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6. Would you like an ice?_____
7. I need two clean glasses._____
8. Don't throw stones._____
9. Be careful! There is broken glass on the road._______
10. Can I have a cake, Mum?_____
Ex. 3. (B) State whether the nouns in italic type are collective nouns or nouns of multitude.
1. It is a new company. 2. The company are rehearsing a new production. 3. Then one by one the worn out crew were helped on board. 4. The crew of the ship consists of twenty seamen including the captain and his mate. 5. No one had seen him since and the police were searching for him. 6. The band were changed, and in the gallery already. 7. And Stilleveld, in company with the many other places like it, had also been the birthplace of a new people. The people who were neither white nor black.
Ex. 4. (В, С) Choose between a singular or a plural verb to use it in the following sentences.
1. The play is witty and the cast (be) wonderful. 2. The cast (be) all amateurs. 3. All the family (to be) gathered to see the dog. 4. Monty's family (to be) of about the same social status as my own. 5. Do you know what the family (to get) into their heads about this business? 6. Everybody says the Swiss police (to be) great at finding people. 7. The public (not to think) so. 8. The public (to request) not to leave litter in these woods. 9. When he came the baseball team (to practise) on the school field. 10. The team (to have) baths at the moment and then (to come) back here for tea. 11. The team (to play) tomorrow morning. 12. The clergy (to be) generally dressed in black. 13. The Government (to discuss) the matter for a long time but they have shown no signs of reaching agreement. 14. The Government (to decide) to pass the bill. 15. In the meantime the young couple (to be) to live in the old house. 16. That day the committee (to be) to meet at her friend's house. 17.1 had to find out whether the committee (to be) competent enough to consider the project. 18. The board (to be) extraordinarily kind to you. 19. The board (to be) going to consider your application at the next sitting. 20. You've bought yourself a nice car. Your money (to be) well spent. 21. His advice (to be) always useful for me.
Ex. 5. (C) Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1. Полиция - не дураки. Этот человек не поверил ни одному моему слову. 2. Команда обычно прекращает погрузку (loading) в 12.00, и все собираются на палубе. 3. Ты знаешь, каковы новости? 4. В письме важная информация. 5. Вся компания сидит в кафе. Они собираются здесь обедать. 6. У комитета сложилось мнение, что этот вопрос нужно решить немедленно. 7. Когда директор пришел, весь штат уже собрался. 8. Штат очень небольшой, я не знаю, как он справляется.
3. THE CATEGORY OF NUMBER
English countable nouns have two numbers: the singular and the plural.
THE RULES FOR FORMING THE PLURAL OF THE ENGLISH NOUNS
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| 2. If the noun ends in -s, -ss, -x, -z, -sh, -ch, -tch, -o the plural is formed by adding -es [Zz], [zj after -o | buses, glasses, boxes, brushes, benches, matches, cargoes, potatoes | But: pianos, photos, cuckooSj videos, zoos |
| 3. There are seven nouns which form the plural by changing the root vowel | топ - men woman - women ['woman] - ['wimin] foot - feet tooth - teeth goose - geese mouse - mice louse - lice | |
| 4. There are two nouns which form the plural in -en | ox - oxen child - children | |
| 5. In some nouns the plural form does not differ from the sinqular | deer, sheep, swine, fish, trout, dozen, score, aircraft, salmon | But: Pack the books in dozens; scores of people. |
| 6. Some words borrowed from Latin or Greek keep their Latin or Greek plural forms | In the technical languages of science: phenomenon - phenomena datum - data crisis - crises stimulus - stimuli formula - formulae index - indices antenna - antennae | In fiction and colloquial English some of these nouns have acquired English plural forms: memorandums, formulas, indexes, terminuses. |
| 7. In compound nouns the plural is formed in different ways: a) adding -s to the head-word b) the final element takes the plural form c) if the compound begins with the words man/woman both words are plural d) if there is no noun-stem in the compound -s is added to the last element | a) editors-in-chief brothers-in-law lookers-on b) lady-birds, hotel-keepers housewives postmen c) men-servants women-doctors d) forget-me-nots merry-go-rounds |
SPELLING RULES
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There are. however, many peculiarities
1. Nouns consisting of two or more parts are used only in the plural (as in Russian). They are:
trousers □ Your trousers are too long.
spectacles □ Where are my spectacles?
scissors □ These scissors are sharp,
scales tongs
2. Remember the nouns which are used in the plural in English whereas they are singular in Russian:
wages □ His wages are high.
contents □ The contents have not been changed.
