Continue the list of sports

I Warming up

The ship of expectations

II Brainstorming

Making mind-map “Kinds of sport”

Archery

Athletics (BE)

Track and Field (AE)

Billiards

Bobsleigh

Bowling

Boxing

Canoe

Canoe Slalom

Chess

Climbing

Cross Country Skiing (XC Skiing)

Cycling

Dancing

Darts

Discus

Downhill Skiing

Endourance course

Fencing

Figure Skating

Fishing

Formula 1

Giant Slalom

Gliding

Gymnastics

Hammer Throwing

Hang-gliding

High Diving

High jump

Hiking

Horse Racing

Hunting

Hurdle Race

Ice Hockey

Javelin

Jogging

Kayak

long distance run

Long jump

Luge

Modern Pentathlon

Motorsports

Mountaineering

Netball

Nordic Combined

Orienteering

Paintball

Parachuting

Pole Vault

Relay Race

Rhythmic Gymnastics

Riding, Equestrian

Rope Skipping

Rowing

run the 100 metres

Running

Sailing

Shooting

Shot put

Skateboarding

Skating

Ski Jumping

Skiing

Snowboarding

Soccer, Football

Speed Skating

Sprint

Surfing

Swimming, Aquatics

Synchronized Swimming

Table Tennis

tug-of-war

Walking

Water Polo

Waterski

Weight Lifting

Windsurfing

Wrestling

III Speaking

T- What role does sport play in your life?

T- Do your friends go in for sports?

T- Do secondary schools officials pay attention to sports?

T- Do you often attend a swimming pool?

T- Is the healthy life-style popular in Ukraine?

T- What do you know about sports in foreign countries?

T- What do you think about it?

T- What sports are British fond of?

T- What sports are popular in American?

T- What do you know about the Olympic games

T- What body controls the programme of the Olympic games?

Sports and healthy lifestyle

T- What role does sport play in your life?

P- Although I do not go in for sports, I am fond of such activities that allow me to keep fit at home. I start with running then I take exercise programmes.

T- Do your friends go in for sports?

P- Some of them go in for sports and sports activities such as swimming, skiing, playing badminton, ice hockey, football or basketball. Unfortunately, public sports facilities are not always available to my friends, and they are engaged into outdoor activities. Most of them prefer running. They put on the white 'trainer' shoes and tracksuits and run through the parks or along the streets for half an hour a day.

T- Do secondary schools officials pay attention to sports?

P- Our schools use sports activities as a way of teaching social values. Among these are teamwork and sportsmanship. The average secondary school offers its pupils such sports as football, basketball, track-and-field. Being intelligent and being good in sports are regarded as an ideal.

T- Do you often attend a swimming pool?

P- I enjoy swimming that is why twice a week I go to the swimming pool in autumn, winter and spring. In summer I swim in the lakes and rivers. But most of all I like to swim in the Black sea.

T- Is the healthy life-style popular in Ukraine?

P- Yes, certainly. Today everybody wants to be fit, feel good, look slim and stay young. Everyone who wants can participate in sports activities in our country. Many fitness clubs and public leisure centres have been built during the past years. These modern centres with their swimming pools, squash courts, gym and indoor courts for tennis are competing with cinemas and theatres as places for people to go to spend their leisure time. There one can find a leisure pool with a wave machine, water slides and tropical plants Families can spend their holidays at huge indoor water parks. In such pools people in the main splash and not swim.

T- What do you know about sports in foreign countries?

P- Nowadays sports and activities are fashionable in Europe and America. For example, popular marathons are now held everywhere. Lots of people want to see if they can run 42 kms and do it faster than everyone else. The big city marathons, in London and New York, are important sporting events. Television cameras and newspapers report them in detail. According to the latest figures the most popular sports in Europe and America are walking, cycling, jogging, playing football and golf. Other popular sports are bowling, badminton, tennis. Experts are asking a very important question: should sports be taken seriously or should it be just for fun?

T- What do you think about it?

P- I think, it depends upon the people's choice. Some people want to go in for sports seriously, others consider it to be a way to keep fit.

T- What sports are British fond of?

