The capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

1. London is the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is an ancient city of more than twenty centuries old. It is the largest city in Britain and one of the largest of the world. London is not only the capital of the country; it is also a huge port.

2. The population of London is about 9 million.

3. London is situated on the river Thames. The Thames, which is known to Londoners simply as “the river”, flows through London, dividing it into north and south. There are 17 bridges over the Thames, but perhaps the best known of them are Waterloo, Tower and London bridges. All of them carry heavy traffic from one side of the river to the other.

4. The most important parts of London are the City, the West End and the East End.

5. The City is the oldest part of London. It covers only about a square mile and about ten thousand people live there. During the day it is full of people, but at the end of the day businessmen, clerks and secretaries go home and the City becomes silent and almost empty. Over a million people come to the City every day to work in big banks and offices. The City is the financial and business part of London. Numerous banks, offices and trusts are concentrated there.

6. The West End is a symbol of wealth and luxury. It is the richest part of London. Here you can see the most beautiful places of London: wide streets, the finest theatres, cinemas and concert halls, large museums and the best hotels and the largest department stores. There are splendid houses and lovely parks and gardens there.

7. The East End is unattractive in appearance. It includes the port, docks, a lot of factories and workshops. This part of London is very important in the country's economy and commerce because a lot of workers work and live there. There is a striking contrast between the East End and the West End, the streets are narrow and there are no big parks or gardens in the East End. It is a densely populated district.

8. There are a lot of places of interest in London, such as the Tower, the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, Trafalgar Square, St. Paul's Cathedral, Buckingham Palace and others.

9. The Tower of London is an old castle on the bank of the Thames formerly a fortress, a palace and a prison. Now the Tower is a museum and houses the Crown jewels and other treasures.

10. The Palace of Westminster - the proper name for the Houses of Parliament - was the king's palace for five hundred years. Big Ben is the name given to the clock and bell of the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament. It is interesting that the clock "Big Ben" came into service in 1859. Big Ben is the biggest clock bell in Britain. It weighs 13.5 tons. Westminster Abbey is very old and very beautiful, and it is full of history. Nearly all the kings and queens of Britain were crowned and buried there. Chaucer, Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, Newton, Darwin were buried there too.

11. Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was so named in memory of Lord Nelson's great naval victory in 1805, when he destroyed the French fleet in the battle of Trafalgar. The statue of Lord Nelson, Britain's national hero stands on top of the column in the centre of the square.

12. St. Paul's Cathedral was designed by Christopher Wren. The most notable feature of it is the enormous dome. It took Wren 35 years to build the cathedral.

13. Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the Queen. It was built in the 18th century.

14. London is the centre of Britain's cultural life. There are a lot of museums and art galleries in London: the National Gallery, the Tate gallery, the Natural History Museum and a lot of others. The British Museum is well known as one of the largest museums in the world. It is really a history museum. One can see there Egyptian statues, sphinxes, mummies, Roman sculptures, drawings and paintings. The Museum has a rich library with copies of rare manuscripts.

Active vocabulary to remember

1. ancient [‘ein∫эnt]	- древний, старинный, старый
2. a castle [‘ka:sl] a cathedral [kэ‘θi:drэl] a fortress [‘fо:trэs] a palace [‘pælэs] a tower [‘tauэ]	- замок, дворец - кафедральный собор - крепость - дворец -1) крепость, 2) башня
3. to cover [‘kΛvэ]	- занимать, расстилаться, охватывать
4. dense densely populated	- плотный, густой, компактный - густонаселенный
5. a department store	- универсальный магазин, универмаг
6. to divide [di’vaid]	- делить(ся), разделять(ся)
7. to flow	- течь, протекать
8. to be full	- быть плотным, заполненным
9. to house [‘hauz]	- вмещать(ся), помещать(ся)
10. huge [hju:d3] (Syn.) enormous [i’nо:mэs]	- огромный, громадный, гигантский
11. numerous [‘nju:mэrэs]	- многочисленный
12. splendid   lovely [‘lΛvli]	- великолепный, отличный, превосходный - красивый, прекрасный, привлекательный
13. traffic heavy traffic to carry the traffic	- движение, транспорт - интенсивное движение - выдерживать движение (о дороге)
14. wealth [welθ] luxury [‘lΛk∫эri]	- богатство, изобилие - роскошь
15. workshop	- мастерская, цех

Exercises

Pronounce correctly.

