History of hospitality industry

The hospitality sector has the longest history among the tourism sectors. The first hospitality firms were boarding houses catering to stagecoach travellers. The development of health spas in Britain and Germany was an embryonic form of what we now call ‘resorts’. On the other hand, with the advent of railway transportation in the mid-nineteenth century, demand from the great number of travellers resulted in the development of city hotels. Hotels then branched into different market segments from simple Bed & Breakfast operations to a luxury segment. Some early well-known brands were Ritz in Paris and Savoy in London. The habit of eating out developed in the late nineteenth century, which led to mass restaurant start-ups. The idea of hotel school training roots in the end of the nineteenth century too. It was not before the 1930s that hotel chains emerged in America. Some of the old brands still operate. For example Westin Hotels (then Western Hotels), Quality Inns (then Quality Courts), Sheraton, Hilton and Statler (later acquired by Hilton).

1959 marks the jump-start of the travel industry due to the introduction of jet travel. In the post-war era, by the late 1960s, the entire coastline from Spain to Italy was full of resort destinations. Parallel to that The Caribbean and the state of Florida, USA turned into tourist havens for those looking for the 4 ‘S’ (Sun, Sand, See, and the other S!).

All in all, American hotel industry came into play later than the European counterpart. However, in a short period, Americans managed to pioneer the art of fine hospitality as well as the expansion and development of the industry. To date, American guests are more demanding than their European counterparts. Perhaps the most remembered downturn of American hotel industry took place during the 1930s economic depression, which took 85% of American hotels out of business. Early 1990s was also a hit to the industry. Yet hoteliers persevered.

Along the way, a number of institutional investors have helped hotel industry in its expansion plans. Airline companies are good examples. Below are some instances of airline-hotel equity participation.

· Pan American >>>>> Intercontinental Hotels

· United Airlines >>>>> Westin Hotels

· TWA >>>>> Hilton International

· KLM >>>>> Golden Tulip Hotels

· Aer Lingus >>>>> Dunfey Hotels

Apart from financial resources, airlines pooled their reservation system with hotels. This was a major development in the history of revenue management for the hotel industry. A number of airline-hotel partnerships fell apart later on. Another source of investment capital for hotels has been insurance companies and mutual funds. They are still heavily involved in hotel business.

Future outlook

There are a number of areas in hospitality industry, which are worth keeping an eye on for future development.

· As long as the economy improves, travel increases and thus use of lodging facilities increases. Certainly, cyclical economic indicators (like interest rates) are as important as structural health of the economy (like GDP).

· Any betterment in transportation facilities translates directly into more hotel occupancy.

· Hoteliers are alert to carve new niches in the market to tap into.

· New controversial product developments are condominiums and timeshares. Condominiums are units of property sold to individuals who in turn use them for their vacation and rent them to other vacationers for the remainder of the year. Timeshare is a modification of the condominium concept. Timeshares are sold to vacationers for the period of their vacation. They are charged the value plus pro-rated maintenance fees and taxes. However they are allowed to exchange their vacation period for an equal value in another spot of the world.

· Technological advances in reservation, telecommunications, back-office/front-of the house interfaces, security innovations, energy management modules, automated check-in/check-outs, etc. will be watched closely.

· Women business travellers are on the rise. They are a sizeable niche presently and expected to grow.

· Yield management is still the buzzword. (This subject shall be dealt with thoroughly in the upcoming modules).

· Hotels are introducing new amenities continuously. Provision of high-tech amenities into their guestrooms such as internet hook-up is one example.

· Enhancement of hotel web-sites will be at the forefront due to its significance in internet sales and advertising. Emergence of new e-strategies is expected too.

· Stock market’s love-hate relationship with the lodging industry is sensitive as has always been. Stock market is a rich financial source for hotel construction.

· Globalisation trends as explained earlier will go on to widespread forms of management contract, franchising, consortium and M & A activities.

Generally, numbers of tourist arrivals will increase. When this happens, tourism's future holds great challenges for many professionals and superb career prospects for the tourism students of today.