P- Sports play an important part in the life of the English people. All sports are very popular among them. The national British sports are: football, golf, cricket, table tennis, lawn tennis, snooker, steeplechase, racing, darts. The British are fond of football which is of two kinds there: association football (soccer) and rugby. Englishmen like all kinds of racing. Horse-racing, motor-car racing, boat-racing, dog-racing, donkey-racing are very popular in England.

T- What sports are popular in American?

P- Such sports as hockey, soccer, weightlifting, track and field, tennis, rowing, wrestling, golf, basketball, volleyball, boxing, figure-skating, cross-country skiing, swimming, judo and shooting are popular in the USA. The variety and size of the country, its different climates and the people's love of competitions of any type can explain the large choice of sports in America. The most recent unusual sport that first reached popularity in the USA is triathlon. It includes swimming, bicycle racing and long-distance running and is becoming more and more popular in Europe.

T- What do you know about the Olympic games?

P- The history of the Olympic games dates back to Ancient Greece. According to the legend Hercules was the founder of the first Olympic Games. An athletic festival with competitions in music and poetry began to attract the Greeks in the 8th century. The year 776 BC was established by history as the first date of the recorded Olympiad. The Olympic Games were held every five years. People dated events by the Olympiads throughout ancient period. The athletes competed in running, boxing, wrestling, horse and chariot racing. The winners were given laurel wreaths. According to the rules established at Olympia all hostilities between warring states ceased for the duration of the Olympiad. The truce was universally respected and no Greek state could break it. In the course of time the festival became so popular that not only athletes competed for the crown of wild olive but artists, poets, philosophers, orators and historians, were trying to create immortal works dedicated to the unity and splendour of Hellenic civilization. The prestige and brilliance of the Olympic Games was so great that other panhellenic festivals were instituted two centuries later - the Pythian (590 BC), the Isthmian (580 BC), the Nemean (573 BC), in honour of Apollo, Poseidon and Zeus respectively. The Olympic Games were held for nearly twelve centuries and were abolished in 394 AD by Theodosius I, the Christian Emperor, on the ground of their pagan origin. At the end of the 19-th century Baron Pierre de Coubertin revived them. In 1894 he addressed the International Congress of Athletes emphasizing the importance of sports in the peoples' life. The first modem Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896 to signify the succession of the tradition. Since then the Games have been regularly held in different countries of the world.

T- What body controls the programme of the Olympic games?

P- The International Olympic Committee is responsible for the programme, the number of the participants and the city-host for the Games.

T- When did we join the Olympic movement?

P- Our country first participated in the 1952 Summer and 1956 Winter Olympic Games. The achievements of our athletes in the Olympic Games were a source of great national pride. Although athletes were technically amateurs, they were well supported by the Sports State Committee. In ice hockey, volleyball, basketball, gymnastics, track-and-field athletes, weight lifting, wrestling, and boxing our country was among the best in the world. At the 1992 Barcelona Olympics the team of our country won 45 gold medals.

IV Vewing

Before you watch

Match the gym equipment with its picture.

a) exercise bike 4

b) treadmill 6

c) weight machine 5

d) rowing machine 3

e) free weights 1

f) stomach exerciser 2

2. Strength or stamina?

Put the equipment in the correct columns below according to whether it is designed foi improving stamina or strength.

STAMINA power	STRENGTH energy
1 a	c
2.b	d
3.d	e
	f

While you watch

Section One

(up to David weighing himself)

I What do you think? Watch section one without sound and tick the best option.

a) Mett, Jane and Helen are * still hungry * full

b) David * enjoy eating * doesn't like eating

c) Matt, Jane and Helen are * amused by David. * annoyed by David.

d) In the bathroom, David is * checking his pyjamas * checking his stomache

e). David is * happy with his weight *worried about his weight.

Now watch with sound. Were you right?

2. Watch again. Who or what are they describing? Match the words and the pictures.

a) …such a pig!2 b) …flabby 5 c)... very fit...4 d)... so boring 1 e)... competitive 3

Before you watch again, complete these sentences, using the Simple present, future or used to forms of the verbs in brackets.

a) If nobody else (wants)........... this, I (will have)........... it.

b) If you (be).are.......... not careful, you (put on) ‘ll........... weight.

c) Simon (be) used to be........... quite fat.

d) You (play) used to play........... tennis.

e)....will.. Julia still (think)........... that when you (be)...are..... like a balloon?