Buckingham Palace [‘bΛkiŋэm] Charles Dickens [‘t∫a:lz’dikinz] Chaucer [‘t∫о:sэ] Christopher Wren [‘kristэfэ‘ren] clerk [kla:k] commerce [‘komэ:s] commercial [kэ‘mэ:∫l] Darwin [‘da:win] Egyptian [i’dζip∫n] feature [‘fi:t∫э] financial [fai’næn∫l] Great Britain [,greit ‘britn] Houses of Parliament [‘hauziz эv’pa:lэmэnt] jewels [‘dζu:эlz] London [‘lΛndэn] naval [‘neivl]

Northern Ireland [‘nо:ðэn’aiэlэnd] numerous [‘nju:mэrэs] rare [reэ] silent [‘sailэnt] St. Paul’s Cathedral [snt’pо:lz kэ‘θi:drэl] striking [‘straikiŋ] Thames [temz] Thomas Hardy [‘tоmэs’ha:di] Tower [‘tauэ] Trafalgar Square [trэ’fælgэ‘skweэ] treasure [‘treζэ] United Kingdom[‘junaitid’kiŋdэm] Waterloo [,wо:tэ‘lu:] weigh [wei] Westminster Abbey [‘westminstэ’ræbi]

Find proper explanations to the following.

to flow to divide a cathedral perhaps to carry heavy traffic silent empty a trust wealth luxury a department store lovely attractive appearance a workshop a castle formerly a fortress jewel a feature

difficult to travel over great comfort, as provided by wealth a large fort, place strengthened for defence a precious stone to separate, to split or break up a building in which machines are repaired association of business firms possibly, maybe pleasing in early times making no or little sound a large shop to move along like a river does great amount of property, money, etc. a large strongly-built building or set of buildings made in former times to be defended against attack characteristic or striking part to support the weight containing nothing beautiful, that one loves or likes a chief church in a diocese that which can be seen, outwards qualities movement of vehicles along roads and streets

Substitute the words and word combinations from the Text for the parts underlined.

1. London is a very old city.

2. London is also a very big port.

3. London is located on the river Thames.

4. The city of London spreads over about a square mile.

5. During the day, the City fills up with people.

6. A lot of banks and offices are concentrated in the City.

7. There are magnificent houses in the West End.

8. The East End comprises the port, docks, a lot of factories and workshops.

9. There is a noticeable contrast between the East End and the West End.

10. The East End is a thickly-inhabited district.

11. The Tower of London stores the Crown jewels and other highly valued things.

12. Nearly all the kings and queens of Britain were put into the grave in the Westminster Abbey.

13. Trafalgar Square was named in memory of Lord Nelson’s great warships victory of 1805.

14. The most remarkable feature of St. Paul’s Cathedral is a very large dome.

15. The British Museum has a rich library with copies of uncommon manuscripts.

4. What would you say if you took part in the following dialogue? Act it.

A.: What is London like?

B.: ….

A.: What is the population of London?

B.: ….

A.: What does the Thames flow through?

B.: ….

A.: What are the best known bridges over the Thames?

B.: ….

A.: What are the most important parts of London?

B.: ….

A.: What can you say about the City of London?

B.: ….

A.: What is the West End of London famous for?

B.: ….

A.: What can you say about the East End of London?

B.: ….

A.: What are the places of interest in London?

B.: ….

A.: What is the Tower now?

B.: ….

A.: What can you say about the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, Big Ben, Trafalgar Square, St. Paul’s Cathedral and Buckingham Palace?

B.: ….

A.: What museums and galleries is London famous for?

Put questions to which these are the answers. The important words in the answer are underlined. Act the dialogue.

A.: …?

B.: London is an ancient city of more than twenty centuries old.

A.: …?

B.: London is situated on the river Thames.

A.: …?

B.: There are 17 bridges over the Thames.

A.: …?

B.: The City covers a square mile.

A.: …?

B.: The City is the financial and business part of London.

A.: …?

B.: The West End is the richest part of London.

A.: …?

B.: The East End includes the port, docks, a lot of factories and workshops.

A.: …?