VOCABULARY

attraction	аттракцион, развлечение, достопримечательность
accommodation	жилье, размещение
capacity	вместимость (отеля)
destination	место назначения
domestic tourism	внутренний туризм
to develop	развиваться
to donate	жертвовать. дарить
to break barriers	разрушать границы
expenditure	траты
establishment	образование
exchange rate	обменный курс
income	доход
inbound tourist	въезжающий в страну турист
facilities	удобства, свойства обслуживания
flow of people	поток людей
environmental damage	ущерб окружающей среде
employment	занятость населения, рабочие места;
leisure	досуг, время на отдых
long-haul visitors	туристы из дальних стран
lifestyle	стиль жизни
to lure	привлекать
litter	мусор
occupancy rate	уровень заполняемости
pollution	загрязнение
population density	плотность населения
percentages	проценты
neighboring country	соседняя страна
mass, tourism destinations	места массового посещения туристами
purpose of trip	цель путешествия
recreation	отдых, развлечение
resort	курорт
satisfaction	удовлетворение
sightseeing	осмотр достопримечательностей
service-oriented work-force	персонал, ориентированный на работу в отрасли обслуживания
standard of living	уровень жизни
tax	налог
theme park	тематический парк
tourist-host interrelationship	взаимоотношения между туристами и страной
travel restrictions	ограничения в путешествии
trip features	характерные черты путешествия
urban tourism	городской туризм
outbound tourist	выезжающий турист
harmful	вредный
vegetation	растительность
temporary	временный
facilities	удобства, средства обслуживания;
to create	создавать
to cater	обслуживать
impact	влияние
well-being	благополучие
host	хозяин
adjustment	приспособления
luxury	шик
to enhance	увеличивать
numerous	многочисленный
to enable	давать возможность
to partake	принимать участие
improvement	улучшение
to extend	расширять
majority	большинство
accustomed	обычный
significance	значение
annually	ежегодно
approximately	приблизительно
widespread	распространенный
encouragement	поддержка

Ex. 1. Find in the text antonyms to the following words:

1) minority;

2) poverty;

3) permanent;

4) destroy;

5) non-resident;

6) to free;

7) decline;

8) rejected;

9) waster;

10) abolishment.

Ex. 2. Find in the text synonyms to the following words:

1) conveniences;

2) advancement;

3) to expand;

4) to partake;

5) possibility;

6) familiar;

7) importance;

8) every gear;

9) to be known;

10) expanded.

Ex. 3. Match the following words and word combinations in English with their Russian translation:

1) временные поездки людей;

2) удобства созданные для удовлетворения их потребностей;

3) обычное местожительство;

4) влияние, оказываемое на физическое и социальное благополучие хозяев;

5) участие было ограничено несколькими избранными;

6) увеличившаяся подвижность;

7) большое экономическое и социальное значение;

8) рост уровня турпоездок увеличился приблизительно на 6% в год;

9) образование гос. ком. по туризму;

10) широко распространенная поддержка и спонсорство.

a) temporary movement of people to destinations;

b) major economic and social significance

c) facilities creates to cater to their needs;

d) usual habitat;

e) impact on physical and social well-being of hosts;

f) growth in visitor arrivals rate approximately 6 per cent per annum;

g) participation was restricted to the select few;

h) enhanced mobility;

i) widespread encouragement and sponsorship;

j) establishment of government departments of tourism.

Ex. 4. Read the text again and decide which statements are true and which are false:

1. Tourism is the temporary movement of people to foreign countries.

2. The study of tourism is the study of people away from their usual habitat, of the establishments, which respond to the requirements of travelers.

3. Tourism is a luxury.

4. Participation in tourism was never restricted to anybody.

5. Increased leisure higher incomes and greatly enhanced mobility have combined to enable more people to partake in tourism.

6. People in developing countries never travel abroad.

7. Tourism is of major economic and social significance.

8. Tourism has very small percentage in world’s foreign trade.

9. Government departments of tourism are established in many countries.

10. Tourism stimulates employment and investment.

Ex. 5. Match the words with their definitions:

1) tip;	a) a tourist that is arriving in the country;
2) long-haul visitors;	b) tourists from far-away countries;
3) resident;	c) a person who can spend some time free from business and have a rest;
4) destination;	d) place to which person or thing is bound;
5) host;	e) a person who receives guests;
6) leisure;	f) spare time;
7) accommodation;	g) lodging for travelers;
8) holidaymaker;	h) a person who lives in this very country, permanent inhabitant a person who can spend some time free from business and have a rest;
9) inbound tourist;	i) a seaside town that attracts many tourists;
10) resort.	j) a small sum given to reward the services of people like waiters or taxi drivers.