Now watch again and check.

Section Two

up to David: Absolutely.)

Watch section two and complete the details for the two health clubs.

Watch again. Match the questions on the left with their responses.

a) You're what? c • It is... but they offer a five- day free trial period

b) Where? a • I'm going to have a work - out this evening.

c) Isn't that expensive? d • Yeah.

d) Free? b • At the new fitness club.

3 What do you think?

David: Anyway. I am…starting…this evening so, I'll…meet.....you as soon as I..........get out...... I'll....give....... you a call when I…finish……

Julia: And then we're...going.....for a drink.

David: Absolutely.

Section Three

(up to Tom: OK. Let's start)

Watch section four. Number the following facilities 1 to 5 as they are mentioned. 45132

a) exercise bike b) treadmill c) weight machine d) rowing machine e) free weights

Watch again. Fill in the missing words

a) You use these...to build up........your muscles, and.....to increase......strength.

b) You use them....to increase.......your stamina,..to give.......you more energy.

c) Now, I want you....to do....... ten minutes on each machine.

d) Do you think you can manage...to do........ that?

Section four

(to the end of the episode)

Watch section four and number the photographs in the right order.14352

2 What do you think? Tick (•) the best answer.

a) What is the man in the gym trying to do?

* Be better than David. *Be as good as David.

b) Why is he doing this?

* Because he wants to beat a younger man. * Because he wants to become fit.

c) How does David feel when the taxi leaves?

* Pleased. * Disappointed.

Put the sentences in the right order to form two dialogues.

a) It can be a bit tiring the first time. 31542

o Are you all right?

o I bet that was a long time ago.

o This isn't the first time. I used to do a lot of exercise.

o I'm fine. I'm just a bit tired

b) The taxi. Why did you let it go? 41352

o Oh, Hi David.

o What is it?

o But don't you want to walk into town? It's much better exercise. Come on!

o Hey!

Match the dialogue a) to h) with the pictures 1 to 8.

1...........	a) Keep the change. 7
2...........	b) OK. Let's start. 5
3...........	c) If nobody else wants this, I'll have it. 1
4...........	d) I'm interested in joining your club. 3
5………	e) I'm going to have a workout this evening. 4
6...........	f) Are you all right? 6
7...........	g) Come on! 8
8……..	h) You're such a pig. 2

Now watch the episode again and check.

After you watch

Which of the following: strength, stamina and co-ordination do you need to do the sports listed below? Discuss them in pairs and place them in the appropriate columns.

It's possible for a sport to be in more than one column.

judo tennis football horse-riding swimming weight-lifting boxing motor-racing running gymnastics walking ice-skating

STRENGTHsports	STAMINA	CO-ORDINATION

V Vocabulary “kinds of sport”

Vocabular

STRENGTH strength - noun [mass noun] the quality or state of being physically strong...>>

