Standards for the Bulk Cargo Trade

Stringent clean

Sometimes called as 'hospital clean'. It is the highest and most 1_________________ of standards. It requires the holds to have 100% intact paint coatings on all surfaces, including the tank top, all ladder steps and undersides of hatches. These standards are normally required for very specific cargoes and such high standards of cleanliness will only be met by vessels trading exclusively such cargoes.

Grain clean

This is the most common requirement: a ship will often be required to be grain clean for the majority of bulk and break bulk cargoes. It is normally defined as: " Holds must be clean, swept and 2_________________ with fresh water. They should be free from 3_________________, odour, residue of previous cargo, lashing material, loose rust scale and paint flakes etc. They must be dried, 4_________________ and ready to receive the intended cargo. " The presence of hard-adhering scale within a hold is normally acceptable; however, the scale should not fall during the voyage or during normal cargo operations. Remember that different countries apply different standards to what constitutes an acceptable amount of loose scale or loose paint. Special notice for Canada, U.S.A. and Australia, where particularly strict inspections and standards may be applied.

Normal clean

This is the standard where holds are swept clean and all residues of the previous cargo are removed. The hold is then washed down and 5_________________ ready for taking cargoes similar to or friendly with the last 6_________________.

Shovel clean

This requires no washing down and the hold must be presented having been shovel cleared (hand shovel or 7_________________) and very roughly swept by the stevedores or crew.

Load on top

This is when new cargo is loaded on top of existing cargo residues. This is most appropriate in certain long term contracts where a particular vessel is transporting the same commodity to and from the same ports. Guidance may be necessary for the Master on specific cleaning instructions, as load on top could still require a certain standard of cleanliness as per the provisions under a charter party.

30 Read the text again and complete the table.

Clean Name
Clean Procedure
Peculiarities

31 Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F). Correct the false ones.

1. The standard for new cargo is that it’s loaded on top of existing cargo residues.

2. Sweeping-washing-drying is an ordinary procedure of a normal clean.

3. The holds having 100% intact paint coatings on all surfaces can pass the most stringent check.

4. As no washing is required for a shovel clean the only equipment to be used are shovels.

5. The biggest part of bulk and break bulk cargoes will require the holds to be grain cleaned.

32 Tick the appropriate clean standard and give your reasons.

m/v African Meteor is planned to transport rice to the USA; previous cargo sugar	1 Stringent clean 1 Grain clean 1 Normal clean 1 Shovel clean 1 Load on top
m/v Seisho Maru N is planned to transport woodchips to Argentina; previous cargo sulphur	1 Stringent clean 1 Grain clean 1 Normal clean 1 Shovel clean 1 Load on top
m/v Kuzuryu is planned to transport petcoke to Benin; previous cargo petcoke	1 Stringent clean 1 Grain clean 1 Normal clean 1 Shovel clean 1 Load on top
m/v Agustina II is planned to transport soya beans to Ukraine; previous cargo coffee beans	1 Stringent clean 1 Grain clean 1 Normal clean 1 Shovel clean 1 Load on top

Speaking

23 Simulate onboard communication using SMCP.

You are the Master (supervising loading), your Chief Mate is not very responsible and that’s why the stowage plan is not ready, there are some problems with the safety arrangements and two of five holds have previous cargo smells.

24 Study the photos and discuss.

1. State of readiness of a cargo hold.

2. Clean-up procedures to be done.

3. Consequences of loading sensitive cargoes into such holds.

Topic 2

Stop-loss Practice

Starter

a) Read the case and find who or what is to blame.

The OBO Trade Daring broke in two at the same location due to incorrect loading- literally snapped in half - whilst loading iron ore at Ponta da Madeira on November 11, 1994. Their deepwater pier was obstructed for more than six weeks while the wreckage was removed. The vessel ended up in two sections, which were scuttled off* the coast of Brazil. According to Jan Berghuis, "250 kilograms of explosives were needed to sink the broken bulk carrier. What you see on this picture is not the actual explosion. It is ore coming out of the collapsing hatches during sinking."

Notes

* scuttled off - removed

b) Discuss.

Why did the accident happen?

How was it possible to avoid it?

Why did they decide to blow up the Trade Daring?

c) Share your practice experience on real safety precautions as for the bulk cargo loading.

Reading

1 Read and discuss the main idea ofthe sailors talk.

2 Read and prove that the picture above fits the text.

Cargo Management Cargo must be discharged or loaded as efficiently and safely as possible. This is the prime aim and I am sure would be recognised by both ship and port as such. The ship must prepare and agree with the berth or terminal the cargo load or discharge programme. It is then the obligation of the berth to follow that, with any changes owing to equipment failure agreed by the ship.

