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1. The most common tort is negligence, which is the failure to act with reasonable care, thus causing a foreseeable injury to another.

2. In a tort caused by negligence, the negligent act (or failure to act) must be the proximate cause of the injury. That is, the injury must follow as a natural and reasonably foreseeable effect of the act (or fail­ure to act).

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1. A burglar alarm has been installed in the apartment …………………………

2. If he starts speaking the secret will be revealed …………………………………

3. He was caught red handed ………………………………………………………

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Later that evening, the car (to see) in the High Street by Mr. Simpson's wife, Laura. It was outside the Red Lion Hotel.

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Пассивный залог

However, much of common law has become statute law, that is to say, it has been put down in writing by Acts of Parliament. Murder still belongs to common law, while at­tempts to murder have become statute law.

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History of the law

The scientists managed to read Hammurabi's Code. It dealt with many of the same subjects as our legal system today. It included real and personal property law (the rights of slave owners and slaves, inheritance and property contracts), family law (divorce and marriage), criminal law (crimes and punishment of crimes), and business law (settlement of debts and even regulations about taxes and the prices of goods).

The Code gave very harsh punishments for almost all crimes. Not only murderers but also thieves and those guilty of false accusation faced the death penalty. The punishment was based on the principle of revenge: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. The criminals had to receive the same injuries and damages they had inflicted upon their victims.

Nevertheless, the penalty according to Hammurabi's laws could not be harder than the crime. The code banned the tradition of kidnapping women as brides. The laws of Hammurabi's Code took into account the circumstances of the offender as well as the offence itself. For example, if a citizen of a lower rank lost in a civil case he had to pay fewer penalties than an aristocrat, though if he won he also was awarded less.

The laws set forth in Hammurabi's Code were written by the King - a divinely inspired authority. Only the King could change such laws. This absolutism of power in the monarch was typical of legal systems until the time of the Greeks around 300 B.C.

Задания для контрольной работы

Вариант III

1.Установите соответствия:

i. deposit of money to guarantee appearance at one's tri­al

j. order requiring a defendant to appear in court

k. court proceeding where the defendant pleads guilty or not guilty to the formal charge of a crime

l. state as the party bringing a legal action against' a person accused of a crime

m. accusation by a grand jury declaring there is reason _ to try a person for a crime

1. court

2. trial court

3. appellate court

4. transcript

5. criminal action

6. bail

7. recognizance

8. citation

9. indictment

10. grand jury

11. defendant

12. prosecution

13. arraignment

Дата добавления: 2015-09-05