strength [strɛŋθ, strɛŋkθ] [mass noun] 1) the quality or state of being physically strong cycling can help you build up your strength ■ the influence or power possessed by a person, organization, or country the political and military strength of European governments ■ the degree of intensity of a feeling or belief street protests demonstrated the strength of feeling against the president ■ the extent to which an argument or case is sound or convincing the strength of the argument for property taxation ■ the potency, intensity, or speed of a force or natural agency the wind had markedly increased in strength ■ the potential of a hand to win tricks, arising from the number and type of high cards it contains 2) the capacity of an object or substance to withstand great force or pressure they were taking no chances with the strength of the retaining wall ■ the emotional or mental qualities necessary in dealing with difficult or distressing situations many people find strength in religion | it takes strength of character to admit one needs help 3) the potency or degree of concentration of a drug, chemical, or drink it's double the strength of your average beer | [count noun] the solution comes in two strengths 4) [count noun] a good or beneficial quality or attribute of a person or thing the strengths and weaknesses of their sales and marketing operation | his strength was his obsessive single-mindedness ■ a person or thing perceived as a source of mental or emotional support he was my closest friend, my strength and shield 5) the number of people comprising a group, typically a team or army the peacetime strength of the army was 415,000 ■ a number of people required to make such a group complete we are now more than 100 officers below strength | some units will be maintained at full strength while others will rely on reserves | [in combination] an under-strength side • - give me strength! - go from strength to strength - in strength - on the strength of - the strength of - tower of strength Derivatives: strengthless Origin: Old English strengthu, from the Germanic base of strong strength [stre̱ŋθ] strengths 1) N-UNCOUNT Your strength is the physical energy that you have, which gives you the ability to perform various actions, such as lifting or moving things. Вся стаття >> strength - go from strength to strength - on the strength of smth. strength [streng(k)TH; strenTH] 1) the quality or state of being strong, in particular Вся стаття >> strength 1) сила; прочность 2) напряжённость (поля) 3) мощность Вся стаття >> strength 1) сила 2) интенсивность 3) напряженность (ЭМП) Вся стаття >> strength 1) напряжённость (поля) 2) интенсивность; уровень (напр. сигнала) 3) сила (напр. осциллятора) Вся стаття >> strength 1) сила, мощь 2) прочность, устойчивость (о рынке, о ценах) Вся стаття >> strength 1) сила; мощь; прочность; устойчивость (рынка) 2) эффективность; численный состав, численность (войск и т.п.) Вся стаття >> strength сила on the strength of — в силу чего-л. - strength of evidence Вся стаття >> strength 1) сила 2) прочность 3) эффективность; интенсивность; концентрация Вся стаття >> strength интенсивность, напряжённость, прочность, сила strength 1) сила 2) эффективность; интенсивность 3) стабильность, устойчивость; прочность Вся стаття >> strength 1) сила 2) прочность 3) крепость, концентрация (раствора) Вся стаття >> strength 1) сила 2) эффективность, интенсивность 3) крепость, прочность Вся стаття >> strength 1) прочность; крепость; предел прочности; сопротивление, временное сопротивление (материала) Вся стаття >> strength 1) прочность; предел прочности; сопротивление; крепость 2) сила, интенсивность Вся стаття >> strength прочность - bending strength - electric field strength Вся стаття >> strength 1. сила; интенсивность 2. прочность; предел прочности 3. крепость; концентрация (раствора) Вся стаття >> strength 1) сила; усилие 2) интенсивность; мощность 3) прочность Вся стаття >>

sports sport - an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment...>>

sport 1. 1) an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment team sports such as soccer and rugby | [mass noun] I used to play a lot of sport | [as modifier] (sports) a sports centre

■ (sports) an occasion on which people compete in various athletic activities I won the 200 metres in the school sports

■ [mass noun] [usu. with adj.] success or pleasure derived from an activity such as hunting or fishing I have heard there is good sport to be had in Buttermere

■ [mass noun] dated entertainment; fun it was considered great sport to catch him out

■ a source of amusement or entertainment I do not wish to show myself the sport of a man like Wildeve 2) a person who behaves in a good or specified way in response to teasing, defeat, or a similarly trying situation go on, be a sport! | Angela's a bad sport

■./NZ used as a friendly form of address, especially between men who do not know each other hold on, sport! 3) an animal or plant showing abnormal or striking variation from the parent type, especially in form or colour, as a result of spontaneous mutation 2. 1) [with obj.] wear or display (a distinctive item) he was sporting a huge handlebar moustache 2) [no obj.] play in a lively, energetic way the children sported in the water 3. - in sport - make sport of - the sport of kings Derivatives: sporter Origin: late Middle English (in the sense ‘pastime, entertainment’): shortening of disport sport [spɔ͟ː(r)t] sports, sporting, sported >> sport 1) He just wants to be a good sport and get along with people — Он просто хочет быть добрым малым и ни с кем не ссориться >> sport [spôrt] 1. 1) an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment >> sport спорт - multiracial sport sport почковая мутация; мутировать sport спорт, почковая мутация

