No. 6 hi

^d&^bh^h^W??' ^{S0Ud> nod}^> ^crop' ^с , dollar, bomb, John, gone, yonder, hot, pot No. 7 /a/ ^{sorts> shore}'^reÄ)rd' ^water>

' ^{S0Ud> nod}^> ^crop' ^соиёЫщ, shocked, gon d ht t

No. 8 /u/

good-bye^cook ^W°^Uld' ^t0°^{k> l00kedt SOOt}' ^room' ^should> y

No. 9 /u:/

e!too^l' ^move'^food' ^soon' ^rujned, cool, hoof, boot, chew, 136

No. 10 /л/

bus, must, nothing, funny, summer, instructor, luck, just, come, chuckle, wonderful, vulgar, thunder, thus, shut

No. И fr.f

bird, turned, girl, sir, heard, Sherlock, workers, Germany, churches, curly, nurse, dirt, year, murky, purr

No. 12 hi

along, about, upon, to see, perhaps, summer, August, London, desolate, condition, consist, speaker, letter, never, anxious, human

2. Transcribe these words. Present the rules for reading the vowel phonemes in bold type. Single out the words which are exceptions from thejules, j

holidays, Maria, forward, sightseeing, mouth, comfort, cafe, bil­liards, workers, Crusoe, Sherlock, Mathew, Earnest, forehead, pneu­monia, detached, bothers, head, varnished, Priestley, puzzling, pieces, asylum, record, Maugham, Friday, woodland, newspaper, taxis, unbelievable, purpose, unfortunately, awful, year, hotel, awkward, coughing, employ I ee

b) Diphthongs

At/

The phoneme /ei/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: aorta /eib:ta/, day /dei/.

/ei/ is preceded by the following consonants: labial

bilabial: pay, bay

labio-dental: fail lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thane

alveolar: tale, day

post-alveolar, cacuminal: ray

palato-alveolar: фаре, chain

lingual, medio-lingual: Yale pharyngal

lingual, backlingual: cake

pharyngal (glottal): hay

/ei/ is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: ape

labio-dental: pave lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: bathe

alveolar: ate, pace, laid, raise, ale, mane

palato-alveolar: age

lingual, backlingual: vague

/ei/, like other fronting diphthongs, is shortened before fortis, it results in the reduction of the first element, compare /lert — leid/.

The glide of /ei/ is obscured or may be of /э/ type.

There is some variation in the openness of the starting point. A more open quality is characteristic of low-prestige dialect forms, e. g. Cockney, Birmingham, Southern United States.

M

The phoneme /ai/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: •idea /atldia/, my /mai/.

/ai/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: "labial

bilabial: pie, by

labio-dental: fight lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thigh

alveolar: tie, die

post-alveolar, cacuminal: right

palato-alveolar: shy, child

lingual, backlingual: kite pharyngal (glottal): high

Ы is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: type, time

labio-dental: life lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: scythe

alveolar: night, ride_

palato-alveolar: oblige

lingual, backlingual: like

For contextual variations see /ei/.

The starting point may vary: a) close starting point, above /да/ characterizes affected speech; b) retracted starting point is found in Cockney and Birmingham.

/au/

The phoneme /au/ may occur in initial and in terminal posi­tion: owlish /'auhJV, now /nau/.

/au/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: pound,- bound

labio-dental: fowl lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thousand

alveolar: town, down

post-alveolar, cacuminal: round

palato-alveolar: shout

lingual, backlingual: cow pharyngal (glottal): how

138

/au/ is followed by consonants characterized as: lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: mouth

alveolar: rout, crowd

palato-alveolar; pouch

The first element is shorter before fortis, compare: /laut — laud/.

In prestigious old-fashioned speech the nucleus is more back. Very front starting points are found in many dialects.

/01/

The phoneme /01/ may occur in initial and in terminal posi­tion: oily /bill/, boy /boi/.

/oi/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: point, boy

labio-dental: foil lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: toy, doily

post-alveolar, cacuminal: roister

lingual, medio-lingual: yoick

lingual, backlingual: coy pharyngal (glottal): hoist

[oil is followed by consonants characterized as: labial

labio-dental: coif lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: adroit, annoyed

palato-alveolar: voyage

lingual, backlingual: hoik

For contextual variations see /ei/,

A very close nucleus may be^heard only in dialects, e. g. Cockney.