B.: The Tower of London used to be a fortress, a palace and a prison.

A.: …?

B.: The clock “Big Ben” came into service in 1859.

A.: …?

B.: Nearly of the kings and queens of Britain were crowned and buried in Westminster Abbey.

A.: …?

B.: The statue of Lord Nelson stands on top of the column in the centre of Trafalgar Square.

A.: …?

B.: It took Christopher Wren thirty-five years to build St. Paul’s Cathedral.

A.: …?

B.: Buckingham Palace was built in the 18th century.

A.: …?

B.: The British Museum is well known as one of the largest museums in the world.

6. Reproduce the Text “The Capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland” in English according to the plan made up.

TEXT 8B

London traffic

1. Traffic in London differs from that of the Continent. In England, they keep to the left but not to the right. In England, people say: “If you go left, you go right;if you go right, you go wrong.”

2. They say that once upon a time peoplekept to any side of the road they liked. Then they decided to make it a rule to keep to the left. As Napoleon hated the British very much, he decided that in France the people should keep to a different side. Moreover, later on in all the countries which he conquered he made the traffic keep to the right.

3. In London one can see many buses, cars and taxis in the streets. The English omnibuses are often called double-deckers, because they are very high and have seats on the upper and lower decks. The London buses first came into the streets in 1829. At first they were horse-drawn omni­buses, with three horses. They say they were imported from Paris. The double-deckers of today are speedy and comfort­able, but they seem to be very clumsy moving slowly through the endless line of taxis and cars of all sizes and models. Still they manage to maneuver very well without running into one another.

4. There are no trams in London since 1952. The main transport is the underground. The London underground is often called the tube, because it looks like a long, narrow and dimly lit tube, with its walls plastered with all kinds of advertisements. There are no vestibules in the London underground. The sign of the London underground — a red circle crossed with a blue stripe can be seen on the buildings or just under a staircase leading straight under the ground.

5. The London underground is very long. Its total length is about 250 miles. Nearly 4,289 million passengers use the underground every year.

6. One must be very careful using the word subway in London. It does not mean “the underground”. It means “a passage under the street for pedestrians”. Fares in London are high.

Read Text 8B and answer the following questions.

1. How does traffic in London differ from that of the Continent?

2. Why did they decide to make it a rule to keep traffic to the left?

3. What are the main types of public transport in London?

4. What is a double-decker?

5. What were the first buses in London like?

6. Are there any trams in London now?

7. What is the London underground like?

8. What is the sign of the London underground?

9. What is the London underground called?

10. What does “subway” mean in British English and American English?

8. Reproduce the parts of the Text in which these words and phrases are used. Use these phrases in short stories of your own.

To keep to the left / to the right, to go right / left, to make something a rule, later on, a double-decker, an upper / lower deck, at first, they say, clumsy, to manage, to run into something, the tube, to plaster, an advertisement (ad), a circle, a stripe, a straight, a subway, a pedestrian.

9. Discuss the Text in pairs. Use the pattern below as a model and guidelines.

A.: It has been stated that the English say: “If you go left, you go right; if you go right, you wrong.”

B.: I think it’s debatable. As a matter of fact in all the Continent countries they keep traffic to the right and they think you go left you go wrong.

A.: As far as I know from the text …, etc.

Find and reproduce the key sentence in each paragraph expressing the main idea.

Retell the Text according to the plan made up.

TEXT 8C

The Tower of London

1. Whoever comes to London is eager to see the Tower of London, the scene of nearly 900 years of England’s history. The Tower has in the past been a fortress, a palace and a prison. It was William the Conqueror who began building the Tower for the purpose of protecting the city, other monarchs made additions in later centuries.

2. The Tower comprises several towers: the Jewel Tower, the White Tower, in which the Kings of England held their Court, and others. Though kings were born, lived and were married there, it happened also that kings and queens were murdered in the Tower. Some terrible deeds of which we read in the history of England took place in this grim old Tower. It was said that whoever held the keys to the Tower, held the keys to the kingdom. It is impossible in a few lines even to mention the historical events connected with the Tower of London. One of the Towers is called the Bloody Tower, being believed to be the scene of the murder of Edward V and his brother, the Duke of York, Queen Anne Boleyn, the Princess Elisabeth (afterwards Queen Elisabeth I) and many other persons of high rank passed under the arch of the Traitors’ Gate on their way to prison or the scaffold.

