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Primary treatment consists of resting the voice. When required to speak, the patient should use a moderate voice and not whisper. Hot tea with sugar and lemon may be helpful. Symptomatic care includes analgesics and throat lozenges for pain relief. Humidity (such as a hot steam shower, or breathing through a hot, moist towel) may also be beneficial. Occasionally, a vasoconstricting spray and analgesics are used by professionals when use of their voice is absolutely necessary. Severe, acute laryngitis may necessitate hospitalization. When laryngeal edema results in airway obstruction, tracheotomy may be necessary. In chronic laryngitis, effective treatment must eliminate the underlying cause. In reflux laryngitis, postural and dietary changes along with antacids and H 2 antagonists combine for effective treatment.
OCCUPATIONAL BRONCHITIS
Definition
Industrial bronchitis is swelling (inflammation) of the large airways of the lungs that occurs in some people who work around certain dusts, fumes, smoke, or other substances.
Overview, Causes, & Risk Factors
Exposure to dusts, fumes, strong acids, and other chemicals in the air causes this type of bronchitis. Smoking may also contribute.
· You may be at risk if you are exposed to dusts such as:
· Asbestos
· Coal
· Cotton
· Flax
· Silica
· Talc
Symptoms & Signs
Diagnosis & Tests
The health care provider will listen to the lungs using a stethoscope. Wheezing sounds may be heard.
Tests include:
Treatment
The purpose of treatment is to reduce the irritation.
Getting more air into the workplace or wearing masks to filter out the offending air particles may help. Some cases of industrial bronchitis go away without treatment. Other times, a person may need inhaled anti-inflammatory medications.
If you are at risk or have experienced this problem and you smoke, stop smoking.
Supportive measures include:
Prognosis (Expectations)
The outcome may be good as long as you can stop being exposed to the irritant. Chronic disability from industrial bronchitis is rare.
Complications
Continued exposure to irritating gases, fumes, or other substances could lead to permanent lung damage.
Contact and Occupational Dermatitis
An occupational dermatitis may be defined as a skin disease in which workplace exposure to a physical, chemical, or biological agent or a mechanical force has been the cause or played a major role in the development of the disease. Contact dermatitis is usually assumed to be a type IV cell mediated allergy.
Occupational skin disease is a disease wholly or partially due to a person's occupation. It means workers have to come into contact with at least one hazardous agent.
Health and safety regulations have reduced the risk of acquiring such conditions and if they occur and are disabling the employee may be liable to compensation as for industrial injury.
Epidemiology
The following is derived from the Health and Safety Executive website. 1
· In 2004/05 there were 29,000 self-reported, work-related episodes of skin disease.
· An estimated average of 3,200 new cases of work-related skin disease were diagnosed each year between 2003 and 2005 by occupational health physicians.
· Approximately 75% of these were contact dermatitis. 2
· The annual number of workers with occupational dermatitis assessed as having some degree of disablement under the Industrial Injuries Scheme continued to fall from just over 400 in the early 1990s to 165 in 2004/2005.
· The occupations at highest risk in were:
o Hairdressers and barbers
o Chemical and related process operatives
o Beauticians and related occupations
o Glass and ceramics process operatives
· The most common agents cited by dermatologists and occupational physicians as causes of skin disease were:
o Soaps and cleaners
o Rubber chemicals and materials
o Work in a wet environment
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