3. There are nouns which are used in the singular in Russian, but they are plural in English.
clothes □ His clothes were wet as he had been caught in the rain,
arms
stairs □ The stairs are steep,
riches
goods □ The goods have arrived from France.
potatoes □ Potatoes are very cheap in autumn.
onions □ Spanish onions are sweet.
carrots □ Carrots are very healthy.
oats
But: a potato (one) an onion a carrot
4. The noun vacation is used only in the singular in English (it is plural in Russian).
□ Our summer vacation lasts 2 months. But: We have two vacations a year.
5. In English the nouns gate, sledge, watch, clock are used both in the singular and in the plural (in Russian they are only plural):
□ The gate is open.
□ All the gates were closed.
□ My watch (clock) is slow.
□ He has two watches (clocks).
EXERCISES______________________
Ex. 1. (A) Write the plurals of these nouns in the columns below to show their pronunciation.
Shop, glass, friend, bottle, cinema, clock, guitar, hotel, island, lake, light, month, office, park, piece, smile, space, tape, village, box, match, beach, address.
[s] [z] [iz]
1. shoo_________ 7.__________ friend_______ 13.__________ glasses
2. 8. _______________________ 14.________________
3. 9. _______________________ 15.________________
4. _ 10. ______________________ 16.________________
5. _ 11. ______________________ 17.________________
6. _ 12. ___________________ 18.______________
Ex. 2. (A, B) Give the plural of the following nouns. A
Toe, city, hero, piano, calf, cliff, proof, chief, stitch, bath, belief, life, shelf, berry, valley, roof, pen, window, wall, week, clock, ship, library, watch, dress, country, glass, day, party, play, bus, leaf, life, colony, fox, half, mass, eye, language, place, key, thief, ray, bush, mouth, journey;
В
foot, boot, ox, fox, man, woman, month, mouse, child, ship, goose, deer, cheese, sheep; С
crisis, phenomenon, datum, nucleus, basis, apparatus, criterion, series, analysis, formula; D
room-mate, fellow-worker, court-martial, man-of-war, boy-messenger, onlooker, passer-by, sister-in-law, postman, son-in-law, fisherman, schoolgirl, text-book, pocket-knife, statesman, editor-in-chief.
Ex. 3. (B) Change the number of the noun in italic type where possible and make all other necessary changes.
I
1. Put the box on the shell. 2.1 was presented with a dozen handkerchiefs. 3. The boy must have two teeth pulled out. 4. The hunter got a prize for killing the woll that had caused much damage to the village flock. 5. The child was bitterly crying over the broken toy. 6. He showed me a photo of his country house. 7. The scout brought some valuable information. 8.1 bought a pair of nylon gloves. 9.1 saw a mouse in the kitchen. 10. The ox drove a cart of hay. 11. A very strange phenomenon was observed by astronomers yesterday. 12. Her hair was soft and curly.
1. Boy drove the sheep to the village. 2.1 have hurt my foot. 3. This is a lady-bird. 4. Where is the knife? 5. This factory has a good laboratory. 6. The last leaf fell from the tree. 7. This story is very long. 8. The speech was very interesting. 9. He left the key on the table. 10. Where is the brush? 11.1 like his new play. 12. The root of the house was covered with snow. 13. The wife of the sailor stood on the shore. 14. My aunt has a goose.
III
1. The mice live behind the stove. 2. The keys to the boxes were lost. 3. The wolves have been shot. 4. The fish were caught. 5. We have good postmen in our area. 6. The cargoes will be discharged tomorrow.
Ex. 4. (B) Supply the missing words.
1. The stairs________ worn by thousands of visitors. 2. Where______________ the scissors? -
________ are in the first drawer on the left. 3.The scales____________________ broken. 4. How
much did you pay for_________ trousers? -_________ were very expensive! 5. If your clothes
______ dirty, please put them in the laundry basket. 6. His old grandfather's watch_____________
made of gold. 7. All their belongings__________ been destroyed in a fire. 8. My earnings (not)
______ high, but at least they__________ regular. 9. These shorts__________ fit me at all!
Ex. 5. (B) Use the appropriate form of the verb.
1. "There______ money in my pocket," I said to the porter (is, are). 2.1 know my hair___________
beautiful, everybody says so (is, are). 3. These white swine______________ not live (does, do).
