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The transmission of every picture element simultaneously
To scan each element in the picture in succession
To use a single wire or channel for transmission
Illumination
Selenium
To provide sending and receiving ends
Photosensitive material
Photoelectric cell
To translate the sequence of light values
A cathode tube
Fluorescent screen
To produce visible light when struck by a beam of electrons
The neon gas-discharge lamp
The electrical input to the neon lamp
To be subject to much greater regulation of advertising
Peak-time viewing
Prime viewing hours
Educational transmission
Thought-provoking material
To combat illiteracy
To impart advice to isolated rural populations in matter of public health, agricultural methods, etc.
Ambitious educational-broadcasting output
To prepare programs for primary, secondary and higher education
Special offerings for the mentally and physically handicapped
To devote more than one-half of its radio output to educational and cultural broadcasts
A substantial output of adult education
Refreshment for teachers
To be created and financed by the government
Two-way channel capability
To enable subscribers to communicate with programming facilities of information centers within the system
To distribute signal solely via satellite
Means of coaxial or fiber-optic cables
To improve reception of commercial network
A “community antenna”
To retransmit via cables
To bring high-quality signals to subscribers
To be regulated by
To grant licenses
Noncommercial broadcasting
To be supported by donations
Revenue
Relay stations
The Voice of America
Frequency range
To assign frequency
On a frequency
Spot advertising
Weak/poor//strong/good reception
“cablecasting” – кабельное телевидение
Governmental and nongovernmental television
The development of programming market
Media regulations
Advertising and media research
To be owned and operated by federal and regional governments
To experience remarkable changes
To be funded entirely from the government budget
To operate in the absence of licensing procedures
Television advertising revenue
To judge viewer preference
To be one of the primary sources of news and entertainment
State-run television
To give a greater diversity of programming
Non-governmental stations
Advertising market is expanding
Broadcast hours are expanding
To take payment for placing advertising
A commentator
An anchorman
Favorable political coverage
To prosper
To become increasingly attractive to outside investment
Election coverage
To be exceedingly biased in favor of some government
To degrade opponents
To devote time to smb’s campaign far in excess of that devoted to other candidates
To monitor fairness in press coverage
Abuse of federal regulations
To give preferential treatment to any candidate for President
To be a tool for political influence (about TV)
“equal conditions”
To lose the aura of independence
In the interest of a free press
Politicized journalism
Political climate
Political and financial interests
Some kind of favoritism
To cover candidates without bias
A policy of “more money – more airtime”
Financial backers of television
To rent out space for other businesses (about movie theatres)
To need a huge capital investment
News-making events
Press independence is threatened by violence
To be privatized
The approaches to news coverage
A shareholder
To rely on advertising revenue and investments
To be financially well-positioned
To find oneself pinched for cash
To gain power, prestige
A venture – рискованное предприятие
To be budgeted
A great flexibility in scheduling the programs
To affiliate – присоединить
To have a potential viewership of 22 mln
To be dubbed – быть дублированным
Peak watched television hours
A considerable shift in the source of television programming
To face stiff competition from other broadcasters (about cable stations)
To found one’s own station with the help of independent financing (about NTV)
To receive top ratings
Pirating
Films with poor quality dubbing
Pirated music video clips
To purchase program
To produce typically American genres
To begin a production of western style situation comedies (sitcom)
To be financed through sole sponsorship
To tune in for several hours a day
To broadcast a wide spectrum of information
To experience a period of incredible growth
“running line” – бегущая строка
To have a strong presence in the culture and economy of Russia (about television)
Television industry
To grow in professionalism and competence
Press
United Press International
American-based news agencies (wire services)
Proprietary news wire service
The wired transmission of news photograph
To sell news to a newspaper
To supply news to a paper
To stress human-interest and feature news
To become one of the first agencies
To provide news to papers
To provide around-the-clock service
Costs and revenues
To undergo a series of changes
Reuters
British news agency
To initiate a prototype news service
To supply text and images to newspapers
To use computers to transmit financial data overseas
To bulk large
To make electronic transactions over the network
To become a publicly listed company
A major provider of financial information
A gazette
To enjoy the reportorial freedom and indispensable function
To retain to the present days
The growing demand for newspapers
The spread of literacy
The daily circulation of newspapers
Learned journals
Well-educated public
To feature opinion-forming articles or current affairs
Mass-circulation magazines
To aim at a wider public
Illustrated and women’s magazines
To provide massive new outlets and audiences
Long-distance transmission (satellites)
Information of public interest
A news pamphlet, a printed news book
To be a forerunner of the modern newspaper
Manuscript newsletters
To relate to an event
To guarantee the freedom of the press
Mechanical typesetting
High-speed printing
Technological advances
To broaden the appeal (about newspapers)
To reduce price (about newspapers)
To increase circulation (about newspapers)
Newsgathering enterprise
To shape the directions of modern journalism
Comprehensive coverage
An emphasis on entertainment
Lurid and sensationalized news (Yellow journalism)
To become primarily organs of political and literary opinion (about newspapers)
To earn most of the revenues from advertising
A tabloid
Alternative press (strident and irreverent)
Magazines - Earlier printed pamphlets, broadsides, chapbooks, almanacs
To appeal to particular interests
A growing demand for reading matter
To benefit from a number of technical improvements
Adverts as a means of financial support
Editorial independence
To range from … to
To expand as technological advance has cut costs
To cover traditional, leisure and historical interests
Associated Press
One of the preeminent news agencies in the world
To pool efforts to finance a telegraphic relay of foreign news
To attract readers with the sensational coverage of crime, scandal and violence, lurid photos
To give great prominence to political scandals
To be traced to
To transmit via satellite
To carry occasional feature articles
To offer a wide range of highly informed business, political and economic opinion, readers’ letters, reviews and comments on the art
To include complete tables reporting all financial and stock-market activity
To be known for the sensational treatment of news
Thorough coverage of international events
To appeal to a mass readership
To win worldwide respect (about newspapers)
To be distinguished by its cosmopolitan news, literary and artistic coverage and criticism (about papers)
Media and Publishing(p.9-10)
Print media (печатные средства массовой информации)
International media//domestic media
To target an upscale business elite
To provide a global environment for international advertisers
To reconnect readers to the public discussion of issues and problems
To produce notable and hard-hitting journalism
The Pulitzer Prize
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