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Fig. 12. Joseph Monier

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Pre-questions:

Do you know the name of J. Monier? What is he famous for?

10.2. Words and Word combinations to be remembered:

1.gardener садовник
2.reinforced concrete железобетон
3.horticulturist садовод
4. to prove доказать
5. worth ценность, значение, значимость
6. duke герцог
7.to offer предлагать
8.mansion дворец, особняк
9. to be satisfied быть довольным
10. available доступный,имеющийся в распоряжении, наличный
11. flowerpot цветочный горшок
12. tub кадка, бочонок
13. stable твердый, прочный
14. enough достаточно
15. to strengthen усиливать, укреплять
16.embedded вставленный, врезанный, вкраплённый, вмурованный; встроенный
17. mesh петля, отверстие
18.to promote продвигать
19. extensively в значительной степени, сильно
20. toobtain получать
21.trough желоб
22. pipe труба
23. basin бассейн
24. the Castle of Chazelet собор Шазеле
25. railway sleeper железнодорожная шпала
26. to grant разрешать, давать согласие на что-л.; предоставить право
27. to cover предусматривать, разрешать
28. further дальнейший
29. addition дополнение
30.to contain содержать в себе, включать
31. to protect защищать
32. against против, от
33. rusting ржавление
34. to relate относиться, иметь отношение, затрагивать; быть связанным  
35. municipality город, имеющий самоуправление муниципалитет
36. to expand расширять, увеличивать
37.water supply водоснабжение
38. sewerage networks канализационные сети
39. diminishing need уменьшающаяся потребность
40.reservoir запас
41.tank цистерна, бак
42.to oblige обязывать, заставлять
43.urban городской
44. applicable применимый
45.housing жилье
46.to describe изображать, характеризовать
47. proof against непроницаемый, защищенный от воздействия чего-л.
48. earthquake землетрясение
49. humidity сырость, влажность
50.to fell падать
51. scaffolding строительные леса
52. to sever relationship with smb. разрывать отношения с кем-л.
53. family argument семейная ссора
54. to declare bankrupt объявить банкротом
55. overseas за морем, за границей
56. take out получать
57. significant значительный
58. fee денежный взнос, платеж
59. to maintain поддерживать, сохранять
60. to opt to предпочитать, выбирать
61. to sell his rights продать свои права

10.2. Read and translate the text:

Joseph Monier, born 1823 was a French gardener and one of the principal inventors of reinforced concrete. Joseph was one of ten children born to a family of horticulturists. All hands being needed in the fields, Joseph was not sent to school. By the age of 17 he had proved his worth as a gardener, and the duke offered him a post at his mansion in Paris. Joseph took the opportunity to attend evening classes and learned to read and write.

As a gardener, Monier was not satisfied with the materials available for making flowerpots. He began making cement pots and tubs, but these were not stable enough. In order to strengthen the cement containers, he experimented with embedded iron mesh. He was not the first to experiment with reinforced concrete, but he saw some of the possibilities in the technique, and promoted it extensively.

Monier exhibited his invention at the Paris Exposition of 1867. He obtained his first patent on July 16, 1867, on iron-reinforced troughs for horticulture. He continued to find new uses for the material, and obtained more patents - iron-reinforced cement pipes and basins, iron-reinforced cement panels for building façades, bridges made of iron-reinforced cement, reinforced concrete beams. In 1875 the first iron-reinforced cement bridge ever built was constructed at the Castle of Chazelet. Monier was the designer.

Another application in 1878 covered reinforced concrete railway sleepers. When granted, this became the basis for a series of further additions. It contained a clear statement that the cement protected the iron against rusting.

As municipalities expanded their water supply and sewerage networks, there was a growing need for pipes, but a diminishing need for reservoir tanks. Monier was obliged to go further from urban areas in search of clients. In 1886 he was granted Patent for a system applicable to housing. Monier described the house as proof against earthquakes, ice, humidity, heat, and fire and received a commission to build such a house in Nice, possibly as a result of a recent earthquake. Monier's second son Paul asked to work on this project. On 24 November 1887, Paul was killed when he fell from the scaffolding. As Monier's eldest son, Pierre, had severed his relationship with his father over a family argument, Joseph found himself with no sons of working age to help him in the business.

In June 1888, the firm of J Monier constructeur was declared bankrupt, and in April 1889 went into liquidation. However, in 1890 he formed a new firm.

Monier took out patents in many countries, throughout Europe and overseas. Some of these were registered in the name of the patent agent, in accordance with local law, the British patent of 1883 being in the name of John Imray. Typically, patents were valid for 15 years, but it was necessary to pay a significant yearly fee to maintain them. Monier opted to sell his rights outside France to local businessmen and engineers.

Reinforced concrete is one the most important inventions of the mankind.


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Читайте в этой же книге: Text 1. Alexander Bell (1847 - 1922) | Fig. 1. Alexander Bell | Fig.2. Karl Benz | Pre-reading task | Fig. 6. Triumphal Arch | Fig. 7. Raymond Damadian and his invention | Pre-reading task | Text 6. Henry Ford (1863-1947) | Fig.9. Bill Gates | Fig. 11. Ivan Kulibin |
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