Text C. No-tillage method

1. Planting corn and other row crops directly into sod is a new practice. More and more growers are using this easy and economical method of planting row crops.

2. The idea of planting row crops without plowing goes back to at least 1943. But no-tillage or zero-tillage¹ remained largely experimental until several effective herbicides have been developed.

3. With the development of atrazine in the early 60s, zero-tillage system has been gradually gaining popularity.

4. Crops are planted in unprepared soil in a narrow seed furrow² opened with a coulter³. Tilled area is only 2 to 3 inches wide. Using this tillage system one should be very careful in applying the proper amount of herbicides for weed control. They should include both a contact herbicide to kill early weeds or sod, and a residual⁴ herbicide.

5. At present the scientists agree that zero-tillage is quite a promising⁵ method but it will never fit all farms and all conditions.

Notes and Commentaries:

¹zero-tillage – нульовий обробіток

²furrow – борозна

³coulter – ніж плуга, різак

⁴residual – пожнивний

⁵promising – перспективний

TEST-3

Choose the proper definition for each term:

1. tillage	a) cultivating land
2. fertilizer	b) a systematic change of crops
3. harvest	c) useless plant
4. crop rotation	d) material for enriching land
5. weed	e) ripe grain or fruit

Complete the sentences with the necessary words:

6. The better soils are used for ….

a) management

b) organic matter

c) crops

7. When soils are used for crops or pasture their natural balance is ….

a) upset

b) avoided

c) yielded

8. … is one of the methods of soil conservation.

a) crop rotation

b) crop production

c) crop yield

9. … needs growing more than one crop on a farm.

a) farming

b) deterioration

c) rotation

10. Loss of organic matter is one of the reasons of ….

a) soil depletion

b) physical nature

c) diversification

11. Time almost doesn’t change ….

a) farming programme

b) soil fertility

c) virgin soils

12. The agricultural … remained unchanged since 19^th century.

a) tools

b) productivity

c) management

13. … method is planting row crops directly into sod.

a) a scientific approach

b) a soil conservation

c) a no-tillage

14. No-tillage cannot be used without effective ….

a) ploughing

b) herbicides

c) weeds

15. The idea of no-till appeared in ….

a) 19^th century

b) 1943

c) 18^th century

16. In India they are … new multipurpose tilling machines.

a) develop

b) developed

c) developing

17. The country is … its food production through intensive land cultivation.

a) increasing

b) increased

c) increase

18. Small farms … producing the larger part of potato.

a) is

b) are

c) being

19. In 20^th century the power tiller industry … overcoming great difficulties.

a) is

b) was

c) will

20. The second half of the last century was the time when farmers … popularising the no-till method on a large scale.

a) be

b) was

c) were

21. It is supposed that by the end of this century no-till … gaining popularity throughout the world.

a) is

b) will

c) will be

22. … the scientists continuously developing new methods of reclaiming wet soils?

a) do

b) be

c) are

23. … the productivity of farmlands increasing or decreasing during the end of the last century?

a) did

b) will be

c) was

24. The conference on raising soil productivity … this important problem for four days.

a) discuss

b) discussed

c) was discussing

25. We …ploughing for these two weeks because the soil is still too wet.

a) are not using

b) doesn’t use

c) didn’t use

Unit 4

1. Field crops 2. Wheat 3. Perfect tenses

Step 1

(speaking-reading-speaking-writing)

1.1. Read the following international words and find their Ukrainian equivalents:

application, group, benefit, principal, extract, practically, oil, cotton, practice, extensively, prehistoric, condition, adequate, correct, location, civilization, satisfied, culture.

1. 2. Study the new words:

gruels	рідка (вівсяна) каша
malting	пивоваріння
buckwheat	гречка
millet	просо
porrige	каша
grapes	виноград
to supply	забезпечувати
provender	фураж
cattle	худоба
clover	конюшина
timothy	тимофіївка
alfalfa	люцерна
vetch	віка
swede	брюква
mangle	кормовий буряк
flax	льон
fine fiber	тонка тканина
linen	білизна
hemp	конопля
rough cloth	груба тканина
sacking	мішковина
sowing	посів
oil-cake	жмих
tuber crop	бульбова культура
cereal crop	зернова культура
seed-bed	грядка
depth	глибина
capping	щільна поверхня
crust	кірка
drilling	посів
stiff-strawed	твердий сорт
dressing	обробка
to mature	дозрівати
shelter	притулок
to cause	спричиняти
to increase	збільшувати
timber	деревина

1.3. Compare the words, define their word-building means and translate:

– to depend – dependent – depending

– prime – primary – primitive

– to cultivate – cultivation

– important – importance

– to apply – application

– significant – significantly- significance

– to prepare – preparation

– nutrient – nutritive – nutrition

1.4. Use the following word-building means to form the new words, translate the words:

-ing: plant, depend, follow, include, make, feed, return, precede, produce, grow

in-: direct, dependent

1.5. Read and translate Text A and find out what are the groups of plants:

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