Vocabulary list.

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THE SOCIAL PROFILE.

One may think the population of a Western industrialize country like Britain, is stable. But this assumption is wrong. In Britain, for instance, there has been plenty of change in the population and the demographic situation in recent years.

In principle, the population is unevenly distributed across the land. Since the 1980s the population has been drifting to the South, causing further changes in the population has been drifting to the South, causing further changes in the population density and the employment.

In terms of age and composition the population has been changing substantially, too.

The “baby boom” of the 1950s and a very high birth rate of the 1960s aggravated the unemployment of the early 1980s, since there were 30 per cent more young people leaving school than, say, a decade before. The 1970s-80s saw a sharp decline in the number of small children, that is why in the 1990s there were few school-leavers to fill the jobs left by retired people. The situation had an important implication. It caused a fuller employment of women and later retirement for the elderly people who wished to continue working. Now the level of unemployment is lower than in any major European Union country.

It should be stressed here that the British population is already one of the oldest in Europe, and it is slowly ageing.

Over the recent decades the nature of work has changed too. The number of people working in factories has declined dramatically. Now it’s less than one-fifth of the population. Britain is no longer the “ work-shop ” of the world. It has become instead a nation of a service industry. Three-quarters work in the service sector.

These changes have been accompanied by changes in the pattern of consumption and work. People tend to work shorter hours.

Shorter working hours have had a big impact on an enormous rise in the holiday industry. Then there has been a big increase in the purchase of consumer durables – televisions, microwaves, washing machines.

Social and economic developments in the second half of the 20^th century have resulted in dramatic changes in the British household structure felt nowadays.

Family planning and later marriages have led to a decline in family size.

With new social attitudes and behavior changes there is a tendency not to marry. The number of people living alone has risen significantly. Many women live alone preferring independence, which they fear they will lose by marriage.

The divorce rate in the UK is the highest in the European Union, the main reason for the climbing divorce rate being the wish of women to pursue a career. One inevitable consequence of the situation has been the rise of single-parent families.

Women now make up about 45 per cent of the workforce.

The important disadvantage is that men continue to control the position of power and wealth and are slow to share these with women.

Vocabulary list.

profile – картина, состояние

stable – стабильный

assumption – предположение

plenty – обилие

unevenly – неравномерно

distributed – распределять

drift – двигаться

population density – плотность населения

in terms of – с точки зрения

composition – состав, структура

substantially – существенно

birth rate – темпы рождаемости

aggravate – ухудшаться

decline – снижение, падение

implication – смысл, значение

nature of work – характер работы

dramatically – резко, сильно

work-shop – мастерская, цех

accompany – сопровождать

pattern of consumption – структура потребления

consumer durables – потребительские товары длительного пользования

fear – бояться

divorce rate – уровень разводов

climbing – поднимающийся, возрастающий

wish – желание

inevitable consequence – неизбежное следствие

single-parent families – семьи с одним родителем

make up – составлять

disadvantage – недостаток

Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. How has the population of Great Britain changed in recent years?

2. How did the 70s-80s compare with the 50s in terms of birth rate?

3. How did the decline in birth rate in the 70s affect labour market of the 90s?

4. How has the nature of work changes over the recent decades?

5. How has the pattern of consumption changed?

6. Why do women marry later or live alone these days?

7. What is the reason for a high divorce rate in the UK?

8. Are men ready to share with women top positions in business and public administration?

Grammar:

Types of questions.

В английском языке существуют 5 типов вопросов.

