Framework a'ttend su,peri'ority

'penal in'sight im'prisonment

'punishment a'pproach legi'slation

'precedent pro'vision intro'duction

B) Complete the word building table.

Noun Verb	Verb / Noun Adjective
introduction	introduction
legislation	legislation
imprisonment	application
application	provision
provision	punishment
punishment	approach
relationship	superiority
to attend	precedent

C) Look through the following words to make sure that you know them, learn those you don’t.

introduction [ ] introduction to a book	передмова; вступ, вступне слово; вступний курс; передмова до книги
overview[ ]	загальне уявлення (про який-небудь предмет); загальне враження
source [ ]   source of law / legal source	1. джерело, основа; початок, (першо)причина; джерело інформації; 2. письмове джерело, документ; джерело права
relationship [ ]	відношення, взаємовідношення; зв’язок, взаємозв’язок
to attend [ ] to attend a lecture to attend school to attend a meeting   to attend to one’s own business	1. відвідувати, бути присутнім відвідувати лекцію; відвідувати школу; бути присутнім на зборах; 2. (to) приділяти увагу, бути уважним приділяти увагу своїм власним справам; 3. (to) піклуватися (про що-небудь); пильнувати, наглядати (за чим-небудь); (часто on, upon) доглядати, піклуватися (про хворого)
framework[ ] framework of society within the framework ofsmth	1. загальна схема (якої-небудь діяльності); 2. структура, будова; композиція; 3. рамки, межі; основа суспільний лад; у рамках, межах чогось
insight[in´sait]   And it was that last phrase that gave MPs a clear insight into the prime minister's current frame of mind.	розуміння; проникнення в суть, інтуїція; проникливість, ознайомлення; Та саме ця остання фраза допомогла членам парламенту ясно зрозуміти нинішній настрій прем’єр-міністру.
to deal [di:l] with (dealt, dealt [delt]) e.g. There are many difficulties to be dealt with when starting a new business. Head Office deals with all complaints.	мати справу з, розглядати; Коли починаєш нову справу, доводиться стикатися з багатьма труднощами.   Головна контора розглядає всі скарги.
application[æpli´kei∫(ə)n] new applications forold remedies   to file / make / submit an application application form	1. застосування, використання; нове застосування старих засобів; 2. заява, прохання подати заяву бланк заяви
approach[ə´prəut∫] (to) scholarly / scientific approach to take a judicious approach to a problem	підхід, ставлення до справи науковий підхід, розумно підійти до вирішення проблеми
superiority[ ]	1. старшинство; перевага; 2. переважне право; 3. верховенство
penal[´pi:n(ə)l] to make penal penal law	кримінальний, карний, штрафний, каральний, оголосити кримінально карним кримінальне право; пенітенціарне право
case law	прецедентне право
breach[bri:t∫] breach of contract breach of covenant [ ]	порушення порушення контракту; порушення угоди
punishment [ ] capital punishment cruel / harsh / severe punishment light / mild punishment corporal punishment to administer punishment to smb to escape punishment to impose, inflict punishment on	покарання, кара; смертна кара, найвища міра покарання; суворе покарання; м’яке покарання; тілесне покарання; застосовувати покарання; уникнути покарання; накладати покарання
e.g. to fine / fine heavy, stiff fine fine for illegal parking The motorist was fined for dangerous driving.	штрафувати; штраф; великий штраф; штраф за паркування в забороненому місці; Автомобіліста покарали за небезпечне керування автомобілем.
imprisonment[ ] imprisonment for life = life imprisonment	тюремне ув’язнення; позбавлення волі довічне ув’язнення
bound [ ]	зобов’язаний, змушений; неодмінний, обов’язковий
precedent [ ] without precedent there’s no precedent for this to set / create / establish a precedent to invoke a precedent	(судовий) прецедент; безпрецедентний, що немає прецеденту; це безпрецедентний випадок; створити прецедент; посилатися на прецедент
provision[ ] treaty provision	положення, умова (договору, закону); постанова постанови договору; умови або пункти договору
ruling [ ]	постанова, рішення (суду, голови зборів)
legislation [ ]     to adopt / enact / pass legislation to veto legislation	1. законодавство, законодавча діяльність; 2. закони; 3. законодавча ініціатива; 4. законопроекти, які знаходяться на розгляді законодавчого органу; прийняти закон; накладати вето на законопроект
to codify [ ]	кодифікувати; систематизувати; класифікувати

1. Read the excerpts below from the course catalogue of a British university’s summer-school programme in law and answer these questions.

