At the Gynecological Department

At the Gynecological Department women who suffer from

vaginitis, endometriosis, infertility and other diseases are treated.

To improve and maintain a healthy reproductive system, it is important for a woman to be aware of healthful behaviours and risk behaviours that affect this system. It is also important to plan for reproductive health.

Cancer of the breast is the most common form of cancer in women. Most cases of breast cancer occur after age 25, although some cases have been reported in younger women. Because breast cancer is a major risk to health, women are encouraged to perform breast self-examination. In breast self-examination, a woman checks her breasts to detect the presence of a lump. This examination should be done once a month after each menstrual period. If breast cancer is suspected, a mammogram may be ordered. A mammogram is an X-ray examination of the breasts. Another procedure used is thermography. Thermography is a process used to detect heat in the body. Because cancer cells multiply rapidly, they produce heat. Thermography can detect cancer in a breast.

If cancer in a breast is detected, treatment and cure may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy (хіміотерапія), or surgery. A combination of the three may be used. The treatment recommended will vary with the patient.

A pap smear (мазок) is a simple test in which cells from the cervix are examined in a laboratory for cancer. Should cervical cancer be detected (при виявленні раку шийки матки), options are available (обирається тип лікування) depending on the extent of the cancer. If surgery is necessary, a hysterectomy (екстирпація матки) may be performed. A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. Sometimes, surgical removal of the ovaries is necessary. Scheduling (планування) a pap smear at least once a year is a wise, preventive measure. It is important to remember about early detection of cancer. The earlier cancer is detected, the greater the success of treatment and cure.

Vaginitis (вагініт) is an inflammation or irritation in the vagina. It may result from changes in the chemical makeup of the lining of the vagina. These changes may be due to the prolonged use of medication or other factors that result in certain bacteria growing too rapidly. Some forms of vaginitis may result from sexual contact. Vaginitis can be treated and cured with medication. It can be prevented by practicing proper hygiene.

Sometimes, the tissue that is normally part of the menstrual flow is found grown outside the uterus. The condition is endometriosis and is often associated with infertility.

3. Post-Text Assignments

3.1 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents:

To improve and maintain a healthy reproductive system; affect this system; the most common form of cancer; after each menstrual period; cells from the cervix; surgical removal of the uterus; preventive measure; prolonged use of medication; result from sexual contact; outside the uterus.

3.2 Suggest the English equivalents:

рак молочної залози; самообстеження молочних залоз; виявити наявність пухлини; мамографія; термографія; променева терапія; мазок; швидкий ріст деяких бактерій; лікувати медикаментозно; дотримуватись необхідної гігієни; пов’язують з безпліддям.

3.3 Fill in:

1. Cancer of the breast is the most … form of cancer in women. 2. Most cases of breast cancer occur after age …. 3. This examination should be done once a … after each menstrual period. 4. Thermography is a process used to detect... in the body. 5. Thermography can detect … in a breast. 6. The treatment recommended will … with the patient. 7. A pap… is a simple test in which cells from the cervix are examined in a laboratory for cancer.

3.4 Answer the questions to the text:

1. When do most cases of breast cancer occur? 2. What do the women check in breast self-examination? 3. How often should this examination be done? 4. What is a mammogram? 5. What is used to detect heat in the body? 5. What operation is performed if surgery is necessary? 6. What is vaginitis? 7. How can vaginitis be treated and cured? 8. What is endometriosis often associated with?

3.5 Say if it is true or false:

1. Cancer of the uterus is the most common form of cancer in women.

2. In breast self-examination, a woman checks her breasts to detect the presence of a lump.

3. This examination should be done once a week.

4. Because cancer cells multiply slowly, they produce heat.

5. A pap smear is a simple test in which cells from the cervix are examined in a laboratory for cancer.

6. A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the ovary.

7. The earlier cancer is detected, the greater the success of treatment and cure.

8. Some forms of vaginitis may result from sexual contact.

4. Oral practice:

1. Teach a woman to perform breast self-examination.

2. Explain the necessity of tests and examinations recommended for women.

3. Define the terms "vaginitis", "endometriosis", "hysterectomy".

Grammar

PRESENT PERFECT and PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

• We use the Present Perfect Continuous for incomplete actions which were in progress over a period of time in the past. With recently completed actions we use the Present Perfect. We have been living in Kyiv for 12 years. (We're still there now.) They've lived in Luhansk, Donetsk and Dnipropetrovsk. (They aren't there now.)

• We often use the Present Perfect Continuous with how long. If we ask how often or how much/many we use the Present Perfect.

How long has she been sleeping? How often have you worn that suit? How many English lessons have you had?

Exercise1. Choose the correct word or phrase in brackets.

1.How long (have you had / have you been having) your car?

2.Ron (has worked / has been working) as a postman for the past month.

3.Mary (has been finding / has found) a good job.

4.I (have written / have been writing) an essay all day.

5. How long (have you been living / do you live) in Kyiv?

Exercise2. Use the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous with the verbs in brackets.

A: How long... you... (try) to find a job?

B: For three years. It... (be) really difficult.

A: How many jobs... you... (have)? B: About thirty, maybe more I... (do) everything. A: How long... you... (stand) here today?

B: I... (wait) since 8:00 this morning, and I'm freezing.

Exercise 3. Write sentences with the Present Perfect Continuous adding for or since.

Example: she / work there / 2003

She's been working there since 2003.

1. how long / they / go out together?

2. I / study English / eight years.

3. you / read that book / months?

4. you / wait / a long time?

5. how long / she / live there?

6. I / rent this flat / three years.

7. she / work here / a long time?

Exercise 4. Read a sentence and then write another sentence with since or for:

Example:

I work at the college. (for 5 years) I have been working at the college for 5 years.

1. My brother is studying languages. (for 2 years)

2. Tim and Jane are working in Peru. (since February)

3. They are waiting for us. (for half an hour)

4. Jack lives in Chicago. (since he was born)

5. Ann has a bad cough. (for a few days)

6. It is snowing. (since morning)

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