In the past it was accepted practice that the ship was loaded to the Captain's requirements and many Charter-Parties stated this. However, there are many terminals or berths where this is reversed so the ship must load to their instructions. The ship is in a difficult position in these circumstances. It must either agree to load as the port or berth requires or risk the port refusing to berth the ship or blacklisting the ship or Captain on future occasions. On the other hand, the Captain has an obligation to place the safety of his vessel and crew before all other interests. For example, a common problem is a dispute regarding bulk carrier loading rates, with some ports wishing to constantly increase them, regardless of the age or state of the ship. Although there have not been any conclusive findings on the effect of this rate of loading on the steelwork and stresses on the vessel, you should assume the worst and err on the side of safety.

In Command

by Captain M. Lloyd

3 Present your ideas about the information in underlined statements comparing with the present day practice.

4 Discuss.

What will such practice lead to?

“…a common problem is a dispute regarding bulk carrier loading rates, with some ports wishing to constantly increase them, regardless of the age or state of the ship.”

5 Complete the English phrases.

Loading capacities and quantities	Грузовместимость и количество груза
1 What is the _____________ of the vessel?   - The ________________ is... tonnes.	1 Каков дедвейт (полная грузоподъемность) судна? -Дедвейт -... тонн.
2 What is the hold / bale / _________________ of vessel?   - The hold / bale / ________________ is... cubic metres.	2 Какова вместимость трюмов судна / киповая вместимость / вместимость для зерновых грузов? - Вместимость трюмов / киповая вместимость / вме­стимость для зерновых грузов составляет... куб. мет­ров.
3 How many cubic metres of cargo space _____ ______________? -... cubic metres of cargo space are required.	3 Сколько требуется кубических метров грузовместимости? - Требуется... кубических метров грузовместимости.
4 How many tones / cubic metres can the vessel __________? - The vessel can still _______... tones / cubic metres.	4 Сколько еще тонн / кубических метров может погрузить судно? - Судно может еще погрузить... тонн/ кубических мет­ров.
5 How much ________________ can the vessel load? - The vessel can load... tones / cubic metres / containers on deck 20'/40'.	5 Сколько палубного груза может принять судно? - Судно может погрузить на палубу... тонн / кубиче­ских метров /... 20/40-футовых контейнеров.
6 What is the size of the _______ openings? - The size of the _______ openings is... by... metres.	6 Каков размер люков? - Размер люков... на... метров.
7 What is the safety load of №... hold? - The safety load of the... deck of №... hold is... _____________________________.	7 Какова допустимая нагрузка трюма №...? - Допустимая нагрузка палубы трюма №... -... тонн на квадратный метр.

6 Correct the mistakes if necessary.

a. The size of the hatches openings is 4 by 10 metres.

b. What in the bale capaciti of vessel?

c. The safety load of the cargo deck of the sixth hold is six tonnes per square metres.

d. The vessel can load 2000 cubic metres on deck.

e. What are the sizes of the hatch opening?

f. Six thousand cubic metres of cargo space is required.

g. The vessel can still load 1.5 tones.

h. The grain capacity is 4500 cybic miters.

7 Transfer the messages into SMCP.

1. We can load five tonnes more.

____________________________________________________________________

2. What are the hatch dimensions?

____________________________________________________________________

3. The total weight of cargo, stores which a ship can carry is 10.000 tonnes.

____________________________________________________________________

4. What weight can the hold five stand?

____________________________________________________________________

5. The second hold can take in three tonnes of grain.

____________________________________________________________________

6. The length and width of the hatch cover are five and ten meters, respectively.

____________________________________________________________________

8 Ask your partner for the equivalents.

Cadet A	Cadet B
Какова вместимость трюмов судна / киповая вместимость / вместимость для зерновых грузов?	Допустимая нагрузка палубы трюма №... -... тонн на квадратный метр.
Судно может погрузить на палубу четыре 40-футовых контейнеров.	Сколько палубного груза может принять судно?
Какова допустимая нагрузка трюма № 5?	Судно может еще погрузить... тонн/ кубических мет­ров.
The vessel can still load 3000 tons/cubic metres.	The hold / bale / grain capacity is 10000 cubic metres.
What is the safety load of 6 hold?	What is the size of the hatch openings?

Viewing

9 In pairs, discuss.

Why is water important for people?   Can it harm people?   What harm can the sea water make to cargo?   Do all cargoes suffer because of water?

10 Watch the video and state the main reasons of bulk cargo loss.

11 Watch the video again and answer the questions.

1. Why do the losses happen?

2. How many claims stand from bulk cargo damage?

3. What is the most frequent cause of cargo damage?

4. Can the ship harm the cargo? How?

5. What books on cargo safety are advised?

12 a) In groups, make a list of advice as for bulk cargo safe handling.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Watch the video and check your lists.

13 Debate!

Many of the claims occur because behind the effort of shippers, receivers, cargo handlers, charterers and ship owners there lie different interests.

Reading

14 a)Decipher the abbreviations.

= BC Code ___________________________________________________________________

=IMDG Code ________________________________________________________________

b) Discuss.

1. Have you ever read any of the codes above?

2. Who asked you to read them and what for?

3. Did you find the code (s) useful?

15 Read the text and highlight the dry cargo hazards.

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