M

The phoneme /эй/ may occur in initial and in terminal posi­tion: obey /aulbei/, no /пэи/.

/эй/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: poach, bow

labio-dental: foe lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: thole

alveolar: tow, dome

post-alveolar, cacuminal: road

palato-alveolar: show, choke

lingual, backlingual: coal, go pharyngal (glottal): hoe

/эй/ is followed by consonants characterized ast labial

bilabial: hope

labiodental: loaf lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: growth,

alveolar: wrote, rode

palato-alveolar: coach

lingual, backlingual: oak

The first element of the diphthong /эй/ is reduced before foriis consonants, compare: coat — code.

Before dark [I] the second element is sometimes lost, the diph-Jhong reminds /з:/, e. g. coat /кэи!/—>-/кз:1/, saAo/e/haul/—+/Ьз:1/-

M

The phoneme /ю/ may occur in initial and in terminal position! eery /'юн/, idea /aiidia/.

[ю] is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: peer, beer

labio-dental: fear lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: theatre

alveolar: tear, dear

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rear

palato-alveolar: sheer

lingual, medio-lingual: year

lingual, backlingual: Kßary pharyngal (glottal): hear

Ivdl is followed by alveolar consonants and sonorants Im, n, r, 1/: labial

bilabial: museum lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: beard, fierce,^ librarian, centennial

post-alveolar: appearing

The nucleus may begin closer, nearer to hi.

Dialect speakers have very close starting points, as a sequence of I'v.l to /э/.

Very open endings are characteristic of affected speech.

This phoneme is highly variable, because the glide /э/ is more sonorous than the nucleus /i/. Thus /ia/ may be divided morpholog­ically into the nucleus and the glide in unstressed position, e. g. theoretical /Oiairetilral, 01-э-1геиЫ/.

Greater sonority of the glide may lead to the /je/, /ja:/ instead of /ю/ articulation, e, g. frontier /ifrAntra, tfrAntja/.

/1Э/ may turn into /t/ in terminal position: real /rial, nl/.

Jn present day RP year is pronounced as /ja:/.

М

The phoneme /еэ/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: airway /teswei/, air /еэ/.

/еэ/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: pear, bear

labio-dentai: fare lingual, forelingual, apical

dental, interdental: there

alveolar: tear, dare

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rare

palato-alveolar: share

lingual, medio-lingual: Yare

lingual, backlingual: care pharyngal (glottal): hare

/еэ/ is followed by consonants: labial

bilabial: Shairp Üngual, forelingual, apical

alveolar spared, scarce

The chief variation is in the presence or absence of t he/э/off-glide.

The use of the stable nucleus /e:/ is on the increase, e. g. scarce /ske:s/, scares /ske:z/.

M

The phoneme /иэ/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: Urdu /'uadu/, poor /риэ/.

/иэ/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial

bilabial: poor, boor lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: tour, dour

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rural

palato-alveolar: sure

lingual, medio-Iingual: your

lingual, backlingual: kursaal pharyngal (glottal): houri

/иэ/ is followed by consonants: labial

bilabial: gourmand lingual, forelingual, apical

alveolar: bourn

post-alveolar, cacuminal: rural

The phoneme /иэ/ is highly variable because the nucleus of this «diphthong is more sonorous than the glide. Its pronunciation may lead to phonological disintegration of /иэ/ into /u/ and /э/: in­fluence /'пШи-эпз/. In this case the morphological division takes place within the diphthong /иэ/.

Hl

The greater sonority of the glide may also lead to the substi­tution of /w/ for /u/: influence /imfluvrans/.

In an accented syllable /иэ/ may turn into /o:/, e. g. sure, poor_r your, you're and other high frequency words.

The phoneme /иэ/ may turn into /u/ before dark [I]: usual
/ljugual/ — у /IJU3U1/..

The use of /o:/ in such words as tourist, moor, sure, furious, is becoming more and more frequent.

Questions

1. What is the difference between closing and centring diphthongs? 2. What can you say about distributional, contextual and idiolecta! peculiarities of the diphthongs /ei, ai, 01, та, еэ, из, аи, эй/?