3. Now the Tower is a museum and houses the Crown jewels and other treasures. The Ceremony of the Keys which is centuries old takes place every night at 10 p.m. Five minutes before the hour the Chief Warder and an escort of four approach the gates. The sentry calls out: “Halt, who comes there?”

“The keys.”

“Whose keys?”

“Queen Elisabeth’s keys.”

“Advance Queen Elisabeth’s keys. All is well.”

4. All towers are locked and the keys are finally carried by the Chief Warder to the Queen’s House where they are secured for the night.

5. Now the only inhabitants of the Tower are ravens. There is a legend that the Tower will fall if it loses its ravens. Therefore, the birds with clipped wings are carefully guarded.

Notes:

1. William the Conqueror [‘kоŋkэrэ] – Вильгельм Завоеватель, герцог Нормандский, под предводительством которого в 1066 г. норманны завоевали Англию, стал английским королем Вильгельмом I (William I) 1028 – 1087 гг.

2. The Jewel Tower – Башня сокровищ

3. The Bloody Tower – Кровавая башня

4. Edward V and his brother, the Duke of York – Эдвард V (1470 – 1483) и его брат герцог Йорский (Эдвард V после смерти отца Эдварда IV унаследовал трон в возрасте 13 лет, но его дядя Ричард, герцог Глочестерский, назначенный регентом, заключил его и его брата герцога Йорского в Тауэр, где они были умерщвлены. Герцог Глочестерский был коронован как Ричард III.)

5. Queen Anne Boleyn – королева Анна Болейн (1507 – 1536), вторая жена короля Генриха VIII, была казнена

6. Queen Elisabeth I – королева Елизавета I (1533 – 1603), дочь Анны Болейн и Генриха VIII. Во время правления своей сестры Марии была заключена в Тауэр. После смерти сестры она была коронована и правила страной в течение 45 лет.

7. the Traitors’ Gate – «Ворота изменников», главные «водные ворота» со стороны реки Темзы; через них в Тауэр привозили узников

8. the Ceremony of the Keys – церемония передачи ключей

9. the Chief Ward – старший страж

Read Text 8C and answer the following questions.

1. Who began building the Tower of London?

2. What towers does the Tower of London comprise?

3. What was the Tower built for?

4. What terrible deeds took place in the Tower?

5. Why was it said that whoever held the keys to the Tower, held the keys to the kingdom?

6. What can you say about the Bloody Tower?

7. What is the Tower of London now?

8. What is the Ceremony of the Keys like?

9. What does the legend say about the Tower?

10. Why don’t ravens fly away from the Tower?

Consider the following statements and say if you agree or disagree with them. Use the introductory phrases from the previous Units.

1. The Tower of London is the scene of modern England.

2. The Kings of England held their Court in the Jewel Tower.

3. The Kings and Queens of England were murdered in the Tower.

4. There are only a few historical events connected with the Tower.

5. Many important people were kept as prisoners in the Tower.

6. The prisoners did not go through the Traitors’ Gate on their way to the scaffold.

7. The Crown jewels are not kept in the Tower nowadays.

8. The Ceremony of the Keys takes place once a week.

9. When all the towers are locked after the Ceremony of the Keys is over, the keys are brought to the Queen’s House for the night.

10. The Tower of London is not guarded at present.

Speak on the following subjects.

1. William the Conqueror, the builder of the Tower of London.

2. Some towers of the Tower of London.

3. English persons of high rank kept in the Tower.

4. The Ceremony of the Keys.

5. The ravens of the Tower of London.

Read Text 8C again. Give a brief outline of the information each paragraph contains.

16. Make up a story about London and its places of interest based on the information given in the above Texts or from other sources.

SPEAKING

DIALOGUE 1

Places of interest in London

One day before going to London Boris decided to visit his friend Alan who had been to London for several years. He wanted to ask Alan about places of interest in London.

B.: Where would you advise me to go in London first of all?

A.: You know, as for me I should first go to the British Museum.

B.: Is the British Museum large?