sport [spɔːt] 1. 1) спорт; полювання; рибна ловля; спортивні ігри to go in for sports — займатися спортом to have good sport — добре пополювати 2) розвага, гра, жарт what sport! — як весело! in sport — жартуючи, жартома 3) мутація 4) спортсмен 5) гарний хлопець 6) гравець 7) болільник 8) фат, франт; ледар 9) спортивні змагання 2. спортивний 3. 1) грати; веселитися; пустувати; розважатися 2) жартувати (with) 3) займатися спортом 4) відхилятися від нормального типу, давати мутацію 5) виносити (виставляти) напоказ •• to sport one's oak — зачиняти двері для відвідувачів to sport a stone house — жити в кам'яному будинку sport 1. 1) an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment Вся стаття >> sport спорт - sportation - sport bribery - sport corruption Вся стаття >> sport [spɔ͟ː(r)t] sports, sporting, sported Вся стаття >> sport [spôrt] 1. 1) an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment Вся стаття >>

STAMINA stamina - noun [mass noun] the ability to sustain prolonged physical or mental effort...>>

stamina [mass noun] the ability to sustain prolonged physical or mental effort their secret is stamina rather than speed Origin: late 17th cent. (in the sense ‘rudiments, essential elements of something’): from Latin, plural of stamen in the sense ‘threads spun by the Fates’ stamina [stæ̱mɪnə] N-UNCOUNT Stamina is the physical or mental energy needed to do a tiring activity for a long time. >> stamina ['stamənə] stam·i·na the ability to sustain prolonged physical or mental effort >> stamina 1) запас жизненных сил 2) выносливость >> stamina жизнеспособность, стойкость; сопротивляемость организма stamina 1) жизненная сила, жизненная энергия, запас жизненных сил 2) выносливость Вся стаття >> stamina остов; каркас; основание

stamina ['stæmɪnə] (як) запас життєвих сил, витривалість; витримка

CO-ORDINATION co-ordination - N-UNCOUNT: oft N between/of n Co-ordination means organizing the activities of two or more groups so that they work together efficiently and know what the others are doing....>>

coordination [kəʊˌɔːdɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] [mass noun] 1) the organization of the different elements of a complex body or activity so as to enable them to work together effectively an important managerial task is the control and coordination of activities ■ cooperative effort resulting in an effective relationship action groups work in coordination with local groups to end rainforest destruction ■ the ability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently changing from one foot position to another requires coordination and balance 2) the linking of atoms by coordinate bonds • Origin: mid 17th cent. (in the sense ‘placing in the same rank’): from French or from late Latin coordinatio(n-), based on Latin ordo, ordin- ‘order’ coordination [kōˌôrdn'āshən] co·or·di·na·tion Вся стаття >> coordination координация, согласование - concept coordination - intergroup coordination coordination координация, согласование - frequency coordination - inductive coordination coordination 1) координация; согласование; приведение в соответствие 2) координация; согласованность; согласованные действия >> coordination координация, координирование (деятельность управляющего, направленная на согласование совместной работы нескольких объектов управления) >> coordination координация; согласование to ensure coordination — обеспечивать координацию >> coordination координация coordination координация, согласованное движение coordination координация coordination координация, согласованные действия - eye-hand coordination - gross motor coordination >> coordination 1) координация 2) синхронная связь (управляемых координатных осей) • - factory-wide coordination coordination 1) координация 2) координационный • >> coordination координирование, координация; согласование - reliability activity coordination >> coordination 1) координация 2) координирование, согласование 3) координированность, согласованность >>

VI Reading

Continue the list of sports

Types of extreme sports include:

BMX: where people with a special kind of bike (a BMX bike) go of ramps and jumps to get into the air and pull off tricks. This is a sport that is for fun or competition.

Skateboarding: when people ether ride around on the skateboard of go off half pipes or jumps to do cool tricks.

Luge: is when people lay on a board with wheels and go down a hill as fast as they can!

BASE jumping: is the sport of using a parachute to jump from fixed objects.

Bouldering: is climbing without a rope on large boulders.

Buildering: is when you climd a side of a biulding or structure.

Bungee jumping: is when a person jumps off from a high place with one end of an elastic cord attached to there body or ankles and the other attached to where they jumped off.