Ex. 6. Opposites: travel & tourism. Sort the words below into fifteen pairs. Each pair consists of two words with opposite meanings. For example: close; open.

Add

advance • arrival

cancel • cheap • confirm • decrease

departure • disembark • double • early • embark

expensive • guest • host • incoming • increase • land

late • loss • outgoing • overcharge • postpone

profit • receive • send • single

subtract • take off

Undercharge

Ex. 7. Check your answer to Exercise 6 and then complete these fifteen sentences using one word from each pair. Sometimes you may have to change the form of a word. For example: take off; the plane took off two hours ago.

1. We've just __________ in London: can you send someone to the airport to meet us?

2. If possible I'd like to __________ our meeting until Wednesday: Monday is going to be a difficult day for me.

3. This bill's wrong: you've __________ me by £6.50.

4. There was a technical problem with the doors on the aeroplane and the passengers had to wait fifteen minutes to __________.

5. I'm sorry I'm _________: I couldn't get a taxi.

6. The hotel made a £1 million __________ this year, so we're paying a bonus to the staff.

7. I'm calling to __________ my reservation for Monday; I'll be arriving at about noon.

8. VAT is __________ at 17.5%.

9. The hotel sends someone to the airport to meet __________ flights.

10. If this holiday's too _________ you could consider somewhere closer to home.

11. The hotel has accommodation for up to 2,000 __________ at any one time.

12. I'd like a __________ room for my wife and myself.

13. I'm booked on BA 152 to Madrid and I'd like to check the __________ time.

14. The number of visitors to Greece__________ in the winter months.

15. Could you possibly __________ this fax for me?

Ex. 8. Fill in the gaps with the following words:

Value, stay, probably, keeps, effect, countries, the voyage, most of, advertising, easier, mountain-lovers, to be rich, treasures, showed, as long as.

Have you ever been a tourist? If so, your tour was almost certainly __1____ and more comfortable than the journeys of a hundred, or even fifty years ago. It ___2__, cost less, too. The tourists on Mark Twain's ship travelling to the Mediterranean Sea, Palestine, Egypt and other places paid $1,250 for __3___, but they had to add the cost of every excursion on shore. Today you can fly in comfortable planes and __4__ in good hotels for a fixed amount, which includes almost everything.

Not very long ago, a tourist had ___5___ or ready to bear very bad conditions. Today it is not necessary to be rich in order to be a tourist. More and more people leave their own __6__ for travel in foreign lands. The tourist industry has become very important: a United Nations office even ___7___ figures of the visitors received by all countries. The total of those figures, for 1958 ___8___ 55 million tourists: ten years later the total was three times that number. At present ___9__ these tourists go to countries in Europe, Italy usually attracts most tourists and has two million beds for them.

_____10___ go to Switzerland in large numbers in winter and in summer, and sun-lovers from northern lands crowd to the shores of Mediterranean Sea.

Ex. 9. Translate words and expressions in the text from Russian into English:

Current Events Shaping Travel and Tourism: Eastern Europe

The world changed in 1989. The "fall of the wall" reshaped world politics and will have (долгосрочныйэффект) on international tourism. (В то время как барьеры рушатся) between East and West political blocs, opportunities for tourism will open up in Eastern Eu­rope and the Soviet Union.

The ability of East Germans to visit and move to the West started (поток людей) across borders that has not occurred in decades. Many people flocked to see or participate in the dismantling of the Berlin Wall. Soon after, Europeans were clamoring to see Europe's "other half," and advertisements and promotions for (эксклюзивные туры) appeared.

The tourism industry must wait and see how these changes in Eastern Europe will alter travel patterns around the world. Certainly, some travelers from the West will rush to see these countries that had been hidden for so long behind the (железный занавес). But like all new destinations. Eastern Europe will probably attract modest numbers of people compared to the numbers now attracted to more established, (места массового посещения туристами).

