Statue of Liberty is dedicated(Oct. 28).

1898 Spanish-American War. Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Spanish-American War; Spain gives up control of Cuba, which becomes an independent republic.

1914-1918 World War I: U.S. enters World War I, declaring war on Germany (1917) and Austria-Hungary (1917) three years after conflict began in 1914. Armistice ending World War I is signed (Nov. 11, 1918).

Literature: American Realism; Local Colorism; Naturalism (1865-1915); Regionalism (1865-1915)

This literary movement took place during the Civil War; at a time when a war was taking place people were tired of Transcendentalism and Anti-Transcendentalism, for one thing they were both extremes of the same spectrum, one was nice and happy, and “frilly;” the other was dark and destructive. People wanted to see things how they were, so Realism came about.

Realism also came about as a reaction to Romanticism, in which there were heroic characters, and adventures, with strange and unfamiliar settings. In response Realism authors tried to write truthfully and objectively about ordinary characters in ordinary.

*Realism - a move away from the bias towards romance and selfcreating fictions; a great interest in the realities of life, everyday existence, what was brutal or sordid and class struggle; three dominant figures:

Mark Twain, and Henry James, Bret Harte

William Dean Howells said that, “Realism is nothing more, and nothing else, than the truthful treatment of material.”

*The Naturalism literary movement that took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, tended to view people as hapless victims of immutable natural laws. Naturalism is closely related to Realism only it usually views the world in a darker perspective. In Naturalism it is widely shown that free will is an illusion that things that happen in the universe, happen and could not happen any other way.

It’s a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity to human beings.

Also a defining characteristic of Naturalism is that its characters lives are shaped by forces they cannot control.

Stephen Crane, Jack London, Theodor Dreiser, Frank Norris

*Regionalism was a literary movement in which authors would write a story about specific geographical areas. By writing about regions the authors explore the culture of that area; including its languages, customs, beliefs, and history.

Writer in this time tried, not only, to show the region they wrote about to their readers, but they also made an attempt at a sophisticated sociological or anthropological treatment of the culture of the region.

*Local Colorism – the beginning of Realism; the presentation and interpretation of the local character, the truthful color of local life.

Willa Cather, William Faulkner, Kate Chopin

*Mark Twain – the true father of American literature by H. L. Mencken; pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens; rough humor and social satire; magic power with language, the use of vernacular and colloquial speech; representative works: Adventure of Huckleberry Finn, Life on the Mississippi, The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.

*Henry James – psychological approach to his subject matter; concerned more with the inner life of human beings than with overt human actions; the forerunner of the 20th century “stream-of-consciousness” novels and the founder of psychological realism; international theme or American innocence in face of European sophistication; representative works: The Portrait of a Lady, The Ambassador, The Wings of the Dove, The Golden Bowl; point of view

*Howells – focus on the rising middle class and the way they lived.

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