Elevator surfing:is when people ride on top of elevator. This is a very dangerous and illegal in most places. People can get killed by surfers can be crushed between the elevator and the top, sides, or bottom of the shaft.

Free-diving: is an water sport, considered an extreme sport, in which divers attempt to reach great depths unassisted with a breathing tank

Caving: is a sport of exploring caves.

Cave diving: is a type of diving in which special SCUBA equipment is used to enable the exploration of natural or artificial caves which are at least partially filled with water.

Climbing: is going up, or, also down. It may refer to aircraft, a vehicle, humans and other animals.

Whitewater kayaking: is the use of a kayak for sport or recreation. Whitewater kayaking is taking a kayak down rapids.

Mountain biking: Is when you use a mountain bike to go off road usually on dirt roads to go to places.

Mountain boarding: is a summer sport it is like snowboarding exept it uses a board with tires.

Parachuting: is when people jump out of a plane with a parachute and pull a string to make the parachute come out and you just float down.

Whitewater rafting: is almost the same as rafting exept you woulg go down radids.

Skydiving: is pretty much the same as parachuting exept you just jump off anywhere high.

Skysurfing: is a kind of skydiving which the skydiver wears a board attached to their feet and does tricks during freefall.

Snowblading: it is like skiing exept the skis are smaller.

Wakeboarding: a rider is towed behind a boat, or a cable skiing setup, but typically at slower speeds.

Water skiing: is when a boat tows you when you are on water skies and in a compitition you would try to do tricks.

Windsurfing: it is a mix in between sailing and surfing.

Extreme Sports - All kinds of Extreme Sports

Extreme Sports – when traditional sports seem passe and don’t give you the same buzz, you might develop a desire to push the limits of physical ability, to go right to the edge, and beyond. If so, you may well be in the process of becoming an adrenaline junkie…

Have no fear, all is not lost – you can get your kicks from extreme sports! Pit your skill and determination against the elements, on snow or cliff faces, in the air or water, over land and sea –there are extreme sports activities just waiting for you to get stuck into! The great news is that the UK has some of the best extreme sports facilities and locations in the world. Go and check them out. I dare you!

Base Jumping

BMX Freestyle

Bungee Jumping

Caving & Cave Diving

Climbing and Mountaineering

Climbing is an adaptable extreme sport. Because of its flexibility, it can be found in a number of different applications:

• Rock climbing – which includes climbing on steep rocky terrain.

• Mountaineering - climbing on mountains.

• Ice climbing - climbing on frozen water features.

• Mixed climbing - climbing on both frozen water features (as in ice climbing), as well as rocky terrain.

• Bouldering - consists of solo climbing on boulders.

• Stack climbing - climbing sea stacks: near vertical columns of rock in the sea, near coasts.

• Indoor climbing - climbing on artificial climbing walls.

• Recreational tree climbing - climbing on trees.Climbing

Extreme Skiing

Free Diving

Hang Gliding

Jet Skiing

KiteSurfing

KneeBoarding

Mountain Biking

Types of Mountain Biking

Mountain biking can typically be split into six different categories.

Downhill is generally racing bikes downhill as fast as possible. In general, it is the custom to either be shuttled to the top in a vehicle or carried by a ski lift, as opposed to pedalling to the top of the trail.

Freeride is basically anything you want it to be. Some people believe that freeride is more of a marketing term than anything. It can be anything from hucking (jumping) your bike off huge drops, to just going out and messing about on your bike.

Street riding consists of riding in urban areas, riding on ledges and other man made obstacles. Riders perform tricks as well as stalls and grinds.

Dirt jumping is jumping the bike over large man made dirt jumps, and then doing tricks whilst they are in the air. The jumps are built close together so that the rider will go over about six or so jumps in one run.

Cross Country (XC) is just going out and riding your bike up and down hills. It is the least extreme form of mountain biking, but most XC riders will be very fit, and go on long rides. XC riders generally prefer to keep at least one wheel on the ground throughout.

Trials are also considered to be part of mountain biking, although the bikes look almost nothing like mountain bikes. They use either 20" or 26" wheels and have very small, low frames. Riders will hop and jump their bikes over obstacles; generally urban features. This requires an excellent sense of balance.

