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Stomach cancer (also called gastric cancer) can (to develop) __________________ in any part of the stomach. Gastric cancer may (to spread) _________ throughout the stomach and to other organs. The cancer may (to grow) _____________ along the stomach wall into the esophagus or small intestine. It also may (to extend) ______________ through the stomach wall. It may (to spread) ____________ to nearby lymph nodes and to organs such as the liver, pancreas, and colon. Stomach cancer also may (to spread) ______________ to distant organs, such as the lungs, the lymph nodes above the collar bone, and the ovaries. Stomach cancer (to be) ________ more prevalent in China, Japan, Korea, and other countries in Asia and South America, than in the United States. Infection with H. pylori (to be) ______ the main risk factor in about 80% or more of gastric cancers.
Stomach cancer can (to be) ______ hard to find early. Often there (to be) ________ no symptoms in the early stages. Stomach cancer can (to cause) __________ the following:
To find the cause of symptoms, the doctor (to ask) ____________ about the patient's medical history, (to do) _________ a physical exam, and may (to order) __________ laboratory studies. The patient may also (to have) __________ one or all of the following exams:
A biopsy, with subsequent histological analysis, (to be) _______ the only sure way to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Because stomach cancer can (to spread) ________ to the liver, the pancreas, and other organs near the stomach as well as to the lungs, the doctor may (to order) _________ a CT scan, an ultrasound exam, or other tests to check these areas. Treatment (to depend) ____________ on the size, location, and extent of the tumor, the stage of the disease, the patient's general health and other factors. Treatment for stomach cancer may (to include) ___________ surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy. A patient may (to have) __________ one form of treatment or a combination of treatments. Surgery (to be) _______ the most common treatment for stomach cancer. The operation (to call) _______________ gastrectomy. The surgeon (to remove) _____________ part (subtotal or partial gastrectomy) or all (total gastrectomy) of the stomach, as well as some of the tissue around the stomach. Gastrectomy (to be) major surgery. For the first few days after surgery, the patient (to feed) ____________ intravenously (through a vein). Endoscopic resection (to be) _______ a treatment for early gastric cancer. It (to pioneer) ____________________________ in Japan. It (to be) _______ available in the United States at some centers. Some gastrectomy patients (to have) _____________ cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and dizziness shortly after eating because food and liquid (to enter) ____________ the small intestine too quickly. Chemotherapy (to be) _______ the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Most anticancer drugs (to give) _______________ by injection; some (to take) _______________ by mouth. The doctor may (to use) ___________ one drug or a combination of drugs. Chemotherapy (to give) _____________ in cycles. The side effects of chemotherapy (to include) _______________ more frequent infections. Patients may (to bruise or to bleed) ______________________ easily, and may (to have) ______________ less energy. Patients may (to have) ___________ side effects such as loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, or mouth sores.Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) (to be) _______ the use of high-energy rays to damage cancer cells and stop them from growing. Radiation therapy (to give) _______________ sometimes after surgery to destroy cancer cells that may (to remain) _________________ in the area.
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