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Ex. 15. (B) Finish these sentences, using reflexive pronouns.
Example: If you want a job done well, do it__________.
If you want a job done well, do it yourself.
1. The chairman announced the news_________.
2. I never do anything until I have checked everything__________.
3. She says John broke the vase, but really she did it__________.
4. Next year we shall live all by_______.
5. Did the boys build this boat________?
6. You cannot leave the baby in the house all by__________.
7. We built most of the house_________.
8. The girl stood at the fire, warming_________.
9. He made a mistake, then he corrected__________.
10. There can be no doubt that Shakespeare_________ wrote this play.
11. They went swimming, but they didn't enjoy_________. It was too cold.
12. Pat, stop laughing and behave________.
13. I hope you didn't hurt_______.
14. What are you doing here? Explain________!
Ex. 16. (В, C) Translate into English using reflexive pronouns.
1. Он был вне себя от радости. 2. Он увидел это сам. 3. Он не узнал себя в том страшном лице, которое смотрело на него из воды. 4. Она живет одна. 5. Вы поставите себя в очень неловкое положение, если расскажете об этом. 6. Он на себя не похож (look) сегодня. 7. Будьте осторожны, вы можете ушибиться. 8. Он был совершенно один в комнате. 9. Мы представились как корреспонденты вечерней газеты. 10. Вы сделали это совершенно самостоятельно? 11. Возьмите себя в руки. 12. Когда мы приехали, сам губернатор встретил нас в аэропорту. 13. Через несколько минут он снова был самим собой. 14. Девушка шла, тихо напевая. 15. Ведите себя как следует. 16. Они слишком много о себе думают. 17. Вы можете разделить это между собой. 18. Я очень горжусь собой, что нашел выход из этой трудной ситуации. 19. Ты можешь сделать это самостоятельно? 20. Вам не надо приходить самому, можете прислать секретаря.
1.3 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
THIS (THESEj/THA T (THOSEJ/SUCH/THE SAME
| Singular | Plural |
| this | these |
| that | those |
Both this and that can be applied to persons or things:
□ "I like that fellow," - he said to his brother.
□ Other people were anxious to get this soap at this price. The pronoun same is always used with the definite article:
□ Martin's Sunday was the same as before.
□ We were in the same class.
EXERCISES
Ex. 17. (A, B) Insert this, that, these, those or it.
1. All_______ is very interesting. 2.__________ will do. 3. None of__________ present expressed
any surprise on hearing___________. 4. Try one of__________. 5. What is this? -__________ is a
computer. 6.__________ are the TV sets of the latest type. 7. Suddenly I felt something soft
and warm on my knees._________ was a cat. 8. Who were you talking with? -_____________ was
a friend of mine.
Ex. 18. (В, С) Substitute that or those for the repeated noun.
Model: There are no richer art museums in this country than the museums of St.-Petersburg. There are no richer art museums in this country than those of St.-Petersburg.
1. The pictures painted by Rembrandt can't be compared to the pictures painted by Rubens.
2. The language in this textbook is easier than the language in the original novels. 4. The invisible riches lying in the Urals may be still greater than the riches discovered. 5. The stories written by O'Henry are as full of life as the stories written by Mark Twain. 6. Natural sugar is of higher quality than the sugar produced artificially.
Ex. 19. (B) Use one of the demonstrative pronouns in the following sentences.
1._____ is cooking oil,I always buy________ one. 2. She gave me the________ present as a year
before. 3. What do you want me to do with_________ thing? 4. He was one of_______ men whom
women all like. 5. Do you see________ bushes on the other side of the river? 6. Let us leave
_____ subject. 7. He continued to frequent the___________ cafe as when he had stayed at the
hotel. 8.1 believe you but there are________ who wouldn't. 9.________ is what I thought last year.
10._____ is life. 11._______ is what I want you to do. 12. I have divided the books into two
piles.______ are to be kept._______ are to be sold. 13. Our house was next to________ of June's.
Ex. 20. (B) Translate into English paying attention to the use of personal and demonstrative pronouns as the subject.
1. Чьи это брюки? - Это мои брюки. 2. Я принес вам важные новости. Это самые последние новости. 3. Кто-то постучал в дверь. Это был мой сосед. 4. Куда вы положили деньги? - Они в кошельке, на полке. 5. Вы помните его? Какой это был мужественный человек! 6. Это были самые красивые розы, какие я когда-либо видел. 7. У нее прекрасные волосы. Они длинные и волнистые. 8. Что с вашими часами? - Они отстают на 5 минут. 9. Посмотрите, кто это? - Это один из наших студентов. 10. Я где-то видел этого человека. - Это один из наших спортсменов. - Да, теперь я узнаю, это он. 11. Кто там? - Откройте, это я. 12. Какие эти цветы чудесные! 13. Достаточно, можете прекратить работу.