4.... this watch_______ a special favourite with Mr Pickwick, having been carried about...
for a greater number of years than we feel called upon to state, at present (was, were).
5. The deer_______ ravaging the man's fields (was, were). 6. Money__________ so scarce that it
could fairly be said not to exist at all (was, were). 7. I was here before the gates________________
opened, but I was afraid to come straight to you (was, were). 8. The papers____________ dull, the
news_____ local and stale, and the war news________ all old (was, were). 9. At Capracotta, he
had told me, there_______ trout in the stream below the town (was, were). 10. Her hair__________
loose and half-falling, and she wore a nurse's dress (was, were). 11. The nurse's wages good (was, were).
Ex. 6. (В, C) Translate into English.
A
1. Эта лестница ведет к морю. 2. Он дал мне хороший совет 3. Все сведения были очень важные. 4. Мы получили такие же сведения. 5. Эти деньги не мои. 6. У меня было мало денег. Я не мог позволить себе покупать такие дорогие вещи. 7. Его познания в математике поразили нас. 8. Ваших знаний недостаточно, чтобы сдать экзамен. 9. Какая интересная работа! 10. Какие вы нам принесли новости? 11. Эти новости уже всем известны.
В
1. Я купил эти часы в Лондоне. Они очень хорошие. 2. Ваши часы спешат. 3. Я не мог войти в сад, так как ворота были закрыты. 4. Сани стоят у ворот. 5. Экспорт этого товара значительно увеличился.
с
1. Какие из этих овец будут посланы на выставку? 2. Этот груз прибыл на прошлой неделе. 3. Его одежда совсем новая. 4. Там было очень мало людей. 5. Картофель очень хороший в этом году. 6. Морковь очень дешевая осенью. 7. Фрукты в нашем саду уже созрели. 8. Его заработная плата очень высокая. 9. Содержание его письма было совсем неожиданным. 10. Франция славится своими винами.
D
1. В аквариуме пять рыбок. Одна рыбка золотая. 2. Эти новости очень интересные. 3. Кому принадлежат деньги? - Я не знаю, кому они принадлежат. 4. Фермеры довольны. Они вырастили много свиней и овец. 5. Ваши деньги на столе. Возьмите их. 6. Наши зимние каникулы кончаются 6-го февраля. 7. Вы получили эти сведения несколько дней тому назад. 8. Ваши советы мне очень помогли. 9. Витрина привлекала внимание всех прохожих.
4. THE CATEGORY OF CASE
English nouns denoting living beings (and some lifeless things) have two cases: the common case and the genitive (or possessive) case.
THE GENITIVE
1. We show possession in English with the genitive form of a noun. This means we normally use's or s' for people and some living creatures. We put the possessive before the noun it refers to:
□ Frank's car. (Not "the car of Frank/the car of Frank's").
2. The simplest rule to remember is: Add's to any personal noun unless it is in the form of a plural ending in -s. in which case just add an apostrophe ('). This means:
□ add's to singular nouns and names not ending in -s: a boy's tie; Tom's hat.
□ add's to singular nouns ending in -s: an actress's career; a waitress's job.
□ add's to irregular plural nouns:
children's games; the men's club; sheep's wool.
□ add an apostrophe (') after the -s of regular plurals: the girls' uniforms.
□ add's to names ending in -s:
Charles's address; Doris's panty; St. James's Park.
Famous names ending in -s just add ('): Yeats' poetry (pronounced [s] or [iz]).
□ add's to the last element of the word group:
My friend Peter's watch; my father-in-law's house.
APOSTROPHE S ('S/S'j, COMPOUND NOUN, OR 'OF'?
1. When we want to show possession with things, we can use 'of: the leg of the table. However, we often prefer to use a compound noun instead of 'of': the table leg.
2. We must use 'of' when we can't form a compound noun: the book of the film (Not 'the film's book'); the top of the box (Not 'the box's top'). You can only learn these from experience. If you are in doubt, use 'of.