Mountain bike racing is a sport similar to BMX using 26" wheels (similar to the "Cruiser class" in BMX circa 1981) and courses that are much longer and steeper. Races could last up to 10 minutes (compared to BMX's 30-40 seconds) with speeds hitting 70mph!! (compared to BMX's 30-35mph for experts and professionals).

Mountain Boarding

Mountain Boarding or Dirtboarding, is a new board sport derived from snowboarding. It was originally intended to take the place of snowboarding during warm months while there was no snow available. It was only in the last 4 or 5 years that mountain boarding has developed into a sport in its own right.

PaintBall

Paintball is a sport in which participants use compressed-gas markers to shoot paintballs (roughly marble-sized,.68 caliber, gelatin capsules filled with coloured polyethelene glycol) at other players. Once marked by a paintball, a player is eliminated from the game. There are over 10 million paintball players and thousands of people can attend the major paintball tournaments.

There are three very popular Paintball games. Capture the Flag is the classic schoolyard game with a paintball twist. Teams start on opposing sides and attempt to acquire the opponents' flag while protecting their own. Victory is achieved by being the first team to hang the opponents' flag on the designated location at or near their own starting location. Centre Flag, Similar to Capture the Flag, starts with a single flag at the centre of the field instead of one at each end. The winner is the team that brings the flag to the opponents’ end of the field. With Elimination, the team that eliminates all opposing players wins.

There are various styles of play; Woodsball, paintball's original form, is generally played in a wooded area large enough to hold dozens of players. Woodsball games generally run for more time than speedball games.

Speedball is a faster, closer-quarters game and is played on a field about the size of a basketball court or two. Artificial barriers (bunkers) are placed throughout the field for players to move between and hide behind. The close quarters foster a lot of movement and "bunkering", or running up to an opposing player's bunker and eliminating them from close range. Most national and local tournaments and leagues are built around speedball.

Scenario paintball games are often larger-scale re-enactments of historical battles involving hundreds of people, such as the Battle of Normandy, or modern scenarios such as storming a building and rescuing hostages. Scenario games can last hours or even days, and bigger games often have player re-insertions at set intervals.

ParaGliding

Paragliding (known in some countries as parapenting or parapente) is a recreational and competitive flying sport. A paraglider is a free-flying, foot-launched aircraft. The pilot sits in a harness suspended below a fabric wing, its shape formed by the pressure of air entering vents in the front of the wing. The sport is closely related to Hang gliding, but quite different from parasailing/parascending - which doesn’t involve free flight.

The paraglider wing or ‘canopy’ is a self-inflating structure consisting of a row of inflatable cells, joined together side by side. The cells form an aerofoil cross-section to produce lift, just like an airplane wing.

The pilot is supported underneath the wing from a set of lines which are attached to strap-like risers that are attached to the pilot's harness. Controls held in the pilot’s hands, which pull down the trailing edge of the wing, are used to control speed and turn.

The pilot is strapped into a bucket-seat harness, which holds a reserve parachute, and includes a ‘speed system’ which pulls down the leading edge for maximum flying speed. All recreational harnesses have a foam or air-bag back protector.

ParaSailing

Parasailing, also known as Parascending, is a popular recreational activity which was commercially developed during the 1970s. It involves a person (two people may also ride at the same time) being towed behind a vehicle while attached to a parachute. The most common form of Parasailing is Aquatic Parasailing where the participant is towed behind a speedboat. During flight, the parasailer has little or no control over the parachute.

There are several different places Parasailing can take place, though this activity has been primarily linked with holiday makers and holiday resorts, and should not be confused with the sport of Paragliding.

Land or Terrestrial Parasailing has also been formed as a competition sport in Northern Europe - especially in Finland during the 1990s, and is becoming a very popular activity. In Terrestrial Parasailing, the parasail is towed behind a car or a snowmobile over a predefined course.

In accuracy competitions, the tow-vehicle controls the speed and height, and the person flying the parasail controls the lateral movement of the sail. The competitions consist of two parts: dropping/throwing a streamer to a target and accuracy landing. The first international competitions were held in 2004.