A.: Oh, it’ll take you not less than a whole day to have a good look around it. But you should visit not only the Museum there. There are a lot of places of interest. Houses of Parliament first of all. The building of the new Houses of Parliament was built in 1868. Have you heard of Big Ben?

B.: Certainly, I have. It is the clock.

A.: It is a famous tower clock. Big Ben is really not a clock but the bell on which the hours are struck. Besides Big Ben, there are four Little Bens, which strike before Big Ben.

B.: Where is the residence of the Queen?

A.: In Buckingham Palace. They have the Changing of the Guard in front of the palace every morning at eleven o’clock. Go there by all means.

B.: What else will you advise me to see in London?

A.: Trafalgar Square with the tall Nelson Column in it. Trafalgar Square and Hyde Park are the places where mass meetings and demonstrations are held. Hyde Park is the largest park in London.

B.: Go on, please.

A.: Then comes the Tower of London and St. Paul’s Cathedral.

B.: I’ve read something about the Tower. When was it built?

A.: It was built in the 11th century by William the Conqueror. Now there is a museum where the crown, jewels and other treasures are held. The Tower Bridge is one of the finest bridges over the Thames.

B.: And the last question. You didn’t say a word about the shops in London.

A.: The West End is the part of London where you’ll find most of the shops.

B.: Thank you very much.

A.: Not at all. I wish you a pleasant trip to London.

Memorize and reproduce Dialogue 1.

Fill in the missing remarks of the dialogue.

A.: ….

B.: I don’t think you’ll be able to see a lot in one or two days. Today London is one of the largest cities in the world.

A.: ….

B.: Nine million, I believe. I mean the population of Greater London, of course.

A.: ….

B.: Well, the main parts of London are: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. If you are interested in churches and historical places you should go to Westminster Abbey, the Houses of Parliament, St. Paul’s Cathedral and the Tower.

A.: ….

B.: The City is so important because it is the banking and commercial center of the world.

A.: ….

B.: Well, you certainly should see the British Museum. But if I were you I should leave that for some other day. You could spend a whole day there. It’s too big to be seen in an hour or so.

A.: ….

B.: In the first place, Whitehall is the name of the street. In the second place, it is the political centre of the British Empire. All the chief government offices are in the Whitehall, you know.

A.: ….

Note:

Greater London – Большой Лондон, административно-территориальная единица, состоит из Лондона и частей графств Мидлсекс, Эссекс, Кент, Суррей, Хартфордшир, делится на 32 района (borough) и Сити, площадь 1580 км².

DIALOGUE 2

Sightseeng in London

Tom: What are you going to do this week?

John: Well, we don’t really know.

Tom: Why not visit Kew Gardens?

Helen: Well… we’ve been there. We’ve done a lot of sightseeing since we came here.

John: Yes, we’ve seen all the usual things like the Tower of London, the Houses of Parliament and the British Museum.

Tom: Have you been to the National Gallery?

Helen: Oh, yes. We’ve been paying regular visits there for the last fortnight. You know how keen John is on painting. We’ve heard some good lectures there, too.

Tom: Have you visited Westminster Abbey?

John: Yes, we went there a week ago. But I haven’t seen St. Paul’s Cathedral since I was here last time.

Helen: I have! I’ve been there two times.

John: But I really ought to think about the business side of my visit now. I haven’t been to a motor-car factory yet. I expect things have changed over the past five years.

Tom: I’m sure they have. Yes, there have been some very big developments since you were here last. Tell me – would you like to go and see the factory at Reading?

John: Yes, I would.

Tom: They have a very big modern factory, and I happen to know the Personnel Manager there.

John: Thank you. I’d be very grateful to you.

Memorize and reproduce Dialogue 2.

Make up dialogues of your own using Dialogue 2 as a model.

Situations: You meet your friend and talk about some places of interest

based on the information collected:

a) St. Paul’s Cathedral;

b) the British Museum;

c) the National Gallery.

DIALOGUE 3

Walking round the city of London

Mr. Voronin: Good afternoon, Mr. Smith. I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting.

Mr. Smith: That’s all right. Though I have been wondering what’s happened to you.

Mr. Voronin: A friend from Moscow is over here on a short visit. He’s been attending a conference here and today I’ve been showing him round.

Mr. Smith: Oh, have you? Where have you taken him?

Mr. Voronin: We’ve been walking round the City and he insisted on climbing to the top of the Monument.