1.4 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
WHO/WHOSE/WHA T/WHICH/WHOM They are used to form special questions.
Who refers to human beings, what usually refers to things (it may be applied to people when inquiring about their occupation):
□ Who was that? - It was my friend./ It was Tom Waits.
□ What are you looking for? - I'm looking for a pen.
□ What is he? - A painter.
Which has a selective meaning ("которыйиз"). It may refer to persons or things:
□ Which of us does he mean?
□ Which side do you prefer?
□ Which would you like? This or that?
MIND THE DIFFERENCE:
Who is he? - This question inquires about the name of some person.
What is he? - about the occupation of the person.
Which is he? - about some particular person out of the group.
EXERCISES____________________________________________________________
Ex. 22. (B) Insert interrogative pronouns.
1."_____ of the two of them is right?" he asked me. 2.___________ do we call the sea between
England and France? 3._______ are your intentions for the summer? 4.________ would you like to
see as your assistant? 5._______ turn is it now? 6.________ is speaking? 7._______ can I do for
you? 8.______ is he? Is he a lawyer? 9._______ are you talking about? 10.________ problem are
you working at now? 11. We serve coffee and tea.__________ would you like? 12.________ of you
did it? 13.________ did you meet at the theatre? 14._________ is that man over there? 15.________
is Sergeyev? Is he an engineer? 16.________ bag is this? Yours or John's? 17._________ do you
prefer: tea or coffee? 18.________ sort of films do you like best? 19._________ does the avocado
taste like? 20.______ city do you live ih: London or Manchester? 21._________ do you usually do
at week-ends?
Ex. 23. (B) Translate into English.
1. Кто знает этого человека? 2. Кто из вас разбил эту вазу? 3. Кого из них вы спрашивали об этом? 4. Кого вы ждете здесь? 5. Кому вы дали свой словарь? 6. Какой это цвет? 7. На каком этаже вы живете? 8. Что вы купили? 9. Какой месяц самый короткий? 10. О чем вы разговаривали, когда я вас встретил? 11. Какой метод вы используете? 12. Кто этот высокий человек?
1.5 DEFINING PRONOUNS
ALL/EA CH/EVERY/EVERYBOD Y/EVERYTHING/EVERYONE/EITHER/
BOTH/OTHER/ANOTHER
ALL/EVERYBODY/EVERYTHING/EVERYONE
All (все, весь, вся, всё) is a generalizing pronoun, it takes a group of things or persons as a whole. It can be used as a subject, predicative, object, attribute:
□... when all was said and done...
□ He loved me, that's all.
□ And Martin forgot all about it.
□... if all the doors are closed...
Everybody/everyone (каждый, всякий, все) refer to all the members of the group of persons or taken one by one.
Everything (всё) may be applied to things in the same meaning.
ВСЕ
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NOTES:
1. We use all (весь, вся, всё) with uncountable nouns:
□ He spends all his free time in the library.
□ I've got all the information I want.
2. We use all in the expression all about:
□ He told us all about his trip.
3. We can use all day/the whole day (morning, evening, night, week) meaning the complete day:
all day (not "all the day")
all week (not "all the week")
all morning, the whole morning
4. All is often used after pronouns we, you, they and the verb to be:
□ We all know it. We are all glad to see you.
□ They all went there. They are all there. Mind the place of all in such constructions:
□ We have all read his article.
□ We shall all be here tonight.
□ We must all go there.
5. Remember the expressions:
we all = all of us you all = all of you they all = all of them
□ You must all go there. = All of you must go there.
□ They all work here. = All of them work here. "Мы все трое." All three of us.
"Они все четверо." All four of them.
all (that) □ That's all I want.
everything (that) □ I told him everything I knew.
6. We use a singular verb after every/ everyone / everybody/ everything:
□ Every seat in the theatre was taken.
□ Everybody looks tired today.
| Всё, что |
□ Everything he said was true.
7. We use "every" to say how often something happens:
day week Every Monday
ten minutes three days
EXERCISES
Ex. 24. (B) Complete these sentences with all, everything, everyone/everybody, the whole
Model: I can't lend you any money. All I've got is a pound and I need that. I can't stand him. He disagrees with everything I say. She worked from morning till night. She worked the whole day.
