|
Читайте также: |
II
|
| He must + |
| do it be doing _______ have done — have been doing |
| Present Past |
| Должно быть, вероятно |
| □ He must be at home at this hour. □ He must be writing about his travels. □ He must have taken a lot of photos while he was on the islands. |
1. Он должен был стать музыкантом. Это было решено еще до его рождения. 2. Вам придется написать ему еще раз. 3. Им пришлось долго ждать автобуса. 4. Я должен был окончить работу вчера, но не смог этого сделать. 5. Чья очередь? Кто должен идти за водой? 6. Тебе придется взять пальто. Становится холоднее. 7. Я должен отвезти брату его вещи. Так мы договорились, когда он уходил. 8. Было уже поздно, и нам пришлось поехать на метро. 9. Подожди немного, я должна дочитать главу до конца. 10. Мне пришлось оставить все и поехать в больницу. 11. Вам придется зайти позже. Ее еще нет. 12. Тебе обязательно надо ехать сегодня? 13. Когда он должен приехать? Мы договорились встретиться в восемь. 14. Отец не разрешает ей приходить домой поздно, она должна быть дома к девяти часам каждый вечер. 15. Вчера вечером автобус был полупустой (half empty), и мне не пришлось стоять.
In its second meaning "must" denotes probability or supposition bordering on assurance, almost a conviction. In this meaning it is used in affirmative sentences only.
In negative sentences and sentences referring to the future supposition is expressed by means of the modal words "evidently", "probably":
□ Evidently, she didn't know my address.
□ She will probably come tomorrow.
| Model: □ They must know him. Должно быть, они его знают. □ They must be waiting for you. Должно быть, они ждут вас. |
□ She is not likely to come so late.
COMPARE THE FOLLOWING PATTERNS:
|
| EXERCISES |
Ex. 10. (A, B) In the following statements of near certainty change the form of the infinitive to refer to the past. Add appropriate time references.
They must have known him, then. Должно быть, они его знали. They must have been waiting for you yesterday. Должно быть, они ждали вас вчера. 1. It must be raining. 2. She must be pleased about it. 3. She must be really fond of you. 4. They must be always trying to help him. 5. She must know nothing about it. 6. She must be out shopping. 7. This must be the prettiest garden in the village. 8. She must be the youngest child in her class. 9. Somebody must be trying to get you on the phone. 10. The children must be at school now.
Ex. 11. (В, C) Paraphrase the following sentences using "must + infinitive" to express near certainty. Use the indefinite infinitive when speaking about the present, the perfect infinitive when speaking about the past.
Model: □ Of course, he is somewhere here. - He must be somewhere here.
□ Certainly, she knew that something was wrong. - She must have known that something was wrong.
I. I am sure the information was wrong. 2. She was obviously upset by something. 3. Probably, he recognized you by your photo in the papers. 4. He is sure to be in at this time. 5. Of course, she is trying to help you. 6. She is certain to be waiting for you at home.
7. Probably, the play is over by now. 8. There is little doubt that the first experiment failed. 9. No doubt, she knew what she was about to do. 10. I'm sure she is very fond of the child.
II. They are sure to have taken the wrong turning. 12. Probably, the dog was hungry.
Ex. 12. (В, C) Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. George must (be) pleased that he has passed his examination. 2.1 found this baby bird at the foot of the tree. It must (fall) out from a nest. 3. During the storm, the captain was on the bridge the whole time. He must (be) exhausted afterwards. 4. If Fred left here at four o'clock, he must (be) home by now. 5. Look, there's a tree right across the road! So there is. It must (be) blown down by the gale last night. 6.1 sat on a seat in the park and now my coat is covered with green stripes. The paint must (be) wet. 7. As soon as I switched on my new electric cooker there was an explosion. There must (be) something wrong with it. 8.1 don't know at what time I went to bed last night, but it was late. It must (be) after midnight.
