Types of writers

КОНТРОЛЬНА РОБОТА № 5.

ВАРІАНТ 1.

I. Choose the correct answer.

1. Have you never/ever been to Lisbon?

2. Flight 201 for New York hasn't left yet/already.

3. John has been here for/since two weeks.

4. Have you so far/ever tasted Japanese food?

5. Melanie has ever/never been to a concert at the Royal Albert Hall.

II. Choose the correct item.

6. The train to Paris.........at 6.45 am.

A leaves B is leaving C leave

7. He..........TV when the phone rang.

A watches B has watched С was watching

8. Mary........ for four years before she became a lawyer.

A has studied B is studying C had been studying

9. Anna is from Paris but.........in London for two years.

A lives B is living C has lived

10. I…........... Julie yet.

A haven't seen B didn't see C don't see

III. Turn from direct into reported speech.

1. 'I can't find my bag,' she said.

2. 'They are working in the garden,' he said.

3. 'We got married six months ago,' she said to us.

4. 'I'll go shopping tomorrow,' he said.

5. 'I bought a new car last week,' he said.

6. 'We aren't doing anything next week,' they said.

7. 'I can't go out tonight,' she said to me.

8. 'I forgot to pay the bill,' he said.

9. 'We've brought you a present,' she said to me.

10. 'I'll phone you tomorrow,' she said to Peter.

IV. Write passive sentences.

1. The new hospital (open) next year.

2. These computers (make) in Korea.

3. The village church (bum down) last year.

4. Your car (repair) now.

5. Passengers (ask) not to speak to the driver.

6. Liverpool (beat) by Manchester 3-0 yesterday.

7. (you/ invite) to Andy's party?

8. Chinese (speak) inSingapore.

9. A Roman pavement (just/find) under Oxford Street.

10. I realized I (follow).

V. Translate the following text into Ukrainian.

Types of writers

Most writers and editors have at least a basic familiarity with technology, regularly using personal computers, desktop or electronic publishing systems, scanners, and other electronic communications equipment. Many writers prepare material directly for the Internet. For example, they may write for electronic newspapers or magazines, create short fiction or poetry, or produce technical documentation that is available only online. Also, they may write text for Web sites. These writers should be knowledgeable about graphic design, page layout, and multimedia software. In addition, they should be familiar with interactive technologies of the Web so that they can blend text, graphics, and sound together.

Writers – especially of nonfiction – are expected to establish their credibility with editors and readers through strong research and the use of appropriate sources and citations. Sustaining high ethical standards and meeting publication deadlines are essential.

Creative writers, poets, and lyricists, including novelists, playwrights, and screenwriters,create original works – such as prose, poems, plays, and song lyrics – for publication or performance. Some works may be commissioned by a sponsor; others may be written for hire (on the basis of the completion of a draft or an outline).

Nonfiction writers either propose a topic or are assigned one, often by an editor or publisher. They gather information about the topic through personal observation, library and Internet research, and interviews. Writers then select the material they want to use, organize it, and use the written word to express ideas and convey information. Writers also revise or rewrite sections, searching for the best organization or the right phrasing. Copy writers prepare advertising copy for use by publication or broadcast media or to promote the sale of goods and services. Newsletter writers produce information for distribution to association memberships, corporate employees, organizational clients, or the public.

Freelance writers sell their work to publishers, publication enterprises, manufacturing firms, public relations departments, or advertising agencies. Sometimes, they contract with publishers to write a book or an article. Others may be hired to complete specific assignments, such as writing about a new product or technique.

Bloggers write for the Internet. Most bloggers write personal reflections on a subject of close personal or professional interest. Some blogs take the form of a personal diary; others read like reports from the field – first-hand, subjective accounts of an event or an activity. Most blogs are written for recreational reasons with little expectation of earning a fee; however, some blogs promote a business or support a cause and may generate interest or income through other activities.

Technical writers put technical information into easily understandable language. They prepare operating and maintenance manuals, catalogs, parts lists, assembly instructions, sales promotion materials, and project proposals. Many technical writers work with engineers on technical subject matters to prepare written interpretations of engineering and design specifications and other information for a general readership. Technical writers also may serve as part of a team conducting usability studies to help improve the design of a product that still is in the prototype stage. They plan and edit technical materials and oversee the preparation of illustrations, photographs, diagrams, and charts.

Science and medical writers prepare a range of formal documents presenting detailed information on the physical or medical sciences. They convey research findings for scientific or medical professions and organize information for advertising or public relations needs. Many writers work with researchers on technical subjects to prepare written interpretations of data and other information for a general readership.

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