Vocabulary focus

riot n – мятеж, бунт, восстание

to meet smb’s needs – удовлетворять потребности

spinning machine – прядильная машина

to win basic rights – завоевать основные права

luxury goods – предметы роскоши

to pass a law – принимать закон

Jacobite n – якобит (сторонник короля Якова II и его наследников)

Methodism n – методизм (первоначально течение в англиканской церкви)

Luddites n – луддиты (уничтожали машины, т.к. считали их причиной безработицы и разорения многих ремесленников)

clearances n – «очистки земель» (захват общинных пастбищ крупными землевладельцами и сгон с земли мелких фермеров)

gentry n – джентри (мелкое и среднее дворянство, особ. нетитулованное)

Exercises

Task I. Match the words to their definitions.

1) insanity n a) water in the state of a gas produced by boiling;

2) pauper n b) the act of making an area separate by putting a wall

or fence around it;

3) ban v c) landowner, landlord;

4) fuel n d) a situation in which a large crowd of people are

behaving in a violent and uncontrolled way;

5) china n e) to become rich;

6) steam n f) a very poor person, esp. one who in former times

received official help;

7) engine n g) a town, or part of a large city, that is responsible

for managing its own schools, hospitals, roads etc;

8) squire n h) to forbid, esp. by law;

9) to make a fortune i) madness;

10) enclosure n j) a piece of machinery with moving parts which changes

power from steam, electricity, oil, etc., into movement;

11) riot n k) a material that is used for producing heat or power

by burning or by atomic means;

12) borough n l) a hard white substance made by baking fine clay at

high temperatures.

Task II. Read the description of the events that led to the Battle of Trafalgar. Fill in the correct prepositions.

When the war broke... again... 1803 Admiral Nelson was appointed commander...the British Mediterranean fleet. He blockaded a large French fleet preparing to invade England. Nelson forced the French fleet to remain... blockade... two years, but it escaped... 1805 and made... the West Indies. Nelson set... pursuit, but the French fleet took refuge... Spain. It was joined... a number of Spanish ships there. The British blockaded the harbour, but the French finally broke... and gave battle... Cape Trafalgar.... the Battle... Trafalgar,... October 21, 1805, Nelson defeated the combined French and Spanish fleets, leading the attack himself... his flagship Victory. He was mortally wounded, however, and died as the battle ended. The British victory put an end... Napoleon’s plans... invading England. That is why Nelson is regarded as the most famous... all British naval leaders and as one... the most noteworthy... world history. He was buried... St. Paul’s Cathedral.

Task III. Choose the correct date for each event.

1. George III made peace with France. a) 1789

2. In order to increase British control Ireland was

united with Britain. b) 1805

3. Luddites started to break up the machinery which had put

them out of work. c) 1763

4. Parliament passed the first Factory Act, limiting child labour

to twelve hours each day. d) 1802

5. The French revolution began. e) 1799

6. Britain went to war with the French Republic. f) 1793

7. Admiral Nelson defeated the French-Spanish fleet at

the Battle of Trafalgar. g) 1799

Task IV. Answer the questions.

1.When and why did the Hanoverian dynasty of the British monarchs emerge? 2.What kind of rulers were the Hanoverian kings? 3.Who is considered Britain’s first Prime Minister? What ideas did he introduce? 4.What made Walpole think that it was possible to keep the Crown under the control of Parliament? 5.What did Chatham do to make Britain economically strong? 6.Why did Britain lose its colonies in America? 7.What reforms did William IV carry out? 8.Why did the population of towns grow in the 18^th century? 9.What was the ‘deal’ between landowners and MPs? 10.What were the reasons for enclosures? 11. What were the results of the enclosures and the farming improvements? 12.What problems did the growing landless class face? 13.What were the provisions of Speenhamland Act? 14.What fostered the industrial revolution? 15.What do the terms "mass production" and "division of labour" mean? 16. What inventions played an important role in industrial growth? 17.What were the social, technological and economic changes caused by the Industrial Revolution in Britain? 18.What made possible the economic success of the Industrial Revolution? 19.What was the difference between the Church of England and Methodism? 20.Why is Wesley said to have saved Britain from revolution? 21.What did the British government do to prevent the revolution? 22.Why did Britain and Napoleonic France find themselves in a militaryconflict in 1793? 23.What military heroes glorified Great Britain in the wars against Na­poleon? 24.Many people of the 19^th century admired Napoleon for his strength, decisiveness and ideas. What do you think about him?

Task V. Translate from English into Russian or Belarusian.

