Make the following sentences passive.

1. The student read the text aloud.

2. The teacher will correct the student's composition.

3. The scientists are making wonderful discoveries.

4. Who has written this article?

5. They'll give you an answer in some days.

6. They built Taj Mahal around 1640.

7. Only candidates with relevant experience can concider.

8. Columbus discovered America.

9. We must send these letters at once.

10. The teacher asked me at the lesson yesterday.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Ця фабрика була збудована десять років тому.

2. Підручники продаватимуться завтра.

3. Цей пам'ятник буде споруджено до нового року.

4. Як можна перекласти це слово?

5. Твори англійських і американських письменників видають в усьому світі.

6. Вас екзаменували вранці?

7. Її відправили до лікарні два дні тому.

8. Над ним всі сміються.

9. На ці відомості не можна покластися.

10. Мій портфель купили минулого року.

III семестр

Варіант № 3

Read and translate the text.

Conditioning

Conditioning involves changing the internal structure of a material. Its properties are improved by this. Some materials must be softened. Others must be hardened. Still others acquire stresses dur­ing processing that must be relieved. Some welds, for example, must receive treatments to remove stain caused by heat. Otherwise, the welds may crack. There are three types of conditioning: ther­mal, chemical, and mechanical.

In thermal conditioning, heat is used. Metals and ceramics often require thermal conditioning. Heat is used to harden metals. This makes them resist wear better. Some are hardened only on the surface where the most wear occurs. This is called case hardening. Hardening usually makes metals brittle. This means they will break easily. To remove the brittleness, they are heated again in a process called tempering.

Tempering makes metals tougher. Knives, chisels, and other cutting tools are often tempered. The blades stay sharp for a longer time. Brittleness may also be removed by means of a process called annealing. Annealing makes metals softer. This is also necessary when metals become too hard during processing. Steel, for instance becomes very hard when it is stretched and com­pressed. Annealing softens it again.

Adding chemicals to a material can also change its inner structure. This is called chemical conditioning. Rubber, for example, is conditioned when it is made into tires. The chemical process is called vulcanization. It makes the tires able to with­stand heat better. Chemical conditioning is also used on many plastics.

Mechanical conditioning involves using force on materials. Hammering a piece of metal against an anvil (iron block) conditions it mechanically. The molecules which make up the metal are changed. As a result, the metal hardens.

Internal	внутрішній
Treatment, conditioning	обробка
To harden	ставати твердішим, загартовувати, зміцнювати
Wear	зношування
Brittleness	крихкість
Annealing	прокалювання
Stretch	витягувати
Chemicals	хімічні речовини
Inner structure	внутрішня структура
To with­stand	протистояти
Force	сила
To make up	складати, формувати

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16