9. Look, the streets are wet; it must (rain) now. 10. He promised to come at six, but he didn't. He must (forget) his promise. 11.1 didn't hear the telephone. I must (be) asleep. 12. He must (be) very careless if he makes such mistakes. 13. The baby woke up when she went into the bedroom. She must (make) noise. 14. The taxi-driver got to the airport in half an hour. He must (drive) very fast. 15. He never got the letter. It must (send) to the wrong address.
Ex. 13. (В, C) Translate the following negative sentences into English.
Model 1: □ Она, должно быть, не дала ему возможности возразить.
She must have given him no opportunity to object. 1. Должно быть, он не сделал ошибки. 2. Должно быть, они не обедали. 3. Должно быть, она не имела опыта. 4. Должно быть, он не дал ответа. 5. Должно быть, они не принимают мер. 6. Должно быть, она не обращает внимания на это. 7. Должно быть, у них нет книг.
8. Он, должно быть, не получил ответа. 9. Должно быть, денег за работу они не получили.
10. Она, должно быть, не старалась (take the trouble) сделать это правильно.
Model 2: □ Должно быть, он об этом не знал. Evidently, he didn't know about it. □ Он, вероятно, не знает. He probably doesn't know. 1. Должно быть, они еще не пришли. 2. Вероятно, они этого не знают. 3. По-видимому, это не было сделано вовремя. 4. Вероятно, это не здесь. 5. Это, должно быть, не заняло много времени. 6. Должно быть, он придет завтра.
Ex. 14. Translate the sentences.
1. Должно быть, он хорошо знает язык. 2. Должно быть, он еще здесь. 3. По-видимому, он унес бумаги с собой. 4. Очевидно, здесь уже кто-то был. 5. Вероятно, они над нами смеются. 6. Должно быть, они тогда жили здесь. 7. Должно быть, идет дождь. 8. Вероятно, дождь уже прекратился. 9. Должно быть, он как раз чинил пробки (fuse).
Ex. 15. (В, С) Translate into English using the verb "to have" in its modal meaning.
1. Мне сейчас приходится много работать, так как я болела и отстала от группы.
2. Вам придется поговорить с ним лично.
3. Нам пришлось переждать дождь на станции.
4. Я вынужден был извиниться, хотя мне это и было неприятно.
5. Книгу необходимо переплести, иначе некоторые страницы могут потеряться.
6. Вам приходится очень рано вставать, не так ли?
4.1 REVISION
Ex. 16. (В, С) Paraphrase the sentence using the verb "must".
1. Probably that building in the distance is the station. 2. The boy was evidently reading something funny. He was smiling all the time. 3. They have most likely not realized what opportunity they were losing. 4.1 shan't bother you any longer; no doubt you are tired of my talking. 5.1 see something is eating him. He looks worried. 6. It was clear the family were expecting some guests: mother was bustling about the house tidying up the rooms. 7. He surely did not find out the real reason for their silence. 8.1 am sure he has got all he needed.
Ex. 17. (В, C) Combine the verb "must" with the proper form of the infinitive in brackets.
1.1 feel I must (to do) something before it is too late. 2. You must (to follow) my advice. There is no other way out for you. 3. He saw an old woman sleeping soundly in Green Park. A shower was falling all the time, she must (to get) drenched to the skin. 4. "The hotels must (to do) a tremendous business," old Jolyon thought. "A few years ago there had been none of these big hotels." Then he thought of his son."... If Jo were only with him. The boy must (to be) forty by now." 5. She must (to be) angry with you. She does not even look in your direction. 6. She must (to get) angry with me. She left without saying good-bye. 7. Mary must (to be) ill, otherwise she would have come. 8. She turned pale. She must (get frightened).
Ex. 18. (В, C) Translate into English.
1. Я должна прочесть эту книгу. 2. Она, должно быть, читает эту книгу. 3. Мама была больна, и мне пришлось готовить обед. 4. Должно быть, она готовила обед, когда пришел брат. 5. Я должен был зайти в деканат. 6. Должно быть, он заходил в деканат. 7. Вы должны поговорить с ней. 8. Должно быть, он сейчас разговаривает по- английски. 9. Мне пришлось написать об этом сестре. 10. Она, должно быть, написалэ сестре. 11. Она, должно быть, писала сестре, когда вы ее увидели.
