Partial parallelism

“It is the mob that labour in your fields and serve in your houses – that man your navy and recruit your army, - that have enabled you to defy all the world, and can also defy you when neglect and calamity have driven them to despair.” (Byron)

Complete parallelism (Balance)

“The seed ye sow – another reaps,

The robes ye weave – another wears,

The arms ye forge – another bears.” (P.B.Shelley)

Chiasmus is based on the repetition of a syntactical pattern, but it has a cross order of words and phrases. It is a combination of inversion and balance.

“ He rose and down sat she. ”

“ Down dropped the breeze,

The sails dropped down. ” (Coleridge)

Chiasmus may also be achieved by change from active into passive voice or vice versa.

“The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker and chief mourner. Scrooge signed it. (Ch.Dickens)

Repetition is based upon a repeated occurrence of one and the same word or word-group. Its main stylistic function is to point out certain parts of the utterance and to pay attention of the reader or listener to the key words of the utterance.

“I would not mind him if he wasn’t so conceited and didn’t bore me, bore me, and bore me. ” (E.Hemingway)

Repetition is classified according to compositional design.

Anaphora – repetition of the first word or word-group in several successive sentences, clauses or phrases.

“ I love your hills, and I love your dales. And I love your flocks a-bleating.” (J.Keats)

“ Supposing his head had been held under water for a while. Supposing the first blow had been truer. Supposing he had been shot. Supposing he had been strangled.

Supposing this way, that way. Supposing anything but getting unchained from the one idea for that was inexorably impossible.” (Ch.Dickens)

Epiphora –a repetition of the final word or word-group.

“He ate meat with them, drank wine with them; automobiled with them, and studied them. ”

“I wake up and I’m alone, and I walk round Warley and I’m alone, and I talk with people and I’m alone …” (J.Brain)

Framing (Ring repetition) – repetition of the same unit at the beginning and at the end of the same sentence or paragraph.

“ He ran away from the battle. He was an ordinary human being that didn’t want to kill or be killed, so he ran away from the battle. ” (E.Hemingway) Anadiplosis (Catch repetition, linking) – the last word or phrase of one part of an utterance is repeated at the beginning of the next part, thus hooking the two parts together.

“Three fishers went sailing out into the west,

Out into the west as sun went down.”

“…all was old and yellow with decay. And decay was the smell and being of that room.” (B.Davidson)

Chain repetition – the linking device is used several times in one utterance.

“ A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick’s face: the smile extended into a laugh: the laugh into a roar, and thy roar became general.” (Ch.Dickens)

“Failure meant poverty, poverty meant squalor, squalor led, in the final stages to the smells and stagnation of B.Inn Alley.” (D.du Maurier)

Synonym repetition – repetition of the same idea by using synonymous words and phrases which by adding a slightly different nuance of meaning intensify the impact of the utterance.

“lord and master”; “act and deed”; “pure and simple.”

“The treaty was pronounced null and void. ”

“To fulfill and execute alliances and treaty obligations.”

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