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Text C. Forests save water

INDEX OF TEXTS | Step 1. (speaking-reading-speaking-writing) | Skim Text B and find out if the given statements agree with | Comprehension Check-Up | Invention, tool, appeared, designed, device, engine, obtain, ways, invented | Text C. NO-TILLAGE METHOD | Text A. FIELD CROPS | Comprehension Check-Up | GRAMMAR Point | Text C. PLANTS AND THEIR USES |


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1. When we cut down trees or plow under grass, the land is left with nothing on it to hold back the water. Every time it rains, the water flows over the land and is carried out to sea where we can't use it. Such water carries soil and minerals with it. Often, the amount of water is so great that rivers flood. The water is wasted1.

2. We can conserve water by seeing to it that trees, grass or other types of vegetation are planted to absorb or slow down the run-off of waters.

3. The "floor"2 of a forest is spongy3 and absorbs water from rain and snow. The soil of grasslands also stores" water this way.

4. Millions of hectares are made bare each year by forest fires. Fire prevention is, therefore, another important part of water conservation.

Notes and Commentaries:

1to waste – втрачати (дарма)

2"floor" – тут: підстилка

3spongy – губчатий

 

3.4. TEST-2

Choose the proper definition for each term:

1. soil a) a living organism growing on land, that cannot move
2. vegetation b) the highest layer of the Earth, the supporter of vegetable life and other primitive living organisms. Used by people for cultivating and growing food crops
3. weathering c) materials related to or produced by living organisms
4. plant d) plant life or cover of an area
5. organic matter e) the action of the weather which changes the colour, texture, composition or form of an object

Complete the sentences with the necessary words:

6. Soils develop under … of climate, vegetation, time and other factors.

a) the fertility

b) the influence

c) the production

7. The … of soil influences the animals which are living on it.

a) type

b) moisture

c) texture

8. … influences the rock which then becomes a part of soil.

a) growing

b) animals

c) weathering

9. People are adapting … to the soil.

a) seasons

b) crops

c) erosion

10.All soils … have the same characteristics.

a) must

b) can

c) cannot

11.Yields depend on the ability of the soil to use … and water.

a) fertilizers

b) parent material

c) vegetation

12. Fertilizers help plants … and develop.

a) vary

b) change

c) grow

13. From season to season conditions of temperature and … change.

a) drainage

b) moisture

c) generation

14. Farmers should adapt their … of soil to the varying natural conditions.

a) management

b) raw materials

c) supply

15. Farmers can do much to regulate the supply of water and ….

a) climatic conditions

b) organic matter

c) animal feed

16. Agriculture … people with different kinds of food.

a) provide

b) provides

c) providing

17. Agriculture … an important sector of economy.

a) be

b) being

c) is

 

18. The aim of agriculture … to produce much food.

a) is

b) are

c) to be

19. When the crop … grow well, it means that the conditions are bad for its growth.

a) has not

b) does not

c) is not

20. The type of soil also … herbicide selection.

a) affect

b) affects

c) affecting

21. … over 1,500 million hectares of farm land in the world.

a) there are

b) are there

c) are

22. … increasing the area under irrigation a general tendency in world farming?

a) does

b) has

c) is

23. At the beginning of the 20th century 8,000,000 hectares …watered.

a) be

b) have

c) were

24. … large areas in the non-black-earth zone need drainage and regulation of the water and air regimes?

a) are

b) have

c) do

25. … a great number of livestock on the farms, and the use of fertilizers favour the growing of high yields of crops?

a) be

b) is

c) do

 

 

Unit 3 1. Agricultural operations 2. Tillage 3. Continuous tenses

Step 1

(speaking-reding-speaking-writing)

1.1. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following international words:

variety, variations, correct, effective, protection, systematic, rotation, method, conservation, diversification, operation, result, technological state, progress, design, diesel, idea, experimental, combining, aeration.

 

1.2. Study the new words:

quality якість
suitable відповідний
pasture пасовище
property властивість
to determine визначати
ability здатність
profitably прибутково
to require потребувати
damage ушкодження
to deteriorate виснажуватися
to restore відновлювати
to improve покращувати
virgin soils цілинні землі
to upset порушувати
to decrease зменшувати, знижувати
treatment обробка
aim мета
to maintain підтримувати
plowing оранка
failure невміння
lack нестача
loss втрата
depletion виснаження
deficiency дефіцит
tillage обробка землі
advanced передовий
tool інструмент
stick палиця
plow плуг
device пристрій
moldboard plow відвальний плуг
to eliminate знищувати
thick layer товстий шар
to gain popularity набувати популярності
to harrow боронувати
sod дернина
row crops просапні культури
inch дюйм

1.3. Compare the words, define their word-building means and translate:

– balance-balanced

– variety-variation-various-varying

– diversification-diversify-diverse-diversity

– produce-product-productivity-productive

– definite-indefinite-indefinitely

– proper-improper-properly

– to rotate-rotation

– final-finally

– to improve-improvement

– alternative-alternating

– to till-tilled-tillage-tilth

 

1.4. Read Text A and find out what must be done to preserve soil productivity:

 


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