Invention, tool, appeared, designed, device, engine, obtain, ways, invented

1.For over two hundred years this simple … was the only agricultural tool. 2. The first moldboards did not reach its present form for almost a hundred years following their …. 3. This idea … at the beginning of the 20^th century. 4. Some time later the gasoline … appeared. 5. There are different… of using this new tillage machinery. 6. We shall be able to … good results in agriculture only by using proper tillage machinery. 7. Who … the tractor? 8. They knew of the young inventor having … a device. 9. Having invented a new … the young specialists solved an important problem.

1.9. Read the statements and say which are true and which are false. Give reasons for your answers:

1. a) The earliest efforts of people were to lift themselves from primitive cultures through better tools for tilling.

b) The earliest efforts of people were to lift themselves through fertilizing the farmland.

2. a) Until the 19^th century, man's tools for tilling the earth remained basically unchanged.

b) Until the 19^th century, man's tools for tilling the earth changed basically.

3. a) In the middle of the 18^th century farmers tried a device to ease their lives.

b) In the middle of the 18^th century farmers used the device to ease their lives.

4. a) The moldboard plow was designed to eliminate weeds.

b) The moldboard plow was designed to eliminate weeds by turning over a thick layer of earth.

5. a) The new plow, introduced in 1863, allowed the farmer to sit behind it.

b) The new plow, introduced in 1863, allowed the farmer to ride instead of walk behind it.

6. a) The development of mechanical power for farm work was of greatest significance.

b) The development of mechanical power for farm work was of some significance.

7. a) The gasoline engine mounted on a farm tractor appeared as the 20^th century opened.

b) The gasoline engine mounted on a farm tractor was used in the middle of the 19^th century.

8. a) Today the farmer has a wide range of tractor makes.

b) Today the farmer has new types of tractors.

1. 10. Use the text to express your point of view on the statements:

1. The better soils are used only for crops.

2. Properties of productive agricultural soils include 3 points.

3. The care of soils is a continuous operation.

4. Crop rotation is the most important factor of soil conservation.

5. Every factor of soil deterioration can be avoided by proper management.

6. A scientific approach to agriculture is the key to soil productivity.

Use phrases:

– I am going to ask you a question.

– I’d like to know ….

– What is your opinion on the question….

– I believe that…

– In my opinion…

– As to me…

Retell Text A.

Step 2

GRAMMAR Poin

(speaking-writing)

2.1.Use the following verbs in the forms of Present (singular and plural), Past (singular and plural), and Future Continuous:

to deteriorate, to improve, to decrease, to rotate

Model: to restore – is restoring, are restoring; was restoring, were restoring; will be restoring

2.2.Translate the following verbs into English using Continuous tense forms. Pay attention to the tense and person of the verbs:

Визначали, відновлюються, покращуватимуться, знижувався, знищує, боронував.

2.3. Use proper adverbial modifiers according to the tense of the verb. Choose from the following:

Within this decade, that year, from May till September, when it rains, when the growing season comes

1. … the plant is producing specialized tools for farm work.

2. … this irrigation system was supplying water to the orchards.

3. … scientific laboratories were developing new varieties of wheat and corn.

4. … strong wind and storm are heavily damaging the crops.

5. … the growers will be supplying nutrients to the crops several times.

2.4.Transform the italicised verbs into the forms of Continuous tenses. Add corresponding adverbials if necessary:

6. Weeds compete with cultivated plants for light, moisture and nutrients. (this summer)

7. When we plough in autumn, we create a condition in which the soil will remain sufficiently open.

8. It rains and the water penetrates deep into the subsoil. (now)

9. The inter-row cultivation of root crops destroys the weeds.

10. Last year it was a barley field, now wheat grows here.

2.5.Use the necessary Continuous tense form according to the adverbial of time:

11. Next month we (dig) potatoes.

12. Last spring farmers (use) a lot of ploughing machines at the same time.

13. The selectionists (fertilize) their crops within these two weeks.

14. Last year the selective-breeders (grow) new variety of winter wheat on this field.

15. This season we (grow) rice in this humid region.

2.6.Use the construction to be going to… in the following sentences. Translate the sentences:

16. Science … find and realise new resources and reserves for increasing yields.

17. Farmers … control fertility by meliorative methods.

18. According to the plan they … use old neglected meliorative systems and raise their efficiency.

19. Modern soil science … transform soils and create their new types.

20. In order to grow crops the farmer …cultivate the field.

2.7. Ask questions about the following sentences:

1. Farmers are restoring their soils.

2. Improper use was resulting in the deterioration of soil structure.

3. Under careful treatment this field is producing good yields.

4. At this farm they are planting crops directly into sod.

5. More and more growers are using this easy method.

Step 3

Project Work

(speaking-reading-speaking-writing)

3.1. Skim Text B and arrange the following points according to its contents:

– Wrong land-use practices

– New technology of tillage

– Man's strivings about improvement of farming

– Primitive agricultural instruments

– New possibilities for agriculture of the last century.

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