Ex. 19. (С) Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Она, должно быть, ждет нас в институте. 2. Она должна ждать нас в институте. 3. Доктор сказал, что он должен жить на юге. 4. Он, должно быть, живет на юге. 5. Он должен много читать вслух, чтобы исправить свое произношение. 6. Он, должно быть, много читает вслух; у него хорошее произношение. 7. Я должен оставаться здесь до зимы. 8. Она, должно быть, гостит у своих друзей, так как она писала, что проведет отпуск у них. 9. Они, должно быть, ждут меня, а я никак не могу дать им знать о себе.
10. Книга распродана; надо ее поискать в букинистических магазинах. 11. Он, по всей вероятности, забыл, что обещал прийти. 12. Они, наверно, пишут сочинение уже около двух часов и скоро должны закончить.
Ex. 20. (С) Translate into English using the verbs "must", "to be (to)", "to have (to)". (Dictation-translation).
1. Сказал ли преподаватель, что мы должны выучить этот текст наизусть? 2. Я не знал, что этот текст не надо учить наизусть. 3. Не шумите: дети, должно быть, спят. 4. Никто, наверно, не сказал ему об этом. 5. Они должны были прийти в 5, а уже 6 часов. 6. Они, наверно, забыли, что должны были прийти в 5 часов. 7. Надеюсь, вам не пришлось долго ждать, да? 8. Надеюсь, нам не придется ждать.
Ex. 21. (В, С) Translate into English.
1. Спектакль должен был начаться в шесть часов, но его пришлось отложить, так как один актер заболел. 2. Мне надо было (пришлось) остаться дома вчера, так как у меня было очень много работы. 3. Вы должны вставать рано каждый день? 4. Мы договорились встретиться в театре. Он должен был приехать к половине восьмого и ждать меня у входа. 5. Он вчера был дома, так как ему не нужно было идти в институт. 6. Я вернулся домой раньше обычного, так как мои друзья должны были зайти ко мне в семь часов. 7. Я должен был закончить эту работу вчера, но не смог этого сделать. Мне придётся закончить её сегодня. 8. В котором часу вы должны быть в институте завтра? 9. Вам долго пришлось ждать его? - Мне пришлось ждать его недолго. 10. Директор ещё не пришёл. Он должен быть здесь в 11 часов. Вам придётся подождать немного. 11. Ей пришлось перепечатывать письмо несколько раз. Она, должно быть, устала и сделала много ошибок. 12. Это, должно быть, магазин, там много людей. 13. Вы бледны, вы, вероятно, устали. 14. Вода холодная, озеро, должно быть, очень глубокое. 15. Мне придется выучить это стихотворение к среде. 16. Выхода не было, и ему пришлось заплатить штраф.
5. SHOULD AND OUGHT
There is hardly any difference between these verbs, very often they are interchangeable. There is a difference in construction: ought is always followed by the to-infinitive. Moral obligation or duty is more often expressed by ought to. It is a little stronger than should.
FORMS AND MEANINGS
|
| MEANING | EXAMPLES |
| 4. criticism of the past action, disapproval | She was feeling unwell yesterday, she shouldn't have доле to her office. |
| 5. reproach | You can't remember what I said, you should have listened more carefully. |
| 6. regret | It was his birthday yesterday. I should have sent him a birthday card. |
| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
| The policeman said to Tom, "You should be more careful when crossing the street." | The policeman told Tom that he should be more careful when crossing the street. |
| The teacher told Jack, "You ought to help the old." | The teacher told Jack that he ought to help the old. |
| EXERCISES |
Ex. 1. (В) Analyse the meaning of the modal verb "should" and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. He looked more than ever out of place; he should have stayed at home. 2. The children were out dancing when they should have been learning their lessons. 3. "It is very wicked of you," she said. "You ought to be ashamed of yourself." 4. "I am having trouble with my leg." - "I see. Well, I think you should go and see the doctor I know." 5. I'll see and speak to Maurice. He should not behave like that. 6. He came out of the water, smiling. "You should have come earlier," he said. 7. You should have chosen a more suitable time to tell me that dreadful news.