THE USE OF 5 AND 5 WITH NON-LIVING THINGS: "AN HOUR'S JOURNEY'
We use's and s' with some non-living things:
□ fixed phrases: the earth's surface, journey's end, the ship's company;
□ time phrases (singular): an hour's journey, a day's work, a month's salary;
□ time phrases (plural): two hours' journey, two days' work, two months' salary. It's also used with nouns expressing space and weight, with the names of countries, cities and ships and with the nouns world, country, city, ship:
□ the river's edge
□ Moscow's theatres
□ world's best museums
□ our country's best opera house
□ the ship's crew
We can use's when the first noun is an organisation:
□ the government's decision
□ the company's success
The Genitive is used in some set expressions:
□ for Heaven's sake / for God's sake
□ at one's wit's end
□ a hair's breadth Data stone's throw
OMISSION OF THE NOUN AFTER 5
We generally omit the noun after's when referring to work-places, shops, and houses: the doctor's rather than the doctor's surgery, my mother's rather than my mother's house.
EXERCISES____________________________________________________________
Ex. 1. (A, B) Use's or s' only where possible with these nouns.
1. the clothes of the boys the bovs' clothes
2. a journey of two days________________________________________________
3. the walls of the room ________________________________________________
4. the days of the week_________________________________________________
5. the birthday of my daughter Helen______________________________________
6. the pages of the book________________________________________________
7. work of seven years_________________________________________________
8. the surface of the Earth_______________________________________________
9. the orders of the Commander-in-Chief___________________________________
Ex. 2. (A, B) What could we use in place of the words in brackets?
1. Your father has gone to (the shop owned by the butcher) the butcher's.
2. I'll meet you at (the shop owned by the chemist)____________________________________ •
3. I'm going to spend the night at (the house owned by my aunt)_________________________.
4. We always buy things at (the department store owned by Emma Hart)__________________.
Ex. 3. (B) Rewrite these sentences using's, s', or just an apostrophe (').
1. The books for children. These are children's books.
2. This bag belongs to my friend.___________________________________________________.
3. He described the career of the actress.___________________________________________.
4. This is the signature of Mr Brown.________________________________________________.
5. The mistakes which students make. _____________________________________________.
6. This is a club for women._______________________________________________________.
7. It's a school for girls._________________________________________________________ _.
8. The room is for the guests._____________________________________________________.
9. This umbrella belongs to James._________________________________________________.
10. I liked the dinner we had yesterday at the cafe belonging to Mike._______________________.
Ex. 4. (B) Only where possible, use's or(') to show possession in these sentences.
1. The book of this author. The author's book.
2. I can't see the bottom of the box.________________________________________________.
3. The crew of the ship was small._________________________________________________.
4. It's the fault of no one._________________________________________________________.
5. Do you like the poetry of Eliot?__________________________________________________.
6. That's the leg of the table.______________________________________________________.
7. Where's the key of the car?____________________________________________________ _.
8. The sound of carriage was heard._______________________________________________.
Ex. 5. (A, B) Supply a phrase with's or a compound noun in place of the phrases in italics.
1. He is the son of Mr Right. Mr Right's son.
2. Where's the surgery of the doctor? ______________________________________.
3. The keyboard of the piano was damaged.______________________________________.
4. She is the secretary of our director._____________________________________.
5. It was in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. ___________________________________.
6. It's the responsibility of no one._________________________________________.
7. Polish the knob of the front door. _______________________________________.
8. The journey of Scott is historic._______________________________________________.
9. I spoke to the manager of the company.__________________________________.
10. The cover of the book is torn. ________________________________________________.
11. The gate of the factory was shut. _____________________________________________.
12. I've lost the book of my mother. ________________________________________.
13. The phone in the office is out of order.__________________________________________.
14. The critic of the film was wrong. ______________________________________________.
15. Who's the mother of the twins?_________________________________________.
16. That's the sister of my husband._______________________________________________.
Ex. 6. (В) In this exercise you have to join two nouns with's, an apostrophe ('), or a compound noun. Sometimes you have to use... of....
Model: Ann's mother; stident's club; the door of the room; car key.
1. the photo/my son _____________________________________________________________
2. the eyes/the dog______________________________________________________________
3. the top/the page_______________________________________________________________
4. the club/students______________________________________________________________
5. the newspaper/today___________________________________________________________
6. a month/holiday_______________________________________________________________
7. the name/your wife____________________________________________________________
8. the name/this street___________________________________________________________
9. the car/Mike's parents_________________________________________________________
10. Rosa/love ___________________________________________________________________
11. the new manager/the company__________________________________________________
12. the leg/table__________________________________________________________________
13. the ground floor/the building_____________________________________________________
14. the children/Don and Mary ____________________________________________________
15. the economic policy/the government______________________________________________
16. the house/my aunt and uncle ____________________________________________________
Ex. 7. (B) Read each sentence and write a new sentence using's with the words in italics.