Mr. Smith: Oh, you’ll be stiff tomorrow. There are over three hundred steps, aren’t there?

Mr. Voronin: Well, there are three hundred and forty-five, to be more exact. But still, there’s a marvelous view when you get to the top.

Mr. Smith: Oh, yes, it is wonderful. On a clear day you can see for miles.

Mr. Voronin: We also popped into the Moscow Narodny Bank for just a few minutes.

Mr. Smith: Oh, it’s that fine new building just opposite the Monument? I haven’t been inside yet.

Mr. Voronin: Would you like me to take you there one of these days?

Mr Smith: That’s very kind of you. Thank you. And now you’ve earned a good rest after all that sightseeing.

Mr. Voronin: I certainly have. I’ve been walking round for over three hours.

Note:

The Monument – «Монумент», колонна, воздвигнутая в лондонском Сити в 1671 – 1677 гг. в память о Великом лондонском пожаре (Great Fire). Считается, что её высота (61,5 м) равна расстоянию от «Монумента» до лавки пекаря на Пуддинг-Лейн (Pudding Lane), где начался пожар. Наверху имеется смотровая площадка, на которую ведет винтовая лестница.

Memorize and reproduce Dialogue 3.

Make up and act dialogues considering the following assignments.

a) You came to London to meet your friends there. You ask them which places of interest to see in London.

b) You tell your fellow students about your holidays in London.

LISTENING

23. Listen to the Text “Trafalgar Square”.

a) Answer the questions that follow.

1. What is this famous square named after?

2. Who was the national hero of the battle?

3. What is Nelson’s Column like?

4. When was Nelson’s Column erected?

5. What are the bronze reliefs on the sides of the pedestal like?

6. What can you say about Admiral Nelson?

7. What was Admiral Nelson’s command?

8. When were the four lions added?

9. What have the lions seen?

10. Who is the sculptor of the lions?

b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript 8A of the Text.

c) Retell the Text about Trafalgar Square.

d) Make up a story about admiral Horatio Nelson based on the information collected.

24. Listen to the Text “Big Ben”.

a) You will hear some numbers in the Text. Write them down and say what these numbers refer to.

b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript 8B of the Text.

c) Retell the Text.

UNIT 9

Higher education in Great Britain

READING AND DISCUSSION

TEXT 9A

The system of Higher education in Great Britain

1. Higher education is provided at universities, colleges of education and advanced courses at polytechnics and other establishments of higher and further education. The oldest and best-known universities are in Oxford, Cambridge, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Bristol, Cardiff, and Birmingham. A university consists of a number of faculties (colleges): divinity, medicine, arts (philosophy), law, music, natural sciences, economics, engineering, agriculture, commerce and education.

2. University teaching in the UK differs greatly at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels from that in many other countries.

3. An undergraduate programme consists of a series of lectures, seminars, tutorials and laboratory classes which in total account for about 15 hours per week.

4. Following a particular programme students take a series of lecture courses, which may last one academic term or the whole year. Associated with each lecture course are seminars, tutorials, laboratory classes that illustrate the topics presented in the lectures.

5. Lectures are given to large groups of students (from 20 to 200). Seminars and tutorials are much smaller than lecture classes and in some departments can be on a one-to-one basis (one member of staff and one student).

6. Students prepare work in advance for seminars and tutorials. And this can take the form of researching a topic for discussion by writing essays or by solving problems.

7. Lectures, seminars and tutorials are all one hour in length, laboratory classes last two or three hours. Much emphasis is put on the private study nature of a UK degree. Each student has a tutor whom he can consult on any matter whether academic or personal.

8. The academic year is split into three terms. Formal teaching takes place in the first two terms, which last for twenty four weeks in total. The third term is reserved for classes and examinations and lasts for six weeks.

9. After three years of study a student may proceed to a Bachelor's degree and later on to the degree of Master and Doctor.

10. The Bachelor's degree is given to students who pass examinations at the end of three or four years of study: Bachelor of Arts for history, philosophy, language and literature and sometimes some social studies, or Bachelor of Science or Commerce or Music. Bachelors' degrees are at two levels, Honours and Pass. In some cases, the Honours degree is given for intensive study and examination in one, two or perhaps three related subjects, while the Pass (or "General") degree may be somewhat broader. In other cases, the Honours degree is given to the students who are more successful in their examinations.

