Write a letter to your friend abroad giving the main reasons of your entering the School of Economics of Kharkiv National University.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Work in pairs. Ask each other the question ‘Why do people study economics?’ Give as many reasons as possible. Then compare your lists with the rest of the group.

2. Choose the statement you agree with:

a) ‘The purpose of studying economics is to acquire a set of answers to economic questions.’

b) ‘The purpose of studying economics is to learn how not to be deceived by economists.’

VOCABULARY

English	Ukrainian	Russian
Ability	можливість	возможность
As well as	так само як і	так же как и
Amount	кількість	количество
Basic needs	основні потреби	основные потребности
to be based upon (on)	базуватися на чомусь, грунтуватися	базироваться на ч-л., основываться на ч-л.
To be concerned with	мати відношення до	иметь отношение к...
To change	змінюватися	изменяться
Clothes	одяг	одежда
Community	суспільство	общество
Complex	складний	сложный
To describe	описувати	описывать
Desire	бажання	желание
Economic (adj.)	економічний	экономический
Economical (adj.)	заощадливий, економний	экономный
Economics (n.)	економіка (навчальна та наукова дисципліна); економічна теорія	экономика (учебная дисциплина); экономическая теория
Economist (n.)	економіст	экономист
Economy (n.)	економіка (країни), народне господарство; економія	экономика (страны), народное хозяйство; экономия
To economize (v.)	заощаджувати, економити	экономить
To enable	давати право, можливість	давать право, возможность
Enjoyable	приємний	приятный
Enough	достатньо	достаточно
Every day lives	повсякденне життя	повседневная жизнь
To explain	пояснювати	объяснять
Food	їжа	еда
To grow	зростати	увеличиваться, расти
Human being	людська істота, людина	человек
Labour	труд; робоча сила	труд; рабочая сила
Limit	обмеження	ограничение
Limited	обмежений	ограниченный
Machinery	машинне устаткування; машини	оборудование
Resources Range of wants	ресурси коло бажань	ресурсы круг желаний
To satisfy	задовольняти	удовлетворять
Science (n.)	наука	наука
Scientific (adj.)	науковий	научный
Shelter	житло	жилище
Strictly	суворо	строго
To take part in smth.	приймати участь у чомусь	принимать участие в ч-л.
Walkman	плейер	плеер

UNIT 3

Different economic systems

WARMING-UP

1. Work in groups or as a class. Discuss the following questions:

a) Where do you come from?

b) What is your nationality?

c) What part of the world is your country in?

2. Work with a partner. Ask him/her if he has friends or relatives from Ukraine abroad. What countries are they from? What nationalities are they?

3. In geography and economics we often refer to the parts of the world rather than list countries by name, e.g. The Middle East. Below there are 24 countries. List them under these five headings:

(a) Latin-American; (b) North African; (c) South-East Asian; (d) Balkan; (e) East-Asian.

Libya	Venezuela	Brazil	Albania
Thailand	Philippines	Macedonia	Bosnia
Rumania	Ecuador	Viet Nam	Columbia
China	Korea	Indonesia	Croatia
Bulgaria	Mexico	Algeria	Egypt
Japan	Argentina	Serbia	Marocco

4. Work in pairs. What do you call someone who comes from each of these countries?

Sweden	Norway	Japan	Spain	India
France	Switzerland	Italy	Canada	Turkey

5. Fill in the gaps:

Country	Capital	Language	Nationality	Currency
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Poland
Ukraine

PRE-READING

1. Answer the questions:

a) What economic systems do you know?

b) What economic systems are prevailing in the countries mentioned above?

c) What economic system does your country have?

2. Complete these definitions with the words below:

a) stock, store, amount of something provided or obtainable	1. enterprise
b) thing(s) owned; possession; land, houses	2.public ownership
c) business firm or venture	3. supplies
d) state ownership of the means of production, distribution, or exchange	4. property

3. Read the text and check your answers:

Not all economic systems are the same. They differ from country to country; each has its own particular features. Nevertheless, some of the systems are very similar to one another. The economists classify them into three groups: market economies, command economies and mixed economies.

The economic principles of different nations may contrast rather strongly. The economic system of the United States of America is very different from the economic system of China. The American system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production. The Chinese system is based on the ideas of Karl Marx. He was a political economist who lived in the 19^th century.

The American system is capitalist, while the Chinese system is socialist. The economic ideologies of these two countries differ greatly from one another.

The economic system of Great Britain is similar to the American system. It is based on private enterprise and private supplies of capital. We can define it as a surplus income available for investment in new business activities.

In Great Britain and the United States individual citizens can own private property. They can exercise considerable economic freedom of choice. They can choose what they want to do and how they want to earn their living. But Americans and Britons are not of course entirely free. They must obey the law. However, they can use their time, money and effort as they wish.

