Ex. 1.Find English equivalents to the words and word combinations given below.

General view on public administration in the USA

While the functional objectives of government administration vary from system to system, all countries that are technologically developed have evolved systems of public administration. A number of common features may be detected in such systems. The first is hierarchical, or pyramidal, character of the organization by which a single chief executive oversees o few subordinates, who in turn oversee their chief subordinates, who are in turn responsible for overseeing other subordinates, and so until a great structure of personnel is integrated and focused on the components of a particular program. A second common feature is the division of labor or specialization within the organization. Each individual in the hierarchy has specialized responsibilities and tasks. A third feature is the maintenance of detailed official records end the existence of precise paper procedures trough which the personnel of the system communicate with each other and with the public. Finally, tenure of office is also characteristic of all public bureaucracies.

The various national civil services, despite their similarities, also show importantdifferences, particularly in the way in which individuals are recruited and in the status accorded them in the political system. The British civil service, for example, has traditionally been composed of three classes, or grades- clerical, executive and administrative. Administrative civil servants the highest grade, are recruited by examination from among recent university graduates. The topmanagers of the different governmentministries are drawn from this elite group. They remaininoffice despite changes in government and are accorded immense prestige.

The U S civil service is organized into 18 grades. Although promotion from the lower grades is the typical means by which positions in the top grades are filled, there is also a flow of individuals into senior positions freedom private business and the professions. The U.S. equivalent of the administrative civil servant in Britain is usually a political appointee recruited by each new administration from private life or a position in politics

Vocabulary Notes:

functional objectives - цели деятельности

to evolve - развивать

common features - общие признаки

hierarchical - иерархический

chief executive - глава исполнительной власти

to oversee - надзирать, руководить

subordinate - подчиненный

to be responsible - быть ответственным

personnel - штат, кадры

maintenance - сохранение, утверждение

record - документ. отчет

tenure - срок пребывания в должности

to show differences - проявлять различия

to be composed of - состоять из

top managers - главные руководители

government ministries - правительственные

министры

to remain in office - оставаться в должности

promotion - продвижение по службе

a flow - приток

appointee - получивший назначение

Ex. 1.Find English equivalents to the words and word combinations given below.

Глава исполнительной власти, подчиненный, получивший назначение, продвижение по службе, оставаться в должности, цели деятельности, развивать, проявлять различия, штат, срок пребывания в должности быть ответственным за, сохранение, правительственные министерства, состоять из, руководить, общие признаки, главные руководители.

Дата добавления: 2015-10-29