Ex. 2. (A, B) Put "should" or "shouldn't" in the spaces. Translate the sentences into Russian. Watch the meaning of "should"/"shouldn't".
1. You______ work more; you________ miss the lessons. 2. Mothers_________ look after their
children. 3. What are you doing here? You____________ be in bed. It is very late. 4. That hat
doesn't suit you; you_________ buy another. 5. There are too many accidents. Everyone
_____ be much more careful. 6. You_________ have followed the instructions of your coach.
Then you would have won the game. 7. Tom was often late and his father told him that he
_____ wake up earlier. 8. She told her children that they____________ always say "Please" and
"Thank you". 9. It is dark in the room, you__________ switch on the light.
Ex. 3. (B) Make remarks according to the model.
Model: A.: I only told Peter.
B.: You shouldn't have told anyone. 1.1 only asked Mike. 2.1 only invited Jack. 3.1 only argued with Tom. 4.1 only discussed it with Alec. 5.1 only talked about it with Arthur. 6.1 only wrote to Bill. 7.1 only complained about Mark. 8.1 only woke George.
Ex. 4. (В, С) Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1.1 don't feel well now. I should (remember) to take the medicine yesterday. 2. Children should (obey) their parents. 3. It's three o'clock and I'm feeling very hungry; I should (eat) more for lunch. 4. The little boy was playing with his father's typewriter and of course he broke it; he shouldn't (allow) him to play with it. 5. You have a weak heart. You shouldn't (run). 6.1 was very tired last summer and I should (take) a holiday, but there was too much work to do. 7. When he went for a walk he should (take) his umbrella, it looked like rain (but he didn't). 8. The workmen are very slow; the job should (finish) a week ago. 9. You shouldn't (eat) so much bread, now you've gained weight. 10. You shouldn't (go) out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold. 11. You should (cross) the road by the subway (but you didn't). 12. He should (check) that his brakes were working properly (but he didn't). 13. You should (warn) him that the ice was dangerous (but you didn't). 14. Tom's had another accident. It sounds like Tom's fault. He should (wait) till the main road was clear.
Ex. 5. (C) Fill in the blanks with "must", "should" or "ought (to)". Use the correct form of the infinitive.
1. Your questions surprise me, you________ (know) this. 2. You_______ (to be) absent for such
a long time. Everyone forgot you. 3. Though it is a very unpleasant mission, I feel I______________
(tell) you the truth. 4. We had a wonderful time at that party. You_______________ (to be) there.
5. Let's tell him all as it is. He________ (understand). 6. You________ (apologize) when you saw
that his feelings were hurt. 7. She is a very experienced doctor. You______________________ (to
consult) her. 8. She_________ (not to say) such things in the child's presence. Now you see
the results. 9.1________ (know) that it might come to that. 10. If they had been warned in
time, they________ (be) there by now. 11. He gave you just the feeling of assurance, of
confidence that a doctor_________ (to give).
Ex. 6. (C) Fill in the blanks with "ought", "to be (to)", "to have (to)".
1. Don't contradict her, you__________ to respect her age. 2. She is not a bad sort, if somewhat capricious; so you sometimes______________________ to put up with her whims. 3. The situation grew
awkward. He felt that something__________ to be done, or else the party would break up.
Ex. 7. (C) Fill in the blanks with either "should" or "must". Translate into Russian.
1. a) You look fresh! You_________ have had a good sleep at night.
b) You look tired! You _______ have a good sleep at night.
2. a) They______ have studied the subject more thoroughly; they will regret it later on.
b) They_______ have studied the subject thoroughly; they answered every question.
3. a) You______ have ignored the traffic regulations. That's why you were fined.
b) You______ have followed the traffic regulations, then you would not have been fined.