PRACTICE

1. In the text find single words in italics for which these words and word combinations can be substituted:

a) stock

b) use

c) personal

d) extra

e) completely

f) follow

g) single

h) venture

2. Answer the questions:

a) What types of economic systems do the economists classify?

b) What is the American system based on?

c) What is the Chinese system based on?

d) What economic system is the British system similar to?

e) What two things is the British system based on?

f) What can citizens in the United States and Britain own?

g) What three things can Britons and Americans do as they wish?

3. Look through the text again and give Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations:

An economic system, to be based on, to differ from, to be similar to, private supplies of capital, socialist, ideology, an individual citizen, principles, freedom of choice, to be the same, Chinese system, to contrast strongly, surplus income, to be available for, business activities, ideas, to exercise economic freedom, to be entirely free, private ownership, command economy.

4. Give English equivalents to the following words and word combinations from the text:

Бути однаковими, приватна власність, приватне підприємство, володіти, підпорядковуватися закону, відрізнятися (2), бажати, зусилля, держава, повна свобода, різні економічні системи, засоби виробництва, соціалістичний, інвестиції, капіталістичний, принципи Карла Маркса, політичний економіст, значна економічна свобода, користуватися, ринкова економіка.

5. Cross out an odd word:

a) produce / provide / manufacture / undertake

b) education / farm / medicine / commerce

c) city / town / system / country

d) economic / economist / economy / economics

e) scientific / logical / objective / essential

f) food / clothes / community / shelter

g) British / American / Chinese / Australian

h) enterprise / freedom / supplies / ownership

6. In each of the sentences a word is missing. Provide a word or word combinations from the text:

a) Most people … to earn a living.

b) They … goods and services.

c) All economic activities … the economic system.

d) Economic systems … greatly.

e) Socialist system … on the ideas of Karl Marx, and capitalist system … on private enterprise.

f) They can … their money, …, effort as they wish if they … the law.

g) In socialist states like China and Mongolia people can’t … private property. All the … is public in these countries.

7. Supply the missing prepositions where necessary:

a) Japanese economic system is similar … the American one.

b) An important form … capital is surplus income available … investment … new business companies.

c) The science … economics is concerned … all people needs.

d) Capitalist and socialist systems contrast … strongly.

e) There is a shortage … means … production in our company.

f) Do you obey … the law?

g) The British system is based … the capitalist principles.

h) Individual citizens exercise considerable freedom … choice.

8. Match a word from column A with one from column B. Then make a sentence for each word partnership:

1. private

2. economic

3. market

4. surplus

5. political

6. scientific

7. basic

a) methods

b) necessities

c) income

d) economist

e) freedom

f) enterprise

g) economy

9. Work in pairs. Spot mistakes in the following sentences and correct them:

a) The Chinese economic system is similar to the American system.

b) Ukrainian people can exercise the law as they wish.

c) The British system is based on the investment from the USA.

d) Karl Marx is an eighteenth century economic theorist.

e) Capital is surplus income only in capitalist countries.

f) The economic ideologies of capitalist and socialist nations are the same but their political ideologies differ.

g) The economic system of Switzerland is based on private property and private supplies of capital.

10. Supply the missing articles where necessary:

a) If … people in … bank work regularly and well, they can earn more money.

b) My neighbor is … economist. He studies … economic system of …Ukraine.

c) …USA is … highly-developed industrial country.

d) He told me how … Chinese system works.

e) We invest … lot of money in … research and … development.

f) … life is more enjoyable if we have enough non-essential commodities.

g) … Germans produce … expensive and high quality cars.

11. Rearrange the words to make up sentences:

a) both / Some / goods / people / services / provide / and.

b) changes / lives / our / affect / Economic.

c) use / describe / capital / how / Economists/ businessmen.

d) people / flats / own / Some / some / and / houses / own.

e) undertakes / useful / He / the / non-essential / but / work / is.

f) get / do / money / Citizens / for / work / the / they.

12. Arrange these sentences in order to make a logical paragraph about the American and Chinese economies. Use connections however and while.

a) The 19th century political economist Karl Marx founded this system.

b) Capitalism is based on the idea of individual citizens owning property and privately conducting their own business.

c) The American system is capitalist, the Chinese system is socialist.

d) Socialism is based on the idea of property belonging to the State and all business being public rather than private.

e) The American and Chinese economic principles are very different.

13. WHY-section. Translate the following sentences:

- Why do people work?

- Люди вообще не любят работать, но им приходится зарабатывать себе на жизнь и обеспечивать друг друга товарами и услугами.

- Why do people buy not only essential commodities?

- Когда у людей есть все товары первой необходимости, они покупают товары не первой необходимости, чтобы удовлетворить свои личные желания и сделать свою жизнь более приятной.