Example: The surface of the Earth looks wonderful from space.
The Earth's surface looks wonderful from space. 1. I had dinner in the house of my friend.
2. The theatres in Moscow are the best in the world.
3. Exports from Britain to the United States have fallen recently.
4. I always buy newspapers in the evening. I like to read them.
Ex. 8. (B) Use the information to complete the sentences.
Example: I started cleaning my house at 9 o'clock and finished at 12 o'clock. So it's about three hours' work.
1. I need two days to do the work.
It is _______________________________________________________________________.
2. She had a rest from two to three.
So she had_________________________________________________________________.
3. If I leave my house at 8.50 and walk to work, I get to work at 9 o'clock.
So it's only________________________________________ walk from my house to work.
5. TESTS
1. Сын моей сестры хорошо учится.
2. Мне нравится квартира Марии.
3. Она много пишет сестрам Анны.
4. Вчера нас навестили дети наших друзей.
5. Комната Бесс большая и светлая.
6. Учитель вернул тетради студентов.
7. Я не помню имени сестры моего друга.
8. Друзья моего брата хорошо говорят по-немецк1
9. Это книги коллег моего сына.
10. Вам нравится новая книга этого писателя?
II
1. Где ключ от машины?
2. Мальчишки взяли велосипед почтальона.
3. Он сломал кончик (nib) пера.
4. Ручка чемодана была неудобной.
5. Дверь гаража была закрыта.
6. Мы выучили слова десятого урока вчера.
7. Поверхность дороги была скользкой.
8. Я не знаю результат вчерашнего матча.
THE ARTICLE
The article is a structural part of speech used with nouns. The use of articles depends on the type of noun, context or situation, it is sometimes influenced by the syntactic relations in which the noun occurs (see pp. 169-170).
There are two types of articles in modern English: the indefinite (a/an) and the definite article (the). The absence of articles also has its grammatical significance: it shows that the nouns are used in a general sense.
1. THE USE OF ARTICLES WITH COMMON NOUNS 1.1 THE USE OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A/AN)4
The indefinite article is used:
When the speaker presents the object (expressed by the noun) as belonging to a certain class. In this case it has the meaning of "какой-нибудь", "какой-то, один", "некий". In the plural no article is used in this case.
□ It happened in a small town in Siberia.
□ He bought a book yesterday.
2. When a person or a thing is introduced for the first time. That shows that the reader (listener) doesn't know what we are referring to. After this first reference we use "the".
□ I watched a car as it came up our road. The car stopped outside our house and a man got out. The man was carrying a case in his hand. With the case, the man looked like a salesman.
3. With a predicative noun, then we say that the object belongs to a certain class. Usually such nouns denote a profession or characteristic.
□ He is a doctor.
□ She works as (a) chemist.
□ Miss Sharp's father was an artist.
□ Your brother is a nice man.
4. When the noun is used in a general sense and has the meaning of "every" (любой, всякий, каждый).
□ A drowning man catches at a straw.
□ A child can understand it.
5. A/an preserves its old original meaning of "one".
□ He had hardly spoken a word since we left the house. With nouns denoting time, measure, weight, frequency:
□ A week or two passed.
□ I'll be back in a minute.
□ It is 80 p a kilo.
□ The car makes 120 km an hour.
□ I go to the library twice a week (once a month).
But: We don't use a/an + noun and one + noun in the same way.
a/an + noun means "anyone"
□ I'd like a coffee, please.
one + noun when we are counting
□ It was one coffee I ordered, not two. We use a/an or one with:
a) whole numbers and fractions: a/one hundred, thousand; a/one half, guarter;
b) money: a/one pound/dollar;
c) weights, measures: a/one kilo/foot;
We use one with day, morning, evening when telling a story:
□ One day when I was staying at the Hilton I received a strange telephone call.
6. We use a/an in some grammatical structures:
a) It is a book. This is a picture.
b) She has a cat.
c) There is a book on the table.
d) What a clever man! What a fine building!
But: What nice weather we are having today! (Mind uncountable nouns)
e) She saw a wonderful flower.
7. When we talk about people or things "in general" (with plural no article is used).
□ A cat is a domestic animal.
□ Cats are domestic animals.
8. We use a/an in detached apposition:
□ My friend, a history teacher, knows a lot about it. But: Pushkin, the great Russian poet,...
Ivanov, the inventor of this machine,...
9. We use a/an after the attributes such, rather, quite:
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