1. Who is each course intended for?

2. Which course deals with common law?

3. Which course studies the history of European law?

A LAW 121: Introduction to English law This course provides a general overview of English law and the common-law system. The course will look at the sources of law and the law-making process, as well as at the justice system in England. Students will be introduced to selected areas of English law, such as criminal law, contract law and the law of torts. The relationship between the English common law and EU law will also be covered. The course is designed for those international students who will be studying at English universities later in the academic year. Other students with an interest in the subject are also welcome to attend, as the contact points between English law and civil law are numerous. The seminars and all course materials are in English.

B LAW 221: Introduction to civil law More individuals in the world solve their legal problems in the framework of what is called the civil-law system than in the Anglo-Saxon case-law system. This course will introduce students to the legal systems of Western Europe that have most influenced the civil-law legal systems in the world. It aims to give students an insight into a system based on the superiority of written law. The course will cover application and development of Roman law in Europe to the making of national codes all over the world. The course is intended to prepare students who are going to study in a European university for the different approaches to law that they are likely to face in their year abroad.

2. Match these bodies of law (1-3) with their definitions (a-c).

1 civil law	a.area of the law which deals with crimes and their punishments, including fines and/or imprisonment (also penal law)
2 common law	b.1) legal system developed from Roman codified law, established by a state for its regulation; 2) area of the law concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies
3 criminal law	c.legal system which is the foundation of the legal systems of most of the English-speaking countries of the world, based on customs, usage and court decisions (also case law. judge-made law)

3. Match the words with their definitions.

1. legislation	a. a judicial decision that serves as an authority for deciding a later case
2. provision	b. the quality of being higher
3. ruling	c. the act or process of making laws; enactment; the laws so made
4. precedent	d. a decision of someone in authority, such as a judge
5. application	f. ideas or actions intended to deal with a problem or situation
6. superiority	g. a demand, condition, or stipulation formally incorporated in a document;
7. approach	h. using smth for a particular purpose; a verbal or written request for assistance or employment or admission

4. Fill in the appropriate preposition or adverb where necessary.

1. His introduction ____ International Legal English could have been easier. 2. The preface [΄prεfɪs] ____ the book is a historical overview ____ the welfare state. 3. We’ll attend ____ that problem later. 4. He will attend ____ school till he is sixteen. 5. They work ____ the framework ____ federal regulations. 6. The talk gave us some insight ____ the work they were doing. 7. The committee will deal ____ this complaint. 8. He advocated the application ____ statistics ____ the problem. 9. She submitted the application ____ leave. 10. His approach ____ every problem is to draw ____ a list ____ pros and cons. 11. I was fined ____ parking ____ the wrong side ____ the street. 12. If convicted he faces a fine ____ one million dollars. 13. She was sentenced ____ imprisonment ____ life. 14. The trial could set an important precedent ____ similar cases. 15. In the contract, there is a provision ____ existing regulations to be reviewed. 16. All members are bound ____ an oath of secrecy.

5. Complete the text below contrasting civil law, common law and criminal law using the words in the box.

based on bound by codified custom disputes legislation non-criminal precedents provisions rulings

The term ‘civil law’ contrasts with both ‘common law’ and ‘criminal law’. In the first sense of the term, civil law refers to a body of law 1).........................written legal codes derived from fundamental normative principles. Legal 2).......................... are settled by reference to this code, which has been arrived at through 3)............................ Judges are 4)..........................the written law and its 5)........................... In contrast, common law was originally developed through 6).........................., at a time before laws were written down. Common law is based on 7).......................... created by judicial decisions, which means that past 8)..........................are taken into consideration when cases are decided. It should be noted that today common law is also 9).........................., i.e. in written form. In the second sense of the term, civil law is distinguished from criminal law, and refers to the body of law dealing with 10)..........................matters, such as breach of contract.

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