- Why should economic methods be objective and scientific?

- Экономика – это наука, а научные методы должны быть объективными и научными.

- Why must citizens obey the law?

- Люди должны следовать закону, чтобы сохранить порядок в стране.

- Why can British and American people own private property?

- Граждане этих стран могут иметь частную собственность, так как они живут в капиталистических системах.

- Why is the socialist system different from the capitalist one?

- Капиталистическая система основывается на частной собственности и частном предпринимательстве, а социалистическая – на коллективной собственности и общественном труде. В этом их основное различие.

14. Find ten more names of countries in the square. You can read across and down:

P

S

P

O

I

U

Y

H

J

K

L

M

N

H

D

U

F

Q

F

F

B

O

S

N

I

A

I

F

T

R

M

H

G

H

A

P

O

Y

A

L

C

G

J

N

K

L

U

S

A

S

T

U

I

X

B

K

B

D

T

Y

W

I

W

K

S

P

E

E

N

U

K

R

A

I

N

E

C

T

P

R

L

B

A

I

Q

I

T

L

T

G

R

I

M

G

V

D

Y

Z

I

Z

O

D

S

I

N

N

I

C

O

T

G

R

E

E

C

E

A

E

B

U

Z

I

R

X

B

R

K

V

N

F

S

C

M

Q

T

H

A

I

L

A

N

D

Q

W

X

T

A

P

E

C

E

A

H

R

Y

Z

Q

Z

Y

S

T

W

N

O

N

S

D

K

D

R

A

U

P

O

L

A

N

D

M

C

L

V

15. Translate into English:

1. Наша компанія докладає багато зусиль, щоб збільшити капітал.

2. Окремі громадяни, а не держава володіють засобами виробництва у капіталістичних країнах.

3. Економічні системи не можуть повністю відрізнятися, вони обов’язково мають щось спільне.

4. Додатковий прибуток компанії багато в чому залежить від її керівництва.

5. Українці та росіяни різняться мовами, якими вони розмовляють, але народи цих країн схожі культурними традиціями.

6. Ринкова економіка заснована на приватній власності та приватному накопиченні капіталу.

7. Не має жодної країни в світі, де громадяни користуються повною економічною свободою.

8. Компанія “Дженерал Електрикс” постійно одержує додаткові прибутки від продажу своїх товарів споживачам закордоном.

9. Які основні матеріали ви використовуєте на своєму підприємстві?

10. Чим відрізняється ринок у капіталістичних та соціалістичних країнах?

16. Extend the idea:

a) There are no completely similar economic systems.

b) Private enterprise is the basis of capitalism.

c) Investment in new business activities is important for any economy.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Which countries mentioned in the unit have the highest standard of living?

2. What country would you like to do business in? Explain why.

ROLE-PLAY

Work with a partner. You are from a country that has a socialist economic system. Your partner is from a capitalist country. Discuss all the pros and cons of living in this or that economic system. Here is a list of topics you can discuss:

· Standard of living	· Medicine
· Private property	· Education
· Freedom	· Salary

VOCABULARY

English	Ukrainian	Russian
To be available	бути доступним	быть доступным
To be different from To be different in To be similar in smth	відрізнятися від ч-н відрізнятися ч-н бути схожим ч-н	отличаться от ч-л отличаться ч-л быть похожим ч-н
To be the same	бути таким же	быть таким же
Capitalist (adj.)	капіталістичний	капиталистический
Citizen (n.)	громадянин	гражданин
Complete freedom	повна свобода	полная свобода
To contrast strongly	сильно відрізнятися	сильно отличаться
To define (v.)	визначати	определять
To differ from each other	відрізнятися один від одного	отличаться друг от друга
Effort (n.)	зусилля	усилия
To exercise freedom	користуватися свободою	пользоваться свободой
Individual (adj.)	окремий	отдельный
Investment (n.)	інвестиція	инвестиция
Means of production	засоби виробництва	средства производства
To obey the law	підкорятися закону	подчиняться закону
Ownership	власність, володіння	собственность, владение
Private enterprise	приватне підприємство	частное предприятие
Property (n.)	власність, майно	имущество
The pros and cons	за і проти	за и против
Supplies of capital	накопичення капіталу	накопление капитала
Surplus income	додатковий прибуток	прибавочный доход
To underlie (v.)	лягати в основу	лежать в основе
To use (v.)	користуватися	пользоваться

UNIT 4

The limits on economic freedom

WARMING-UP

1. Answer the questions:

1. What comes to your mind when you think of limits?

2. Are you free to do what you wish?

3. How do you understand "freedom"?

4. Is it possible to be economically free?

PRE-READING

1. Work in pairs. Look at the following words. Do you know them? If not, look them up in your dictionary.

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