1. She is very kind._________ likes her.
2. They did________ they could to help us.__________ was very kind to us.
3. Jill doesn't do any of the housework. Her husband does____________.
4. Janet told me________ about her trip to Spain. Spain is a wonderful country.
5: He is a great scientist. He devoted his____________ life to the development science.
6. I didn't spend much money in the shops.___________ I bought was a pair of gloves.
7. Why are you always thinking about food? Food isn't___________.
8. He didn't say where he was going.__________ he said was that he was going away.
9. _______ has got their faults. Nobody is perfect.
10. He opened a tin of sardines. When he finished eating there were no sardines left. He ate tin of sardines.
11. He read the book from beginning to end. He read____________ book.
12. in our family plays the piano. The__________ family likes music.
13. It rained from the beginning of the week to the end. It rained______________ week.
14. Nothing was left of the building after the fire.____________ building is to be reconstructed.
15. _______ in the team played well.
16. We've redecorated_________ rooms of the house.__________ house looks new.
Ex. 25. (B) Say how often something happens. Use every with the periods of time: leap year [4]; three hours; five minutes; half hour; ten minutes; year.
Example: The Olympic Games take place every four years.
1. We have twenty nine days in February___________.
2. Tom is ill in bed. He has to take the medicine____________.
3. There's a good bus service to the centre. The buses run_____________.
4. Old grandfather clock strikes__________.
5. We live near a busy airport. A plane flies over the house_____________.
| □ We go out every Friday. □ The buses run every ten minutes. □ Ann goes to see her mother every three weeks. |
6. You should have your car serviced__________.
Ex. 26. (B) Translate into English. 1. Все мы играем в школе в футбол и волейбол.
2. Они обыскали весь дом.
3. Весь зал бурно аплодировал.
4. Он, по-видимому, выдумал всю эту историю с начала до конца.
5. Не весь снег еще растаял.
6. Все стены зала были увешаны старинным оружием.
7. Вся книга была разорвана.
8. У нас есть все основания не соглашаться с этим.
9. Все присутствующие должны расписаться здесь.
10. Все здание было разрушено взрывом.
11. Все леса в этом районе были вырублены (cut down).
12. Я сдаю свою одежду в химчистку раз в два месяца.
BOTH - оба
□ Both (the) brothers live in Moscow.
□ Both my daughters are married.
We/you/they both - мы/вы/они оба
□ They both graduated from Cambridge.
We both = both of us
□ We both know it. = Both of us know it.
□ You must both go there. = Both of you must go there.
□ They both work here. = Both of them work here.
Both is not used in negative sentences Neither
□ Они оба не пришли на собрание. - Neither of them came to the meeting.
| как... так и и... и |
□ Мы оба не знали об этом. - Neither of us knew about it.
There is a conjunction Both... and
□ Both Peter and Mary were there.
□ The coat is both good and cheap.
EITHER/NEITHER
Either has three meanings:
a) each of the two (один из двух, любой из двух),
b) one or the other (тот или другой),
c) both (и тот и другой, каждый из двух).
□ You may go by either road.
Можете идти по той или другой дороге (любой из двух).
□ Here are two dictionaries, you may take either of them. Вот два словаря, вы можете взять любой (из них).
□ There were chairs on either side of the table.
С той и другой (с каждой) стороны стола стояли стулья. Neither (ни тот, ни другой):
□ Neither of the statements is true.
Ни то, ни другое заявление не является правильным.
There are also conjunctions: either... or (или... или), neither... nor (ни... ни):
□ He is either in Odessa or in Kiev now.
□ Neither my wife nor I liked the story.
EACH/EVERY (каждый, всякий)
Each is used for a limited number of persons or things:
□ Each person in our group has this book. Каждый студент нашей группы имеет эту книгу.
We use every when we mean an unlimited number of things or persons.
□ I see him every day.
□ Every university has a library.
EXERCISES____________________________________________________________
Ex. 27. (B) Complete these sentences with both/neither/either, using "of" if necessary.
1. Ed and Jim were________ big men.
2. These are very gloomy rooms. I'm afraid__________ will suit me.
3. There are two ways to the city centre. You can go along the footpath by the river or you can go along the main road. You can go____________________________ way.
4. these pullovers are very nice. The problem was that she liked___________________ them.
She didn't know which one to choose.
5. _ my parents is English. My father is Polish and my mother is Italian.
6. "Which of the two newspapers would you like?" - "Oh,____________ will do."
7. "Is today the 18th or the 19th?" - "___________. It's the 20th."
8. By that time________ his sisters had got married.
9. When the boat started to sink, we were really frightened because________________ us could
swim.
