Manner or attendant circumstances

He entered the room carrying a big bouquet of roses.

Note. In the negative form if the action is not logically expected not + participle is used:

He sat thoughtfully in the arm-chair, not noticing anything around.

If the action is logically expected without + gerund is used:

He passed us without greeting.

An adverbial modifier of subsequent events

They went to the river, returning late at night.

A predicative

Both remained standing.

2.3.4. Participle I indefinite of verbs expressing motion combined with the verb to come forms a compound verbal predicate

The children came running into the room.

2.3.5. parenthesis in such phrases as generally speaking, judging by (from), putting it mildly, etc.

Judging by their behaviour they don't know anything yet.

Predicative constructions (complexes) with participle I.

In predicative constructions the relations between the nominal element (a noun or a pronoun) and the participle are those of secondary subject and secondary predicate.

The accusative with participle I.

This construction has the function of a complex object. It is used with verbs:

2.4.1.1. of physical perception (to see, to hear, to observe, to watch, to look at, to listen to, etc.)

We heard them quarrelling loudly in the next room.

Note. The infinitive in this construction denotes:

a) an action as a fact

Have you ever heard her sing?

b) a short action

I saw him drop the ball.

c) a completed action

We saw the car disappear in the distance.

Participle I denotes an action in progress:

We watched them approaching us.

2.4.1.2. of causative meaning (to have, to get, to keep, to set, to start):

I'll have you speaking English in six months. (L.G.Alexander)

I won't have you speaking like that about your father. (L.G.Alexander)

She finally got the television working. (Combinatory Dictionary)

What started them drinking? (Combinatory Dictionary)

2.4.1.3. to want, to like:

I want them singing in tune! (Combinatory Dictionary)

I don't like you telling lies.

2.4.1.4 to discover, to find, to catch, to leave:

We caught him stealing. (Combinatory Dictionary)

I left them still discussing this problem.

The nominative with participle I.

This construction has the function of a complex subject. It is used with verbs of physical perception and also with verbs to find, to catch, to keep, to leave:

They were seen walking to the river.

Why were they kept waiting so long?

The nominative absolute construction with participle I.

This construction has the functions of:

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