Colloquial newtral literary

ПРИМЕРЫ К ЛЕКЦИОННОМУ КУРСУ

Standard English

“ We have seen that standard English is basically an ideal, a mode of expression that we seek when we wish to communicate beyond our immediate community with members of the wider community of the nation as a whole. As an ideal, it cannot be perfectly realized, and we must expect that members of different ‘wider communities’ (Britain, America, Nigeria, for example) may produce different realizations. In fact, however, the remarkable thing is the very high degree of unanimity, the small amount of divergence. Any of us can read a newspaper printed in Leeds or San Francisco or Dehli without difficulty and often even without realizing that there are differences at all.”

Randolph Quirk “The Use of English”.

The development of the English literary language

William Caxton declares that he found himself in a dilemma “between the plain, rude and curious. But in my judgement, the common terms that be daily used been lighter to understand than the old and ancient English.”

…as the norm of literary English “…ye shall therefore take the usual speech of the court. And that of London and the shires lying about London within LX (sixty) miles and not much above.” Puttenham “The Art of English Poesie”.

Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary

COLLOQUIAL NEWTRAL LITERARY

k id child infant

daddy father parent

chap fellow associate

get out go away retire

go ahead continue proceed

Poetic and highly literary words:

“ Whilome in Albion ’s Isles there dwelt a youth,

Who ne in virtue’s ways did take delight,

But spent his days in riot most uncouth,

And vex’d with mirth the drowsy ear of Night.” (G.G.Harold’s Pilgrimage”)

whilome – некогда, когда-то

ne - не

uncouth - грубый, неотесанный

Archaic words:

Obsolent words (they are at the stage of gradually passing out of general use):

thou - thee, thy, thine;

-est – “thou makest”;

art, wilt – “thou wilt”;

palfrey - a small horse.

Obsolete words (they have already gone out of use but are still recognized by the English speaking community):

nay – “no”;

methinks - “It seems to me”.

Archaic proper (words that are no longer recognized in modern English):

troth – “faith”;

losel – “a worthless lazy fellow”.

Historical words (for historical events, institutions, customs, material objects, etc. which are no longer in use; they have no synonyms):

yeoman, goblet, mace.

Archaic words are used in the creation of a realistic background to historical novels. Other functions are to be found in other styles - within the style of official documents: aforesaid, hereby, therewith, hereinafternamed.

Barbarisms and foreign words:

Barbarisms are words which have already become facts of the English language, e.g. chic – ‘ stylish ’, bon mot – ‘a clever witty saying’.

Foreign words do not belong to the English vocabulary,

e.g. soviet, kolkhoz, perestroika.

Terminological borrowings: solo, tenor, concerto, blitzkrieg (‘the blitz’).

Terms: see ‘Seminars’.

Slang (including Cockney rhyming slang): see ‘Seminars’.

Professionalisms: tin fish – ‘submarine’, block-buster – ‘a bomb especially designed to destroy blocks of big buildings (another informal meaning – ‘something very effective or remarkable, especially a very successful film or book’)

Dialectal words: lass – ‘a girl or beloved girl’, lad – ‘a boy or a young man’, hinny – ‘honey’.

Vulgar words: ‘four-letter words’;

damn, bloody, to hell, etc.;

euphemistic spelling: d--- (damn!), b---- (bloody);

It is bee nuisance.

Дата добавления: 2015-07-26