Hippocrates

Hippocrates was a Greek physician born in 460 ВС on the island of Cost, Greece. He became known as the founder of medicine and was regarded as the greatest physician of his time. He based his medical practice on observations and on the study of the human body. He held the belief that disease had а physical and a rational explanation. He rejected the views of his time that considered illness to be caused by superstitions and by possession of evil spirits and disfavor of the gods.

Hippocrates was able to draw some accurate conclusions from his observations. He concluded correctly, that the right side of the body is controlled by the left side of the brain, and the left side of the body by the brain’s right side. He presented clear descriptions of melancholia, mania, postpartum depression, phobias, paranoia, and hysteria.

Hippocrates held the belief that the body must be treated as а whole and not just a series of parts. Не accurately described disease symptoms and was the first physician to accurately describe the symptoms of pneumonia, as well as epilepsy in children. He believed in the natural healing process of rest, a good diet, fresh air and cleanliness. He noted that there were individual differences in the severity of disease symptoms and that some individuals were better able to cope with their disease and illness than others. He was also the first physician that held the belief that thoughts, ideas and feelings come from the brain and not the heart as others of him time believed. Hippocrates traveled throughout Greece practicing his medicine.

Нippocrates founded medical school on the island of Cost, Greece and began teaching his ideas. In the 5th century BC Hippocrates developed an Oath of Medical Ethics for physicians to follow. Since that time it is called Hippocratic Oath. “ I shall enter any house for the good of the patient, I shall not do my patient any harm” – these are the words from the Hippocrates Oath. This Oath is taken by physicians today as they begin their medical practice. The oath has been modified numerous times. When the Oath was rewritten in 1964, that version has been widely accepted and is still in use today by many medical schools.

Hippocrates died in 377 ВС. Тоday Hippocrates is known as the "Father of Medicine". He might also be regarded as an ancient “father of psychology”. He described natural causes of psychological conditions, recommended holistic treatments, presented the first clear descriptions of many behavioral problems, and formulated long-lasting theories of temperament and motivation.

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1. Who was Hippocrates?

2. When and where was Hippocrates born?

3. Why is he regarded as the founder of medicine?

4. What did Hippocrates base his medical practice on?

5. Symptoms of what diseases were described by Hippocrates?

6. What was his contribution to psychology?

7. What is Hippocrates famous for?

8. What is said in Hippocrates Oath?

9. What Oath did Hippocrates develop?

10. What were Hippocrates innovations?

Exercise 7. Match the following Ukrainian words and word combinations with the English ones:

1. observations and study	a) різниця у тяжкості симптомів хвороби
2. a rational explanation	b) післяпологова депресія
3. to reject the views	c) спостереження та вивчення
4. to draw a conclusion	d) раціональне пояснення
5. differences in the severity of disease symptoms	e) пояснення проблем поведінки
6. natural causes of psychological conditions	f) прийти до висновку
7. description of behavioral problems	g) впоратися з хворобою
8. to take an Oath	h) природні причини психологічних станів
9. postpartum depression	i) заперечувати точку зору
10. to cope with their disease	j) давати клятву

Exercise 8. Complete the following sentences according to the text:

1. Hippocrates was a Greek physician born in....

2. Не was regarded as the... of his time.

3. Hippocrates held the belief that the body must be... and not just à series of parts.

4. Не was the first physician to accurately describe....

5.... in the severity of disease symptoms.

6. Hippocrates traveled throughout Greece....

7. Не soon developed... to follow.

8. Today Hippocrates is known as....

Exercise 9. Match the following terms with their definition:

1. melancholia 2. phobias 3. psychology 4. paranoia 5. pneumonia 6. epilepsy 7. temperament

a) the way you tend to behave or the types of emotions you tend to exhibit; b) an inflammatory condition of the lung, mainly alveoli; c) a group of neurological disorders characterized by seizures; d) a mental condition characterized by extreme depression; e) a mental disorder with delusions or extreme irrational fear or distrust of others; f) a persistent and abnormal fear of a specific thing or situation; g) a scientific study of mental functions and behaviors.