1. Walpole skillfully developed the idea that government ministers should work together in a small group, which was called the "Cabinet". He introduced the idea that any minister who disagreed deeply with other Cabinet ministers was expected to resign. From this basic idea grew another important rule in British politics: that all members of the Cabinet were together responsible for policy decisions. 2. In India the British defeated the French and controlled most of the areas by conquest or treaty with the princes. 3. Еасh соuntу and each borough sent two representatives to Parliament. At that time voting was not done in secret and it was not difficult for rich and powerful people to make sure that the man they wanted was elected to Parliament. The people were frightened into voting for the "right man", or persuaded by a gift of money. 4. Wilkes was arrested and imprisoned. But Wilkes won his case in court and was released. His victory established principles of the greatest importance: that the freedom of the individual is more important than the interests of the state, and that no one could be arrested without a proper reason. 5. By the early eighteenth century simple machines had already been invented for basic jobs. They could make large quantities of simple goods quickly and cheaply so that “mass production” became possible for the first time. Each machine carried оut one simple process, which introduced the idea of "division of labour" among workers. 6. The ruling class was not used to considering the opinions of ordinary people. 7. "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life. For there is in London all that life can afford." 8. One invention led to another, and increased production in one area led to increased production in others.

Task VI. Translate into English.

1. Формально высшим органом государственной власти был парламент, но реальная власть в стране принадлежала политикам, стоящим во главе обеих партий. 2. Господствовавшие в парламенте сквайры парламентскими актами предоставляли землевладельцам право на огораживание. 3. Хронологически начало технологической революции относится к середине XVIII в. 4. Манчестер стал центром производства хлопчатобумажной ткани. 5. Важнейшей составной частью промышленной революции стало развитие транспорта. Были улучшены существующие сухопутные дороги. 6. Победа машинного производства содействовала развитию грамотности; сам предприниматель был заинтересован в том, чтобы рабочий мог произвести необходимые измерения и расчёты, связанные с эксплуатацией машины, был бы способен прочесть и понять инструкцию. 7. Конец XVIII в. был периодом, когда богатство немногих росло, а большинство становилось всё беднее. 8. В Британии у рабочих было множество причин для недовольства. 9. Островное положение и преимущество английского флота давали возможность Англии вести длительную войну, не боясь вторжения наполеоновских войск на свою территорию. 10. Победа английского флота под командованием адмирала Нельсона над французским флотом у мыса Трафальгар окончательно закрепила морское превосходство Англии.

Task VII. Choose the right variant.

1. The last Stuart monarch was a) Queen Anne, b) George I, c) James III. 2. The Stuart dynasty was succeeded by a) the Tudor dynasty, b) the Hanoverian dynasty, c) the Windsor dynasty. 3. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland lasted for a)120 years, b) 35 years, c) 9 years. 4. At the beginning of the 18^th century the streets of London were a) broad and tidy, b) narrow and muddy, c) narrow but clean. 5. In the 18^th century women were treated like a) equals to men, b) children, c) slaves. 6. John Wilkinson produced a) china, b) cotton cloth, c) iron. 7. The British preferred to fight against Napoleon a) in the air, b) at sea, c) on the land. 8. Nelson was a) a general, b)a captain, c) an admiral. 9. Nelson was killed a) at Trafalgar, b) at Waterloo, c) in Egypt. 10. Wellington defeated Napoleon at a) Trafalgar, b) Waterloo, c) Copenhagen.

Task VIII. What do you know about...?

1. the political situation in Britain at the beginning of the XVII^th century; 2. Robert Walpole, Britain’s first Prime Minister; 3. William Pitt "the Elder", later Lord Chatham; 4. John Wilkes; 5. the situation in Ireland in the XVIII^th century; 6. the social conditions in Britain in the XVIII^th century; 7. the revolution in British industry; 8. John Wesley and Methodism; 9. Admiral Nelson and the Battle of Trafalgar.

Task IX. Prove that...

1. Well before the end of the eighteenth century Britain was as powerful as France. 2. The war against France's trade went on all over the world. 3. In Britain social conditions were probably better than in any other country in Europe. 4. The enclosures changed the look of much of the countryside. 5. Several influences came together at the same time to revolutionise Britain's industry: money, labour, a greater demand for goods, new power, and better transport. 6. Britain avoided revolution partly because of a new religious movement, John Wesley's "Methodism".

Task X. Say what facts from this chapter have already been known to you. What information can you add to it?

Chapter VII

The 19^th Century.

The years of power and danger.

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