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Task 1. Read the blocks and find in the blocks answers to the questions below.
1. What is artificial intelligence?
2. But what is intelligence?
3. Isn't there a solid definition of intelligence that doesn't depend on relating it to
human intelligence?
4. Is intelligence a single thing so that one can ask a “yes” or “no” question? Is this
machine intelligent or not?
5. Can AI simulate a human intelligence?
6. What about IQ? Do computer programs have IQs?
7. What is the main problem in comparing human and computer intelligence?
d) No. As we said, intelligence involves mechanisms, and AI research has
discovered how to make computers carry out some of them and not others. If doing
some tasks requires only mechanisms that are well understood today, computer
programs can give very impressive performances on these tasks. Such programs
should be considered "somewhat intelligent".
b) Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world.
Different kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some
machines.
a) Artificial Intelligence is the science and engineering of making intelligent
machines, especially intelligent computer programs. The task of this science of using
computers to understand human intelligence, but AI has not to limit itself to the
methods that are biologically observable.
f) No, they don’t. IQ is based on the rates at which intelligence develops in children.
Later, the scale of IQ is extended to adults. It correlates well with the degree of
various measures of success or failure in life. But making computers that can
compete with humans score high on IQ tests would be a useless thing. For example,
the ability of a child to repeat back a long sequence of digits depends on its other
correlates well with other intellectual abilities, perhaps because it measures how
much information the child can compute with at once. However, the same digit task
is trivial for even extremely limited computers.
However, some of the problems on IQ tests are useful challenges for AI.
e) Sometimes they can, but usually not. On the one hand, we can learn something
about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or our own
methods. But on the other hand, most AI work needs studying the problems that the
world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals. In studying
these world problems AI researchers more often use methods that involve much more
computing than people can do.
c) Not yet. There is no such definition. The problem is that we cannot yet characterize
in general what kinds of computational procedures may be called intelligent. We
understand some of the mechanisms of intelligence and not others.
g) Some scientists suggest that all normal humans have the same intellectual
mechanisms and that difference in intelligence depends on "quantitative biochemical
and physiological conditions". The difference in intelligence is expressed in
differences in speed, short-term memory, and the ability to form accurate and
retrievable long-term memories.
As to computer programs, they have plenty of speed and memory, but their abilities
correspond to the intellectual mechanisms that program designer understands well
enough to put in programs. The problem is that cognitive sciences still have not
succeeded in determining exactly what the human abilities are. It is likely that
organization of the intellectual mechanisms for AI can be different from that in
people.
Notes
IQ – intelligence quotient, your level of intelligence, measured by a special test.
Task 2. Write the resume of the resulted text “Artificial Intelligence” (Part I).
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| CPU OPERATION | | | And II Parts of the text. |