11. The first post-graduate degree is that of Master, conferred for a thesis based on at least one year's full-time work. Everywhere the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is given for a thesis, which is an original contribution to knowledge.

12. The oldest Universities in Great Britain are Oxford and Cambridge Universities. They were founded in the two towns towards the end of the twelfth century. Because of their age, traditions, historical associations and reputation the prestige of Oxford and Cambridge Universities is very high, consequently, competition for admission is extremely keen.

Notes:

1. Bachelor’s degree [‘bæt∫эlэz‘di’gri:] – степень бакалавра; присуждается колледжем или университетом выпускнику, успешно сдавшему выпускные экзамены, соответствует об окончании высшего учебного заведения в России

2. Bachelor of Arts – бакалавр искусств (по одной из гуманитарных или математических наук в университете)

3. Bachelor of Science – бакалавр наук

4. college of education – педагогический колледж (трехгодичный педагогический институт)

5. Doctor’s degree – (ученая) степень доктора

6. Doctor of Philosophy – доктор философии; для получения этой степени требуется написание самостоятельной работы на основе трехлетних (или более) исследований, можно сравнить со степенью "кандидат наук" в России.

7. essay [ 'esei] – письменная работа

8. Honours degree ['оnэz] – степень бакалавра с отличием; диплом с отличием.

9. lecturer – преподаватель высшей школы (ср.: teacher – преподаватель средней школы).

10. Master's degree – ученая степень магистра; присуждается университетом лицам, успешно завершившим по крайней мере год учебы и исследовательской работы после окончания университета

11. Pass degree – степень бакалавра без отличия; диплом без отличия

12. Polytechnic [,pоli'teknik] – политехнический институт

13. tutor ['tju:tэ] – преподаватель, ведущий практические занятия и воспитательную работу с определенной группой студентов

14. tutorial [ tju:'tоriэl] – практическое занятие с руководителем

Active vocabulary to remember

to admit admission	- допускать, принимать - принятие, допущение
2. to advance advanced	- продвигаться вперед, развиваться - продвинутый, повышенного типа
3. a degree a bachelor’s degree a doctor’s degree a master’s degree to confer a degree	- звание, ученая степень - степень бакалавра - степень доктора - степень магистра - присваивать, присуждать степень
4. to differ from smth./smb.	- различаться, отличаться от чего- либо / кого-либо
5. an emphasis [‘emfэsis] to put an emphasis on smth.	- особое внимание, акцент - придавать особое значение, особенно подчеркивать что-либо
6. to follow	- следовать, идти за, придерживаться
7. to graduate from a graduate a graduate student an undergraduate an undergraduate student	- окончить (высшее учебное заведение) - выпускник - аспирант - студент
8. to last	- продолжаться, длиться
9. to prepare [pri’peэ]	- готовить(ся), подготавливать(ся)
10. research [ri’sэ:t∫]	- (научное) исследование, исследовательская работа
11. a staff	- штат (служащих, преподавателей), кадры, персонал
12. to take take a lecture course	- изучать предмет, ремесло - прослушать курс лекций
13. a term	- семестр
14. a thesis [‘θi:sis]	- диссертация

Exercises

Pronounce correctly.

agriculture [‘ægrikΛlt∫э] associated [э‘sэu∫ieitid] Birmingham [‘bэ:miŋэm] Cambridge [‘keimbridζ] commerce [‘kоmэ:s] consequently [‘kоnsikwэntli] divinity [di’vinэti] Edinburgh [‘edinbэrэ] engineering [,end i’niэriŋ] extremely [ik’stri’:mli] faculty [‘fæklti] illustrate [‘ilэstreit] knowledge [‘nоlidζ]

lecture [‘lekt∫э] Liverpool [‘livэpu:l] Manchester [‘mænt∫istэ] medicine [‘medsn] Oxford [‘оksfэd] particular [pэ‘tikjulэ] philosophy [fэ‘lоsэfi] private [‘praivэt] series [‘siэri:z] somewhat [‘sΛmwоt] successful [sэk’sesful] university [,ju:ni’vэ:sэti] whole [‘hэul]

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