Exercises

1. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution­
al characteristics of the /ei/ phoneme. State how I til is influenced by the
consonants which (a) precede and (b) follow it.

(a) way, may, veil, they, lay, nay, rate, jail, Yale, gay, hate:

(b) Ьабе, shave, bathe, pace, maize, pain, age, plague

2. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution­
al characteristics of the /ai/ phoneme. Define the consonants which^<a}>

[precede and (b) follow it.

(a) why, my, vile, thy, lie, night, ride, jibe, kind, high;

(b) imbibe, time, five, lithe, mice, rise, nine, oblige, Mike

3. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribu­
tional characteristics of the /аи/ phoneme. Define the consonants which
(a) precede and (b) follow it.

(a) wow, mouse, vow, thou, loud, now, round, chow, gown, how;

(b) mouth (v), crowd, mouse, owl, down, gouge

4. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate ihe distribution­
al characteristics of the /oi/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a)
precede and (b) follow it.

(a) moist, voyage, soil, loiter, roister, joy, yoick, goiter, hoist;

(b) coif, choice, oil, join, voyage, hoik

5. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution­
al characteristics of the /эй/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a)
precede and (b) follow it,

(a) woe, mow, vote, though, so, zone, low, no, rope, joke, yolk,
go, hoe, known;

(b) home, rove, loathe, rode, close, pole, own, doge, rogue.

6. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution­
al characteristics of the Ы phoneme. Define the consonants which (a)
precede and (b) follow it.

Hi

(a) weir, mere, veer, theatre, sear, zero, lear, near, rear, cheer,
jeer, year, gear, hear;

(b) licentiate, beard, fierce, hear, ideals, antipodean

7. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution­
al characteristics of the /еэ/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a)
precede and (b) follow it

(a) ware, mare, variance, there, Zara, lair, Nares, rare, chair,
Yare, garish, hare;

(b) Shairp, theirs, Pitcairn

8. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution*
at characteristics of the /иэ/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a)
precede and (b) follow it.

(a) wooer, moot, zoological, luer, rural, chewer, jurist, your, gourd;

'b) gourd, arduous, Boers, annual, bourn

Control Tasks

*1. Sort out these words according to the distributional characteristics of the phonemes /ei, эй, ai, аи, oi,», вэ, иэ/ in relation to the (A) preceding or (B) following consonants. Follow the order of consonant classification: (1) Labial a) bilabial, b) lablo-dental. (2) Lingual, forelingual a) apical, (inter)dental, b) apical alveolar, c) apical palato-alveolar, d) cacuminal post-alveolar. (3) Lingual medio-Iingual. (4) Lingual backlingual. (5) Pharyngal (glottal),

/ei/

stay, pay, game, again, make, lake, lay, pain, case, day, weigh, rain, famous, ray, able, way, ache, late, lain, David, age, waste, pale, sane, taken, Wales, shape, face, gave, paint

/аи/

go, over, hope, boating, hotel, show, hold, only, follow, road, shoulder, poker, foe, gold, don't, old, cold, both, motor, total, bureau, social, though, low, poet, yolk, motive, so, nose, cosy, jokes, noticed

/ai/

why, high, kind, wife, wild, mild, lie, die, nine, while, silence, profile, right, eye, side, like, kindly, isles, eyes, idea, rise, climb, quite, my, bright, Michael, kite

/аи/

how, thousand, south, now, down, round, pound, mouth, drown, out, couch, found, loud, sound

Ы

join, enjoy, boy, point, coin, destroy, soil, employ, noise, joint

/в/

dear, near, year, idea, Crimea, here, severe, museum, accordeon, fear, clear, ears, cheer, theatre, real, realize, appear, period, tear, weary

/sa/

there, parents, anywhere, care, stare, bare', area, various, despair, square, stairs, carefully, pair, Mary, dare, farewell

/из/ ' sure, poor, tour, during, usual, moor, Europe

*2. Transcribe these words. Use them as examples to explain the rules for read­ing the letters in bold type which represent the diphthongs /ei, эй, ai, аи, э], за, еэ, us/.

south, sincerely, strangely, facilitated, noticeable, winding, poor, following, realize, motor, heighten, potatoes, over night, theatre, ju­rist, Mary, Michael Angelo, Jane Eyre, enjoyment, typhoid, Europe, dour

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