Тне United kingdom of great Britain and Northern Ireland

The United Кingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated оn the British Isles. The British Isles, lying to the north-west of Europe, consist of two large islands – Great Britain and Ireland and about 5 thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,000 square kilometres. The UK is one of the world's smaller countries. Its population is over 57 million people. About 80 percent of the population is urban.

The United Kingdom is made uр of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are: London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech Great Britain is used in the meaning of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The capital of the UK is London. The British Isles are separated from the Continent bу the North Sea and the British Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed bу the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.

The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands. The South, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but the eastern, central and south-eastern parts of England are vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343m.). There are а lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.

The UK is а highly developed industrial country. It produces and exports machinery, iron and steel products, electronics, chemicals and textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.

The United Кingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is а constitutional monarchy. It means that Great Britain is governed bу the Parliament and the Queen is the Head of the state. The legislative power in the country is exercised bу the Houses of Parliament. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords has more than 1000 members (hereditary and life peers and peeresses), although only 250 of them take an active part in the work of the House.The House of Commons is made up of 650 elected members, known as Members of Parliament (МР). It is the real governing body of the UК. The Executive power is exercised bу the Prime Мinister and his Cabinet. The government is usually formed bу the political party which is supported bу the majority in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister is the majority party leader and is appointed bу the Queen. The Prime Minister chooses а team of ministers: twenty of them are in the Cabinet. The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and the Shadow Cabinet. Two leading parties in Great Britain are the Conservative Party (the Tories, it was formed in 1867) and the Labour Party (formed in 1900). There is по written constitution in Britain, only precedents and traditions.

There are 44 universities in Britain. They аге divided into three types:

1. The old established universities, such as Oxford (founded in 1249), Cambridge and Edinburgh. Oxford and Cambridge together are often called Oxbridge.

2. The 19th – century universities such as London and Manchester.

3. New universities established after World War 2, such as Essay, Lancaster and Vister.

LONDON

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million.

London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world. Traditionally it is divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. They are very different from each other and seem to belong to different towns and epochs.

The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps the most striking of them is St Paul’s Cathedral, the greatest of English churches. It was built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. The Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. It was used as a fortress, a royal palace and a prison. Now it is a museum housing The National collection of armour and the Crown Jewels.

Westminster is the historic, the governmental part of London. Westminster Abbey has more historic associations than any other building in Britain. It dates back to 1049. Nearly all English kings and queens have been crowned here. Many outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers, poets and painters are buried here: Newton, Darwin, Chaucer, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc.

Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, or the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its huge hour bell, built just over a century ago and known as “Big Ben”.

Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen.

The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is the symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs, and theatres are situated there. There are splendid houses and lovely gardens belonging to wealthy people.

Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in memory of Admiral Nelson’s victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson’s Column stands in the middle of the square.

On the north side of Trafalgar Square is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. Not far away is the British Museum – the biggest museum in London. It contains a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc, and is famous for its library.

To the east of the City is the Port of London. Here, today, are miles and miles of docks and the great industrial areas that depend upon shipping. This is the East End of London, unattractive in appearance, but very important to the country’s commerce. There are a lot of factories, workshops and docks here. The streets are narrow, the buildings are unimpressive. The East End is densely populated by working class families.

The capital has 14 bridges, the famous London Bridge being the biggest among them.

UFA

The city where I live and study now is Ufa. It is a large cultural, scientific and commercial industrialized centre of Bashkortostan. About 40% of the republic’s industrial capacity is concentrated in Ufa. Being the capital of a multicultural and multinational republic, the city counts its population in figures of more than a million people and with such a great number of citizens the variety of ages and interests differs greatly.

Ufa represents a bright mixture of lifestyles, religions and cultures. And it’s right saying that – just look at, for example, architectural buildings: old ones neighbour with those new possessing trendy and stylish forms. The same you can observe on the busy circulation of the city life: clothes people wear, especially young, food they prefer to eat, places they choose to visit, the way they spend their time, languages they speak.

You may call Ufa the young city and you may not – the date of foundation refers to the year of 1574 when a fortress was erected to defend Bashkir people and their land from the devastating raids of the Siberian nomads. Not long ago we celebrated Ufa’s 430-year anniversary.

People of many nationalities live in Ufa; many of them come from other regions and foreign countries with the aim to work and study. It’s not surprising because Ufa numbers seven leading universities, numerous colleges, technical schools and other educational and scientific institutions and organisations. One of the most famous and prestigious is Ufa state petroleum technological university graduating specialists in oil and gas industry. Bashkir state university, Medical university, Aviation technical university, Teacher’s training university, Agricultural university and others provide specialists on a wide range of spheres.

You can also call Ufa the city of contrasts. Take a look at the city architecture and you will understand what I mean. Banks, shopping centres, complexes are built in original and modern fashions: glass doors and walls, slant and unusually shaped roofs, etc. They are huge, glisten in the sun and sometimes remind an iceberg or a block of ice that has unexpectedly appeared right in the middle of the street. At the same time very close you can find one- or two- storiedold houses made of brick and wood.

Some buildings have oriental motives in their architecture, for example, the shopping and entertainmentcentre “Gostiny Dvor”, where you can shop, dine, play in casino or just walk along the hall. The fascinating mosque “La-La Tulpan” represents itself to be authentic and unique thanks to its construction design: bright-red pointed roofs with two minarets can be seen at a far distance.

Ufa has still been growing intensive: new edifices, apartment houses are being erected. Without mentioning theatres, museums, cinemas, multiplexes (e.g. “Mir”, “Iskra”, “Pobeda”, “Avrora”), sport and fitness centres: (“Biatlon”, “Orange fitness”), popular among different age groups, many other cultural and entertainmentcomplexes, restaurants, bistros and night clubs have been built for the last several years.

Thus, the changes in the sphere of interests of people lead to the change of their way of life and culture perception. (It doesn’t mean of course, that people forget about their traditions: for example, the tradition when during a wedding the groom and the bride visit monuments, squares and parks is permanently observed.)

Использованная литература:

1. Т.Ф. Березовская, А.И. Кожевникова. Учебное пособие по английскому языку/ Уфа, УНИ, 1993/ Часть 1. – 43 стр.

2. Т.Ф. Березовская, А.И. Кожевникова. Учебное пособие по английскому языку/ Уфа, УНИ, 1993/ Часть 2. – 183 стр.

3. Т.Ю. Дроздова, А.И. Берестова, В.Г. Маилова. English grammar./ Антология, Санкт-Петербург, 2004. – 399 стр.

4. Т.К. Цветкова. English grammar guide./ Проспект, Москва. 2008. – 163 стр.

5. Raymond Murphy, English grammar in use. Supplementary exercises. Cambridge University Press, 1997, 126 стр.

6. Ю. Голицинский, Грамматика, сборник упражнений, Санкт-Петербург, 2008 — 542стр.

Содержание:

Раздел 1. Порядок слов английского предложения.

Существительное. Глагол. Спряжение глаголов в

Present, Past, Future Simple (Active Voice) 2

Раздел 2. Продолженное действие 16

Раздел 3. Оборот "There + be" 20

Раздел 4. Местоимение 25

Раздел 5. Прилагательные, наречия, числительные 34

Раздел 6. Предлоги, союзы 44

Приложение. Упражнения на повторение фонетических правил 50

Самые распространенные неправильные глаголы 52

Темы для устной беседы 55

Использованная литература

Дата добавления: 2015-11-15