Ex. 28. (B) Make sentences with "both... and..." "neither... nor..." and "either... or..." using the words in brackets.
1. We didn't like the hotel. It was__________ (clean/comfortable).
2. I didn't like the film. It was_________ (boring/long).
3. I couldn't remember his name. He was__________ (Robert/Richard).
4. I wasn't able to go on holiday that year. I had___________ (time/money).
5. We have tickets for Saturday or Sunday concert. Which do you prefer? - I don't care, I can go_____________ (Saturday/Sunday).
6. He is an ideal husband. He_________ (smoke/drink).
Ex. 29. (В, C) Use both, either or neither in the following sentences:
1. There are oak trees on__________ bank of the river. 2. The man held the axe in_____________
hands. 3. The veranda stretched on__________ side of the house. 4. The first apple-pie of the
season was on the table and a large dish of purple grapes. Muriel was too angry to touch
____. 5.1 could hear them______________, but saw__________. 6.________ of the two could
sing. 7.________ of them was of the same opinion. 8.____________ his legs were broken in the
accident. 9. You may take_________ of the two dictionaries, but not__________ of them. 10. She
had brown shining hair which hung down on____________ sides of her face. 11. "What are you
going to have, orange juice or Coke?" - "___________, I'm not thirsty." 12. "Which job are you
going to take?" - "I'm afraid____________." 13. Nick and Tom are____________ my friends. But
______ is in the town now. 14."__________ the jars, the big one and the small one, are empty.
You can take________ of them." - "I'm afraid__________ will do."
Ex. 30. (B) Insert every/each or either.
1._______ day he comes here, and__________ time he asks me the same questions. 2. There
was a huge building on___________ side of the square,____________ having a massive arched
gate. 3. There were huge buildings on___________ side of the street and__________ had rows of
balconies as its only decoration. 4. Which would you prefer, the Webster or the Oxford
dictionary? -________ will do. Thank you. 5. He shook hands and had a few minutes' talk with
______ of us.
Ex. 31. (B) Translate into English.
1. Они ехали по широкой дороге, по обе стороны которой росли деревья. 2. Оба, я и мой брат, были молоды и сильны. 3. Передай это сообщение папе или маме, боюсь, я не увижу ни того, ни другого. 4. Ты не можешь взять с собой оба моих фотоаппарата. 5. Они оба служат в армии. 6. Она либо очень больна, либо ушла. В любом случае мы не можем открыть дверь. 7. Каждую минуту мальчик выглядывал в окно. 8. Я помню каждый дом на нашей улице. 9. Ни тот, ни другой не смогли прийти, но каждый имел серьезную причину. 10. Они осматривали каждый экспонат в музее с большим интересом. 11. В гостинице есть две свободные комнаты, можете занять любую. 12. В каждом конце коридора была дверь. 13. Какую мне взять книгу, я не читал ни ту, ни другую. - Возьмите любую, обе интересные.
OTHER/ANOTHER
Other (другой, в смысле "остальной") can be used both in the singular and in the plural. In the singular it refers to particular things.
The second of the two:
□ The twins are so much alike that people can't tell one from the other.
□ One of them is mine, the other is my sister's. The others (pi) when the reference is to two or more:
□ Six of them are mine, the others are John's.
□ Where are the others?
One after the other - один за другим. The other day - на днях, недавно.
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Another (другой, еще один). It is used only in the singular. It doesn't refer to anything in particular.
A different (one) - "другой":
□ Come another day.
□We can do that another time. An additional (one) - "еще один":
□ We need another day to finish this.
□ Can you give me another cup of tea? A similar (one) - "второй":
□ This young man is very clever, he may be another Edison.
One way or another - так или иначе.
EXERCISES
Ex. 32. (В) Supply the appropriate word out of those given in brackets.
1. The shoes do not fit me. Will you kindly give me___________ pair? (another, the other)
2. They haven't met for twenty years, neither of them has seen even a photo of______________.
(another, the other)
3. I read the novels by O.Henry one after__________. (another, the other)
4. There were many people on the beach; some were bathing,________ were basking in the sun.
(others, the others)
5. I met him at the club_________ night, (other, the other)
6. I see only five copies here. Where are___________ ones? (the other, the others)
7. I have lost my fountain-pen. I must buy__________ one. (another, other)
8. They are going to get punished one way or___________. (another, other)
Ex. 33. (В, C) Use others) or another.
1. Without________ word he left the room.
2. It was not a large garden, but it was long and narrow. John and I walked right to____________
end of it in silence.
3. Would you like________ cup of tea?
4. Then I read the novels of William Burroughs one after____________.
5. day I made an epigram. I hope you'll like it.
