted in 1893 was? 5) What accepted was in 1902? 6) What now widely used as a means of identifying criminals is? 7) What do maintain most major police forces? 8) Why do most major police forces collections maintain of fingerprints? 9) What fingerprints with fingerprints in the collection are matched? 10) What the British standard of fingerprints is?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Political science plays an important part in the investigation of serious crimes. 2) Any contact between a finger and a surface leaves a noticeable mark. 3) Criminals have the same fingerprints. 4) Fingerprint evidence was accepted in 1893. 5) Fingerprinting is used as a means of identifying victims. 6) Fingerprints are taken from known witnesses at the time of their conviction. 7) Fingerprints found in the collection are matched with fingerprints at the scene of the crime. 8) Identification by fingerprints helps find identifying witnesses. 9) Clue is an object or piece of information that helps someone solve a crime or mystery.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Forensic science an important part in the investigation of serious plays crimes. 2) Any contact between a finger and a surface a latent leaves mark. 3) No two individuals the same fingerprints have. 4) Fingerprint accepted evidence was in 1902.
5) Fingerprinting is as a means of identifying used criminals.
6) Fingerprints are from known criminals at the time of their taken conviction. 7) Fingerprints found matched at the scene of the crime are with fingerprints in the collection. 8) Identification helps by fingerprints find criminals.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Судебный; улика; дознание; установление личности; понятой; латентный; отпечатки пальцев как доказательство; дактилоскопия; судимость; место совершения преступления; устанавливать личность.
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
1) Forensic science plays... 2) Fingerprints found at the scene of the crime are... 3) One of the first significant developments was... 4) If the sets of fingerprints share... 5) It was discovered in the 19th century that... 6) It was accepted in 1893 that...7) Most major police forces maintain... 8) Fingerprint evidence was accepted... 9) Fingerprinting is now widely used as...
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about identification by fingerprints: a) its history of discovery; b) its usage. Retell the text Suspect identification by fingerprints.
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