4. a) He______ be working at his problem now.
b) He______ work at the problem, it hasn't been solved yet.
5. a) I________ have taken Grandfather's spectacles. I cannot see anything through them.
b) I______ have taken my opera-glasses. I don't see anything.
Ex. 8. (С) Use "should" or "had (to)" with the correct form of infinitive in brackets.
1. I______ (to send) a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. You_______________ (to
remind) me to do it earlier. 2.1________ not (to tell) him the news; he was so much upset, but
I really_______ (to do) so, for the circumstances demanded it. 3. The agreement was that if
Johny White could not repay the money he had borrowed, then Luke Flint_____________ (to have)
the right to sell the land. 4. It was very hard work but we_____________ (to do) it. 5. She_________
(not to let) it pass like that, she_________ (to explain) to him that he was wrong. 6. Although it
was unpleasant to her, she________ (to tell) him that he was wrong.
Ex. 9. (C) Translate into English using "must", "to be (to)", "have (to)", or "should", "can".
1. Ты, должно быть, пропустил его. Ты должен был быть более внимательным. 2. Вы, должно быть, с ним уже поговорили. Я вижу, вы все знаете. 3. Он не должен был так грубо разговаривать. Это могло обидеть его. 4. Она не должна была закрывать окно так быстро, надо было проветрить комнату получше. 5. Это должно было случиться. Всем известна его рассеянность. 6. Тебе надо было прочесть свое сочинение еще раз, там, должно быть, есть ошибки. 7. Нам не пришлось тащить вещи на себе: нам попалась попутная машина. 8. Вы не должны так расстраиваться по пустякам. Надо держать себя в руках. 9. Простите, что я опоздал. Вам долго пришлось ждать меня? 10. Надеюсь, ты не должна теперь так рано вставать; ты ведь теперь работаешь в десяти минутах ходьбы от дома. 11. Она, очевидно, была очень приятной женщиной. Все говорят о ней с такой любовью. 12. Я никуда не выходил в тот вечер, так как после работы ко мне должен был зайти Джордж. 13. Это лекарство можно получить только по рецепту врача. 14. Там, наверно, идет дождь: смотри, какое темное небо. 15. Тебе не надо сегодня готовить обед, так как мы обедаем в гостях. 16. Они, вероятно, что-то горячо обсуждали; они даже не заметили, как мы вошли. 17. Вам следовало бы найти специалиста, который мог бы дать вам хороший совет.
6. NEED
Need expresses necessity. It is mostly used in negative and interrogative sentences.
FORMS AND MEANINGS
|
NOTES:
1. When "need" is used in the meaning "to be in want of something" it is treated as a normal verb:
□ He needs a pair of shoes.
2. "Need" as a modal verb has only one tense form - the Present.
STUDY THE FOLLOWING CHART. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN.
|
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. (A, B) Practise the following according to the model.
Model: A.: You took the lift, I suppose? (walk up the stairs)
B.: No, I walked up the stairs.
C.: You needn't have walked up the stairs. You could have taken the lift.
1. You went by bus, I suppose? (walk) 2. You borrowed the books, I suppose? (buy) 3. You phoned him, I suppose? (write) 4. You went by taxi, I suppose? (take a bus) 5. You went second class, I suppose? (go first class) 6. You left your heavy case at the station, I suppose? (take it with me) 7. You sent the sheets to the laundry, I suppose? (wash them myself)
Ex. 2. (В, C) Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. You needn't (send) the car for us, we could have walked. 2. She washed up all the plates, she needn't (wash) them up, because they had a dishwasher. 3. Why do you want to press the skirt? It is not creased at all. You needn't (press) it at all. 4. I knew I had to be at the office on Saturday; I needn't (remind). 5. You needn't (help) him. (You helped him but he didn't need your help.) 6. He was wide awake when his mother called him at seven o'clock this morning; she needn't (call).
Ex. 3. (В, C) Paraphrase the following using the modal verb "need".
