Reactors 827

– atmospheric downflow 624–625

– atmospheric peroxide bleaching system

– atmospheric upflow 623–624

– medium consistency 623–627

– pressurized 625–627

– pressurized peroxide bleaching system

rechipper 86–87

reclaimer, chip storage 102–103

recovered paper 1147–1210

– annual flow in comparison to virgin paper

– basic statistics 1165–1176

– collection 1165, 1170, 1177–1182

– cycle, Europe 1184

– demand, Germany 1160

– different rates 1173

– future development 1175–1176

– global trade, expected 1172

– grades 1157–1164, 1203–1210

– handling 1187–1190

– industrial volume 1153

– Japan 1161, 1163

– naming criteria 1158

– nonpaper components 1204

– outthrow materials 1162

– prohibitive materials 1162

– recycling rate 1165, 1173–1175

– sorted 1189

– sorting, handling, and storage 1187–1190

– sources 1183–1186

– unusable materials 1204

– usage 1151

Recovered paper utilization

– CEPI countries 1161

– global development 1148

– rate 1165, 1167–1168

– rate for different paper grades 1169

recovery 967–997

Recovery boiler see kraft recovery boiler

Recovery furnace, black liquor 968

recovery rate 1170–1173

Recovery systems, sulfite compounds

994–995

recycled fibers 1147–1210

– relevance as paper raw material

1153–1156

recycled fibers use, legislation 1191–1210

Recycling, waste strategy 1192

recycling rate, recovered paper 1173–1175

Red hickory, average moisture content 125

Red maple, chemical composition of wood 23

Redox cycle, laccase mediator-system 887

Redox mechanisms, lignin 319

Redox potential

– dioxygen 643

– in kraft pulp with polysulfide

Pretreatment 310

Reducing end-groups

– chains scissions 1058

– peeling reactions 660–662

Index

– stabilization 657–660

Reduction, degree of see DR

Reduction efficiency 982

Reduction energetics, oxygen 643

Reduction products, dioxygen 644

Reductive bleaching 1134

Refiner mechanical pulp 1098

– definition 1072

Refiner plates 1108

– designs 1109

refiner process 1098–1112

Refiner types, characteristics 1108

Reflectance, sheets 1280

Reflectance spectra, hardwood sulfite pulp

Refractive index, acid sulfite cooking liquor

Analysis 433

Refractory kappa number 672

Regenerated cellulose fibers, production by

Viscose process 7

Regenerated fibers 1047

– global production 11

Regeneration

– black liquor 112

– cellulose II 27

reject handling, pulp processing 1113–1122

Reject rate, screening operating parameters

reject ratio, volumetric 568–569, 576

Reject refining stage 1121

Reject thickening, in relation to volumetric

reject ratio 568–569, 576

– screening theory 566–570

reject treatment 1121–1122

Relative hydrolysis rates, methyl-b-pyranosides

And 328

Relative oxygen susceptibility, lignin model

Compounds 640

Reliability, quality control 1215

removal efficiency, fibers 590–591

Repeatability, quality control 1215

Reprecipitation, xylan 1011

Reproducibility, quality control 1215

Residual chromophores 1030

residual lignin 174, 704, 856–859, 1033

– composition after cooking and bleaching

634–640

– contents 722

– functional group content 635

– linkage frequencies 638

– modification with peracetic acid 880

– phenolic hydroxyl content 263

– b-O-4-structures content 263

Дата добавления: 2015-10-21