It remains to be seen how and when Eastern European countries, resorts, and cities will respond to such levels of attention and opportunity. (Изменяющиеся паспортные требования) and customs regulations are just first steps. Problems leftover from cen­trally-planned economies plague the general business climate — and tourism. From currency value and exchange difficulties to lack of a trained, (персонал ориентированный на работу в сфере обслуживания), Eastern Europe faces massive problems and challenges in terms of tourism.

Becoming a destination and attraction is only one half of the issue; the other is becoming a source of tourists. Many Eastern European countries and their residents lack the financial resources either to (принимать международных туристов) or to embark on tours themselves. Such conditions show few signs of improvement in the immediate future. The transition to market economies and democratic societies for the nations — and for their residents — will take some time. The opening of Eastern Europe pro­vides many new destinations for tourists. However, it will take awhile for tourism (развиться и преуспеть) in these areas.

Ex. 10. Translate into Russian the following extracts: 1, 3, 4,

Tourism: A Mixed Blessing

1. Tourism creates employment. It is estimated that in the Lake District 30 per cent of jobs can be directly attributed to tourism. But the fact that visitors spend their money in a variety of different ways affects other things too. Many village shops would have to close if they were not supported by income from tourists and the money spent on local souvenirs can prevent local industries from going out of business.

2. Many of the roads in the Lake District are extremely narrow and tourist cars cause congestion. Some farmers and local traders complain that the traffic makes it difficult for them to do their work. Because car parks fill up during busy periods, many visitors cause obstructions by parking across gateways, etc.

3. The popularity of the countryside has led to the growth of many organisations dedicated to protecting it. Many areas also operate conservation schemes or trusts, supported' by voluntary contributions. In some pans of the country, tourist operators have set up their own trusts and give money to local conservation projects.

4. The Lakes are a popular attraction for people who enjoy watersports. Most lakes have a speed limit for boats of 16 km per hour. One of the few lakes where fast-boats are permitted is Windermere, which has recently become polluted. This is partly due to boats pumping sewage directly into the water. There are also problems with litter.

5. In the summer, thousands of people use the network of footpaths across the fells. Often, the grassy surface is worn away, leaving rough stone or roue. This makes the path look unsightly and it can be dangerous to walk on. Repairing the paths can be very expensive, particularly higher up in the fells where access is difficult.

6. The income from visitors can help support local services and industries. In a sparsely populated rural area it can be expensive to keep bus services running. Because large numbers of visitors use the buses during the holidays, it is possible to keep them running at quieter times too.

7. Because of the number of people using the lakeshores for picnics and to land their boats, some of the vegetation around the lakes is being destroyed. This can be harmful to wild animals, which build their nests along the shores. The creation of wildlife refuges around some of the lakes has helped protect these natural habitats.

Ex. 11. Translate from Russian into English:

1. Туризм создает рабочие места.

2. Любители гор отправляются зимой в Швейцарию, а любители солнца из северных стран устремляются к берегам Средиземноморья.

3. Доход от въездного туризма помогает поддержанию местной промышленности и индустрии обслуживания.

4. Увеличившееся время на отдых более высокие доходы и возросшая подвижность населения позволяет людям принимать участие в путешествиях.

5. Туризм имеет огромное экономическое и социальное значение.

6. Туризм вносит положительный вклад в ………….

7. Места массового посещения туристами располагают всеми необходимыми удобствами и развлечениями, которые нужны людям.

8. Трудно обучить персонал, ориентированный на работу в сфере обслуживания.

9. Иногда туризм наносит ущерб окружающей среде.

10. После пикников в лесу можно найти много мусора.

Ex. 12. When we look at the UK tourist market for overseas visitors, we can consider (a) the number of visits made by people from different areas and (b) the amount of money spent during these visits. In the table below, these two factors are expressed as percentages of the total number of visits and of the total expenditure.

Actual Share of Visits and Expenditure
Expenditure	Country/area	Visits
1 …… 6% 2 …… 10% 5% 3 …… 3% 3% 4 …… 4% 5 ……	6 …………… Scandinavia 7 …………… Central Europe 8 …………… Italy/Spain/Portugal Eastern Europe 9 …………… 10 …………… 11 …………… 12 …………...	1% 8% 13% 16% 13…… 14 …… 2% 15 …… 13% 16 …… 4%

British Tourist Authority and Department of Industry statistics.

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