Model: Was it quite necessary for you to do the work instead of him?
Need you do the work instead of him? 1. It is not necessary to copy the composition. I can read it as it is. 2. It was not necessary for her to carry the bags all by herself: there were porters at the station. 3. Why do you want to buy a new bag? I could have lend you mine. 4. There is no use worrying about her;
she is quite able to take care of herself. 5. What's the use of reproaching yourself? 6.1 don't think there is any need to bother them.
Ex. 4. (В, C) Use "should" or "need" with the correct form of the infinitive in brackets.
1. We______ (not to hurry) we have half an hour before the train starts. 2. You_____________ (not
to come) so early, now you will have to wait. 3. You___________ (not to give) the child so much
money. It will spoil him. 4. You_______ (rfot to return) the money so soon. I could wait. 5. You
_____ (not to help) him with this work. He could have managed it himself. 6. You___________ (not
to go) into this at present. They've clean forgotten about it.
Ex. 5. (C) Translate into English using "(don't) have to", "needn't(have)".
1. Можете сегодня туда не ходить. Товар еще не доставили. 2. Вам незачем идти на улицу: у соседей есть телефон. 3. У нас теперь построили стадион, и детям не придется ездить далеко. 4. Им незачем ездить так далеко, можно заниматься в нашем читальном зале. 5. Можете не оставаться, если не хотите. 6. Не обязательно вам ходить самому. Можете прислать кого-нибудь. 7. Я мог это сделать только потому, что мне не надо было идти в институт в среду. 8. Нам не нужно было ходить в библиотеку. У нас были все необходимые книги. 9. Ни к чему было покупать эту книгу, она есть в библиотеке. 10. Те, кто сделал эту работу, могут не оставаться в аудитории. 11. Оказалось, что у меня есть этот словарь, так что не пришлось покупать новый. 12. Вам не нужно было покупать этот словарь, у меня есть лишний экземпляр, и я с удовольствием дал бы его вам, если бы вы только попросили. 13. Он мог и не приходить, все уже было сделано. 14. Ему ни к чему было вдаваться в подробности: это все равно не помогло. 15. Все слова в тексте были знакомы, и им незачем было пользоваться словарем; это только отняло у них больше времени. 16. Все слова в тексте были настолько хорошо знакомы, что мне даже незачем было пользоваться словарем.
7. REVISION
Ex. 1. (В, С) Put "can", "may", "must", "should", "ought to", "have to", "be to", "be able to" (or the negative forms) and "needn't" in the spaces.
1. "Oh, Nurse,________ I stay here?" - "Stay here? Of course, you______________." 2. A man
______ help his parents when they become old. 3. There are no buses or taxis, so we
_____ walk. 4. No, Moira, you_________ have another potato. You've had two already. 5. We
______ live without food and water. We__________ eat and drink. 6.1_________ get up too early
tomorrow, so I________ go to bed late tonight. 7. You____________ not walk all the way to the
station. You_______ take a bus round the corner. 8. Tom's father told him that he______________
ask silly questions. 9. You_________ switch off the light if you are afraid of the dark. 10. The
matter_______ be discussed in tomorrow's debate. 11. You_____________ sit there in your wet
clothes; you will catch cold if you do. 12. They______________ do all the exercises; it will be
sufficient if they do four of them. 13. You__________ do whatever you like. 14. Sooner or later
one_______ choose. 15.1________ read to the end of the story, because I want to see who
gets the treasure. 16. Go right in. You___________ report at once. 17. She__________ sing quite well. 18. You say anything. Just nod your head and he will understand. 19._________________________
I use your phone? - You__________ ask for permission; you_________ use it whenever you like.
20. Is she waiting? She_________ wait for me at home. We've arranged so. 21. You____________
take a horse to water but you____________ make him drink. 22. The ice is quite thick. We
Дата добавления: 2015-11-14; просмотров: 218 | Нарушение авторских прав
| <== предыдущая страница | | | следующая страница ==> |
| 3 страница | | | 5 страница |