Общий вопрос	Задается ко всему предложению Для образования такого вопроса, необходимо вынести вспомогательный глагол на первое место перед подлежащим. Пример: They work very good. Do they work good?
Вопрос к подлежащему	Задается к подлежащему в предложении, всегда начинается с вопросительного слова WHO. Пример: They work very good. Who does work very good?
Специальный вопрос	Задается к второстепенным членам предложения. Всегда начинается с вопросительных слов WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, HOW MUCH, HOW MANY, HOW и т.д. Пример: They work very good. How do they work?
Альтернативный вопрос	Это разделительный вопрос, он всегда дает нам право выбора. Пример: They work very good. Do they work very good or very bad? Do they or we work very good?
Разделительный вопрос	Это вопрос с хвостиком «не так ли?» Чтобы образовать такой вопрос, необходимо переписать предложение поставить запятую, а затем образовать «хвостик». Т.к. «Хвостик» у нас вопросительный, он будет начинаться со вспомогательного глагола. Далее пойдет отрицательная частичка not, если ее не было в самом предложении. Затем должно стоять местоимение, заменяющее подлежащее. Если подлежащее было выражено в предложении местоимением, то его следует только переписать и поставить вопросительный знак. Пример: They work very good. They work very good, do not they?

Образуйте вопросы, к выделенной части предложения.

Пример: I saw Tom. I saw him (Tom) today.

Who did you see? When did you see Tom?

1. They went to New York.

2. It takes four hours to get there.

3. I didn’t think much of it.

4. He earns a hundred pounds a week.

5. He (Tom) was fined ten pounds.

6. It (my room) is twice as big as yours.

7. They left the country ten years ago.

8. They came by bus.

9. I’ve been here for two month.

10. They (the students) went to the museums yesterday.

11. It (the car) does fifty to the gallon.

12. He met her in a coffee bar.

13. They (the neighbours) complained about the smell.

14. He (the clerk) made him fill up a form.

15. The pigs ate them (the apples).

16. He got in by climbing over the wall.

17. John bought them (the tickets).

18. They (the roads) were very crowded.

19. I smoke forty (cigarettes) a day.

20. It (the hotel) was awful.

21. It (the market) is a stone’s throw from here.

22. I’ve had it (this cough) since the beginning of October.

23. He (Guy Fawkes) tried to blow up Parliament.

24. I’d like to speak to Mr. Jones please.

25. This is Tom’s.

26. He stopped it (the train) by pulling the communication cord.

27. I’ve been waiting for half an hour.

28. She (Mary) put it in the dustbin.

29. I threw it away because I was tired of it.

30. There are four (hotels in the town).

31. They left it (the lawnmower) outside.

32. I found her address by calling at every house in the village.

33. She (Ann) gave me duck and green peas for lunch.

34. It (the lake) is very deep indeed.

35. I borrower my brother’s car.

36. He buried it in the garden.

4.Образуйте вопросы, к выделенной части предложения.

1. He told me exactly that happened.

2. It (the bridge) is built of reinforced concrete.

3. We’re all going to watch the cricket match.

4. He broke it (his leg) in a skiing accident.

5. He (Tom) lost his job because he kept coming in late for work.

6. I bought the big one.

7. It (the new theatre) looks rather like a factory.

8. I’d like about a dozen.

9. It (the concert) began at eight p.m.

10. She went (to the dance) with George.

11. He bought one (a car) because the local railway station closed down.

12. He’s coming at the end of the week.

13. That one is longer.

14. Jack taught me (to play poker).

15. She’s broken another of your best plates.

16. I’m looking for a telephone box.

17. He’s borrowed your typewriter.

18. He’s ringing up the police.

19. She was asking him for a rise.

20. It (the word “boss”) means employer.

21. He escaped by climbing over the prison wall.

22. We were talking about Margaret.

23. They liked Ann’s idea best.

24. He complained to the manager.

25. It was about the size of an orange.

26. They (the students) intend to demonstrated against the new regulations.

27. I come from Scotland.

28. The best kind costs about twenty pounds.

29. He gave it away because he didn’t like the colour.

30. She (his sister) is very pretty.

31. It (this knife) is for opening oysters.

32. In the morning I have to get the breakfast, make the beds and take Mrs. White’s children to school.

33. I like the back one best.

34. He comes (to London) about once a month.

35. Your father told me (about it).

36. He’s quick- tempered and impulsive.

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