Column a Column b

a) at first; in the early stages

b) exact

c) a topic people have differing opinions on;

something people discuss and argue about

(phrase)

d) consisting of many parts; not simple [adjective]

e) (be) formed from different parts; (be) made up

of

f) the smallest part of an animal or plant that can

exist on its own

g) (be) arranged or placed into groups according

to similar characteristics

h) produce a new substance by combining

different chemicals

i) be without something; not have something

j) natural colouring matter of plants and animals

k) correctly; suitably

I) include; contain

m) see or recognize the differences between

EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. The main concern of the passage is

A) how protoplasm is arranged into cells differently in plants and animals

B) why all life forms should be classified into five major groups

C) why plants manage to feed themselves but the life forms in the animal kingdom don't

D) the disagreement between scientists as to the definition of a plant and an animal cell

E) the difficulty of giving a distinct definition separating plants from other life forms

2. We understand from the passage that protoplasm

A) is a simple life form

B) is a method of grouping life forms

C) is a separate life form

D) contains cells

E) is the distinctive characteristic of plants

3. The current method of classifying life forms involves

A) separating the plant and animal kingdoms

B) taking significant differences in cell formation into account

C) seeing if an organism contains green colouring

D) noting if an organism can produce food chemically

E) checking whether the organism contains protoplasm

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.

1. Graham and Dan are identical twins. They look so alike that their mother is the only person

who can between them.

2. According to the Dewey Decimal System, library books are under

subjects and authors.

3. Whether the Vikings visited America before Columbus or not was long a/an

among historians, until, in 1963, it was proved that they had come first,

because archaeologists discovered the remains of a Viking settlement in Newfoundland,

Canada.

4. The Prince's Trust is a charitable organization, set up by Prince Charles, which aims to help

young people who have plans and ambitions, but the financial means

to fulfil their dreams.

5. The Hauffmans are coming over from Germany for a short visit in February - they don't know

the date yet, but it should be towards the beginning of the month.

READING 2

WHEN SEIZED WITH CRAMP

Perhaps more swimmers have been drowned by cramp than by anything else, and only those who have suffered from it can conceive its fatal power. Even good swimmers, when seized with cramp, have been known to sink instantly, overcome with the sudden pain, and nothing can save the victim but the greatest presence of mind. The usual spot where the cramp is felt is the calf of the leg; and it sometimes comes with such violence that the muscles are gathered up into knots. There is only one method of proceeding under such circumstances: to turn on one's back at once, kick the leg out

in the air, disregarding the pain, and rub the spot smartly with one hand, while the other is employed in paddling towards shore. These directions are easy enough to give, but quite difficult to obey; cramp seems to deprive the sufferer of all reason for the time, and it seems to overpower him with mingled pain and terror. Therefore, the method of saving a person drowning because of cramp demands great practice. The chief difficulty lies in the fact that a person who cannot swim feels, in deep water, much as if he were falling through air, and consequently clutches instinctively at the nearest object. If he succeeds in grasping the person who is trying to save him, both will probably sink together. Every precaution should be taken to prevent such a misfortune and the drowning man should always be seized from behind and pushed forwards.

EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:

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