Word definition (Arnold, Smirnitskiy). The difference between the word and a morpheme and a phoneme.

Different approaches to the problems of lexicology (paradigmatical and syntadigmatical approaches; synchronical and diachronical); the relationship of lexicology with other subjects (stylistics, grammar history of eng.language)

Different approaches to the problems of lexicology

· Syntagmatical – study in the context, for example in the sentence.

· Paradigmatical – study out of the context.

Ex. To build. S. – I build the house. P. – build-built-built.

Syntagmatical analysis is interested in modern words. It doesn’t pay any attention to changes happening to words. Paradigmatical may be described as a vertical analysis and it deals with changes of word in the course of time.
The -chron- part they share comes from Greek khronos, meaning "time" (or "pertaining to time")
The prefix syn- means "together", "with"; the prefix dia- means "through".

In linguistics, synchronic means "relating to the study of a language at only one point in its history". So, if for example you study modern French, or ancient Greek, or Medieval Latin, your linguistic study is " synchronic ", because you focus on a given language in a specific point in its history/evolution.
On the other hand, if you study the evolution of a language since its origins, your linguistic study is diachronic.

Connection of lexicology with other sciences

Word-building as a subbranch of lexicology is closely connected with grammar. They are both interested in the morphological structure of words.

Semasiology is closely connected with stylistics which studies expressive means of the language.

Both stylistic and semasiology have the same object of study. That is the meaning.

Etymology in its turn is closely connected with the history of the language. Besides, lexicology is connected with phonetics.

Student’s books ’ – possessive case s - plural

Girl – root morpheme

Lexicology is connected with text interpretation because it is mainly interested in the meaning of the word and in the context.

3) Homogeneous and heterogeneous character of the English vocabulary
Homogeneous – гомогенный (однородный)

Heterogeneous – гетерогенный (разнородный)

Approaching the English vocabulary sintagmatically at a given moment of speech, we may discover that it is systematic, in other words it is made up of homogeneous elements which possess certain properties which have much in common.

The vocabulary is a certain system of words and this system may be characterised as the sum total of words. But there were some scholars who claimed that the vocabulary of any language can’t be classified and described as systematic because of the great number of words in it.

They insisted on the fact that in this respect the vocabulary is different from grammatical system. If we approach the vocabulary paradigmatically, we can discover that it is made up of elements which come into the language from different sources. In this respect the vocabulary is heterogeneous because it is made up of elements having different sources and origin and different ways of development.

The English language belongs to the Germanic group of language and to the Indo-European family of the language. But in the course of historical development due to the Norman Conquest the English language became very close to the Roman languages because about 50% of words in the English vocabulary came from France. We know quite well that the English language took very many words from other languages and in this respect there is no contradiction when we describe this vocabulary as homogeneous on the one hand when we approach it sintagmetically and as heterogeneous on the other hand when we study the origin of the words.

Some scholars exaggerate the mixed up character of the English vocabulary. And on this account they consider that the English language is the most suitable for being the international language.

Word definition (Arnold, Smirnitskiy). The difference between the word and a morpheme and a phoneme.

The word can be defined as a phonological unit because it is made up of phonemes. Every word carries some kind of information so it is the most important informative element of our speech. If we say that the morpheme is a bilateral unit: meaning and form.

The main difference between the morphemes and words that morphemes are divisible and the word possess indivisibility.

All the definitions of the word differ from each other because different scholars concentrated their attention on different peculiarities of the word.

H. Sweet. He defines the word as the minimal sentence and concentrates his attention on the informative function of the word.

Bloomfield. He describes a word as a minimal form so he signals out the grammatical aspect of the word.

The French scholars tried to combine semantic and syntactic peculiarity of words besides they introduced the idea of the indivisibility. The word may be described as the smallest significant unit capable of functioning along and displaying different word forms.

Arnold (classical lexicology): He adds that the word possesses one more peculiarity and it is the positional mobility. He takes such a phrase as an example:

They slowly walked up the hill.

It’s quite possible inversion and change the word order:

Up the hill they slowly walked.

Conclusion:

The word possess: positional mobility. It’s possible to change the word order without destroying the meaning of the utterance. But the morpheme doesn’t possess any positional mobility. If it’s a prefix, it comes before the root if it is a suffix it follows the root.

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