6. Why are you alone? Where are__________?
7. The bar was kept by two very nice girls, one was American and____________ English.
8. people have told me the same thing.
9. The house on________ side of the river was built of grey stone.
10. He was always somewhat indifferent to the feelings of____________.
Ex. 34. (В, C) Translate into English.
|
| Another |
1. Пришлось ехать через поле: другой дороги не было. 2. Дайте мне, пожалуйста, другой номер этого журнала. 3. Если вам не нравится этот костюм, я могу вам предложить другой. 4. Собака ела мясо, но отказывалась от другой пищи. 5. Они были похожи как две капли воды, только один был немного выше другого. 6. В комнату вошли двое. Одного я никогда не видел, лицо другого показалось мне знакомым. 7. Это тупой (dull) нож, дайте мне другой. 8. Когда увидишь остальных, напомни им о нашем уговоре. 9. Другого пути не было. 10. Нам не пришлось долго ждать, машины подходили одна за другой.
1.6 INDEFINITE AND NEGATIVE PRONOUNS
USES OF "SOME', "ANY", "NO", "NONE", 'ONE'
When used with nouns of material some/any have the meaning of indefinite quantity ("некоторое количество", "немного", "сколько-нибудь") but usually they are not translated into Russian:
□ Give me some water, please. - Дайте мне воды, пожалуйста.
□ Have you bought any sugar? - Купили ли вы сахар?
□ There isn't any milk in the fridge. - В холодильнике нет молока. Before countable nouns in the plural some/any are translated as "несколько", "какие- то ", "какие-нибудь ":
□ He asked me some questions. - Он задал мне несколько вопросов.
□ Have you got any interesting books? - Есть у вас (какие-нибудь) интересные
книги?
□ I saw some strange people near - Я видела каких-то незнакомых людей your house. у вашего дома.
'SOME/ANY' OR ZERO IN RELATION TO QUANTITY
Countable Nouns
The plural of a/an is normally any or some when we are referring to quantity:
□ Is there a present for the children? Are there any presents for the children?
□ Here is a present for the children. Here are some presents for the children.
Sometimes we don't use any and some, even if we are referring to quantity. The meaning is exactly the same, though we generally prefer to use any or some:
□ Are there any presents for the children? Are there presents for the children?
□ Here are some presents for the children. Here are presents for the children.
Uncountable Nouns
In the same way, we sometimes don't use any and some when referring to quantity:
□ "Is there any milk in the fridge?" is the same as: "Is there milk in the fridge?"
□ "There is some milk in the fridge," is the same as: "There's milk in the fridge."
BASIC USES OF 'SOME' AND "ANY"
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OTHER USES OF 'SOME' AND "ANY'
Some arid any also have special uses:
□ I haven't seen Tom for some years. (= I haven't seen Tom for several years.)
□ Any fool knows the answer to a question like that. (= "It doesn't matter who" - "любой, всякий").
"NOT... ANY"NO' AND "NONE'
1. We can use no instead of not any. We use an affirmative verb with no:
□ There aren't any buses after midnight. There are no buses after midnight.
□ There isn't any milk. There's no milk.
2. We can also use no in place of not a/an:
□ I'm not an expert. I'm no expert.
3. None stands on its own as a pronoun:
□ We have no bananas. We have none.
"NONE OF' AND "NEITHER OF'
The negative of "All the girls left early" is "None of the girls left early".
| I like_____ bisquits and______ sweets. I bought______ bisquits for tea. I don't like______ boiled cabbage. Would you like______ boiled cabbage? _____ money has to be earned. Will you lend me______ money? There isn't______ news of him. I hate______ bad news. |
("Все девочки...") ("Никто из девочек... ") The negative of "Both girls left early" is "Neither of the girls left early". ("Обе девочки...") ("Ни одна из...")
I've seen none of them. I've seen no one / nobody. EXERCISES
Ex. 35. (A) Put in some or any only where possible.
1. The natives eat______ meat raw. 9.
2. There wasn't______ meat in the fridge. 10.
3. life is full of surprises. 11.
4. There isn't______ life in that girl. 12.
5. Buy_____ bread and cheese for the picnic. 13.
6. We can't do without_______ bread. 14.
7. spices are bad for you. 15.
8. Put_____ spices into the soup. 16.
Ex. 36. (B) Supply some or any.
1. Go and ask him for_______ more paper. I haven't________ in my desk.
2. Have you got______ sugar? - I expect we have. Yes, there's_________ sugar in this bowl.
3. Can I give the child_______ fruit?
4. people just don't know how to mind their own business.
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