Column a Column b

a) an expert swimmer employed at a beach or pool to protect other swimmers

from drowning or other accidents (used metaphorically in the passage)

b) pointed top of a mountain

c) something that stops or hinders movement from one place to another

d) great mass of snow and ice that slides down the side of a mountain

e) small movement of rocks and soil down the side of a hill or other slope

f) advantage; something that makes life better or easier

g) cut down (of trees)

h) area of grassland

i) stop looking after and leave, not intending to return

j) eager; wanting (to do something) very much

k) develop in order to make money; take advantage of

I) something that happens and can be seen or experienced

m) calculate approximately

n) go or move downwards

o) with people living there; occupied

p) reduction; being used up so that little or none remains

EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. In the Alps, the attraction of tourism

A) causes two thousand avalanches a year

B) has diverted some farmers away from the care of the land

C) has brought much-needed help for protecting the environment

D) has lessened due to the threat of avalanches

E) forced many farmers to leave the area

2. As a consequence of the depletion of Alpine forests

A) many farmers have had to turn to tourism for work

B) the skiing industry has suffered a great decline

C) only one-third of all avalanches occur in uninhabited parts

D) many areas are now uninhabitable

E) the frequency of avalanches has greatly increased

3. Alpine farmers

A) were the people who initiated the development of the skiing industry

B) have had much of their land taken from them by those involved in tourism

C) used to be poor before the rise of the skiing industry

D) were forced to turn their meadows into hotels and car parks

E) feel that they have been exploited by tourism

EXERCISE 3 Complete the sentences by selecting words from COLUMN B in EXERCISE 1.

1. Recent restrictions on imports have led to a __________of the country's oil reserves.

2. The police put __________around the stadium to try to stop those supporters without tickets from attempting to get in.

3. The puppies had obviously been _______by their mother, so we decided to take them in and look after them.

4. Environmentalists are claiming that the construction company __________more trees than necessary while building the new road.

5. She _________________the stairs slowly, careful not to catch her foot in her long skirt.

READING 2

THE ASSEMBLY LINE

Henry Ford was a car builder. He was not the first to have the idea of the horseless coach. The Germans Daimler and Benz had invented it, but he was the first to use the assembly line for mass production. His Model-T car was the first to be produced on the assembly line. The new system cut the time in which the car was put together from 14 hours to 1 hour and 33 minutes. Eventually the price of the car fell from $1,200 to $295. The car lacked certain luxuries; still, it could be relied on and did not need much looking after. Soon, the Model-T became the people's car. After nineteen years, when the Model-T became obsolete and sales dropped sharply - for other car manufacturers, copying Ford's assembly line system, were able to bring down the costs of much more attractive cars - Ford developed the new Model-A. It, too, was the most inexpensive car on the market. Today there are hardly any factories to be found where Ford'sassembly line system is not being utilized for mass production.

EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:

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