Exercise 10. Translate into English:

Впоратися з хворобою, подорожувати світом, тяжкість симптомів хвороби, медична практика, базуватися на дослідженнях, бути у немилості, раціональне пояснення, давати клятву, заснувати медичну школу, найвидатніший вчений, заперечувати точку зору, точно описати симптоми хвороби, процес загоєння, епілепсія у дітей, післяпологова депресія, довготривала теорія.

Exercise 11. Translate the words given in italics into English. Translate the whole sentences into your native language:

1. The students точно описали симптоми хвороби.

2. Різниця у тяжкості симптомів хвороби depends upon the health and heredity of the patient.

3. The doctors прийшли до висновку that the patient should undergo surgery.

4. Процес загоєння of the wound was delayed by infection.

5. Pirogov заснував медичну школу for nurses to take care about the wounded.

6. Hippocrates gave пояснення проблем поведінки in different people.

7. Спостереження та вивчення of the human body gave Hippocrates opportunity to define different diseases.

8. Hippocrates заперечував точку зору that diseases were caused by the disfavor of the gods.

Exercise 12. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary:

1. Hippocrates was a Greek physician born 460 ВС... the island... Соst, Greece.

2. He is known... an ancient “father of psychology”.

3. He based his medical practice... observations and the study... the human body.

4. Не believed... the natural healing process... rest, a good diet, fresh air and cleanliness.

5. Не noted that some individuals were better able to соре... their disease and illness than others.

6. Не founded а mediсаl school... the island of Cost, Greece.

7. This Oath is taken... physicians today as they begin their medical practice.

8. He described natural causes... psychological conditions.

Exercise 13. Choose the one correct title that fits the description:

Model: He treats children's diseases.

a. He is an orthopaedist. b. He is a pediatrician. c. He is a pathologist.

1. He corrects deformities of the body.

a. He is a gynaecologist. b. He is an orthopaedist. c. He is a pathologist.

2. He is a medical doctor who specializes in diseases of the eye.

a. He is an oculist. b. He is an optician. c. He is an orthopaedist.

3. He specializes in disorders of the mind.

a. He is an intern. b. He is a psychiatrist. c. He is a physiotherapist.

4. His specialty is taking and interpreting X rays.

a. He is a gynaecologist. b. He is a neurologist. c. He is a radiologist.

5. He specializes in diseases of the nervous system.

a. He is a cardiologist. b. He is a dermatologist. c. He is a neurologist.

6. He treats diseases of old age.

a. He is a cardiologist. b. He is a geriatrician. c. He is a pediatrician.

7. He specializes in skin diseases.

a. He is a dermatologist. b. He is a geriatrician. c. He is a pathologist.

8. He brings children into the world.

a. He is a gynaecologist. b. He is an obstetrician. c. He is a pediatrician.

Exercise 14. Translate the sentences paying attention to Gerund:

Model: Reading of scientific journals is useful. – Читання наукових журналів дуже корисно.

I like being read. – Я люблю, коли мені читають.

1. Writing case history took the intern much time.

2. They insisted on calling a doctor.

3. He looks like being seriously ill.

4. The students understood the text without translating it.

5. Becoming a doctor is a dream for millions of students around the world.

6. He began treating patients by the use of antibiotics.

7. The surgeon started performing the operation.

8. The doctor insisted on operating this patient immediately.

Exercise 15. Complete the sentences with the Gerund form of the verbs in parentheses:

1. She is good at (give) injections.

2. He is crazy about (study) Histology.

3. The students continued (to ask) the professor many questions about Hippocrates.

4. They are afraid of (make) dissections.

5. You should give up (smoke).

6. Sam dreams of (be) a neurosurgeon.

7. He is interested in (perform) operations.

8. Doctors generally advise (to do) physical exercises.

Exercise 16. Put questions to underlined words:

1. Hippocrates was born in 460 ВС on the island of Cost, Greece.

2. He became known as the founder of medicine.

3. Observations were the basis of his medical practice.

4. He held the belief that illness had а physical and a rational explanation.

5. Hippocrates was able to draw some accurate conclusions from his observations.

6. The right side of the body is controlled by the left side of the brain.

7. He presented clear descriptions of melancholia, mania, postpartum depression, phobias, paranoia, and hysteria.

8. Hippocrates is regarded as an ancient “father of psychology”.

Exercise 17. Open the brackets (active or passive is possible) and translate the sentences into your native language.:

1. The patient (not to take) this medication now.

2. The diagnosis (to confirm) by the results of analyses.

3. After the drug, taken an hour ago, the patient (to feel) much better.

4. The drug (to store) in a place protected from light.

5. The human organism (to fight) against the microorganisms.

6. The professor (to deliver) an interesting lecture in Biology in 2 days.

7. A formal and serious promise to tell the truth or to do something (to call) the oath.

8. The Institute of Eye diseases (to found) in Odesa by Filatov.

Exercise 18. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Гіппократа вважають першим лікарем, який відкинув забобони й віру, що хвороба є породженням божественної сили.

2. Клятву Гіппократа було написано у 5 сторіччі.

3. Текст клятви було багато разів змінено та переписано.

4. Гіппократ поділяв причини хвороб на загальні (вплив пори року, клімату, води, і так далі) і індивідуальні (вік, стать, темперамент, звички, недостатність або відсутність фізичних вправ і так далі).

5. Він вважав, що надмірне вживання алкоголю є важливим фактором слабкості і захворювань.

6. Гіппократ розробив етологію хвороб, що не було пов’язано з карою богів.

7. Я увійду у кожен будинок на благо пацієнта.

8. Я не спричиню пацієнту ніякої шкоди.

Exercise 19. Speak about Hippocrates answering the following questions:

1. What is an oath?

2. Who is the author if the Oath of Medical Ethics?

3. When was this Oath written?

4. What is said in this Oath?

5. When do the students take this Oath?

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть словосполучення: різниця у тяжкості симптомів хвороби прийти до висновку раціональне пояснення заснувати медичну школу процес загоєння описати симптоми хвороби давати клятву заперечувати точку зору пояснення проблем поведінки спостереження та вивчення   II. Дайте відповідь на питання: What were Hippocrates innovations? Why is Hippocrates regarded as the founder of medicine? What was Hippocrates contribution to psychology? What is said in Hippocrates Oath? Symptoms of what diseases were described by Hippocrates?   III. Розкрийте поняття:клятва Гіппократа

Health Care in Ukraine

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

acute, adj	[əˈkjuːt]	гострий
curative, adj	[ˈkjʊərətɪv]	лікувальний, цілющий
detection, n	[dɪˈtɛkʃ(ə)n]	розкриття, виявлення
environment, n	[ɪnˈvʌɪrənm(ə)nt]	середовище, оточення
inherited, adj	[ɪnˈhɛrɪtɪd]	успадкований
invasive, adj	[ɪnˈveɪsɪv]	агресивний
majority, n	[məˈdʒɒrɪti]	більшість
network, n	[ˈnɛtwəːk]	мережа
preventive, n	[prɪˈvɛntɪv]	профілактичний
prophylaxis, n	[ˌprɒfɪˈlæksɪs]	профілактика
purpose, n	[ˈpəːpəs]	мета, намір; задум
unfavourable, adj	[ʌnˈfeɪv(ə)rəb(ə)l]	несприятливий

Exercise 2. Read the following word-combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:

Acute: acute alcoholism, acute mixture, acute myocardial infarction, acute stage of disease.

Environment: internal environment, physical environment, biological environment, healthy environment.

Considerable: considerable attention, considerable danger, considerable discomfort, considerable weight.

Purpose: all-purpose, general purpose, dual purpose, purpose-built.

Exercise 3. Translate the word combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:

Invasive investigations; to be able to work; deep changes; to touch upon; preventive and curative; a wide network; distinctive feature; to pay attention; health care; insurance medicine; rural (hospital); emergency service, maternity home; to manage illness.

Exercise 4. Form adjectives from the verbs using the suffix -able (-ible). Translate them:

E.g.: understand – understand able (розуміти – зрозумілий).

Separate, break, change, read, recognize, work, count, teach, comfort, cure, move, observe, prevent, use, treat, consider, response, notice, depend, control.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

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