Parachuting & Sky Diving

Parachuting or Sky Diving involves jumping out of aircraft (usually an airplane, but sometimes a helicopter or even the gondola of a balloon) at approximately 4000 metres (around 12,000 feet) altitude, and free-falling (Sky Diving) for a period of time before activating a parachute to slow the participant to a safe landing speed.

Once the parachute is opened, the jumper can control their direction and speed with cords called “steering lines” and hand grips called "toggles" - attached to the parachute so participants can direct themselves to the landing site. Most modern sport parachutes are self-inflating "ram-air" wings that provide control of speed and direction similar to paragliders.

Parachuting has complex skills that can take thousands of jumps to master, but the basics are often fully understood and applied during the first few jumps. There are four general areas of skill: basic safety, freefall, deploying and landing.

Basic safety includes knowing how and when to: do a gear check, exit your jump platform normally, react in an emergency, deploy a parachute, handle common malfunctions, pick a landing area, and set up and execute a landing.

In freefall, most sky divers start by learning to maintain a stable belly to earth "box" position. In this position the average fall rate is around 125mph.

Learning a stable box position is a basic skill essential for a reliable parachute deployment. Next, jumpers learn to move or turn in any direction while remaining belly to earth. Using these skills a group of jumpers can create sequences of formations on a single jump. Choosing when to deploy the parachute is a matter of free fall manoeuvres, parachute operation, and landing safety. A parachute should be deployed high up enough to give the parachutist time to handle a malfunction, should one occur. Two thousand feet is the practical minimum for advanced sky divers. Flying the parachute has two basic challenges: to land where planned; often on a target, and to avoid injury.

Luckily, there are ways to practice different aspects of sky diving without actually jumping. Wind tunnels can be used to practice skills for free falling, while virtual reality Sky Diving simulators can be used to practice parachute control.

Budding sky divers seeking training have a few different options available to them. They can jump in Tandem, strapped to an instructor, jump from a static line which automatically deploys the parachute as they exit the aircraft, assisted deployment - where the jumpmaster triggers the parachute opening manually, or accelerated freefall - where an instructor will jump in sequence with the parachuter and will intervene if necessary during the free fall stage.

Once individuals have mastered the basic jump, there are several different disciplines to embrace within parachuting. Each of these is enjoyed by both the recreational (weekend) and the competitive participants. They include accuracy landing and big-ways formation Sky Diving, or the more extreme paraski and wingsuit flying - designed to give the sky diver extra lift.

SkateBoarding

Skateboards: Skateboarding, Skate Parks Skateboarding is the act of rolling on or interacting with a skateboard. Someone who skateboards is a skater (or skateboarder), though the skater may also refer to someone ice skating or roller skating. Skateboarding has been thought of by many as part of the extreme sports family, or as an artform for its creative aspects. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by dozens of skateboarders throughout the years.

Skateboarding has its origins in surfing, and was originally called "sidewalk surfing". While surfing influenced skateboarding in its early days, now the reverse is also true. Surfers are adapting skateboarding tricks into surfing, and the result is evolution in both sports.

SkiBoarding

Skiboarding is a recent development in extreme snowsports that is gaining popularity amongst the freestyle and snowboarding community. Skiboards are much shorter and wider than a traditional alpine ski, usually measuring about a metre in length, often shorter 60-90 cms.

Like a snowboard, they provide added stability and manouevrability over skis and require no poles but like skis, they are designed to be worn on both feet. The wider skiboards are constructed like snowboards and carve on edge like snowboards. You might say it is like having two small snowboards on your feet. This means to carve, you lean and the side cut of the skiboard does the work.

SnowBoarding

Snowboarding is a board sport on snow which is similar to Skiing, but came about as an idea for a combination of Surfing and Skateboarding. Snowboarding is an increasingly common winter sport throughout the world, where participants strap a composite board to their feet and slide down a snow-covered mountain. Snowboarding became a Winter Olympic Games medal eligible sport in 1998.

There is a known culture clash between skiers and snowboarders. Purist skiers find Snowboarding requires less skill - many skiers consider Snowboarding easier to learn than Skiing, requiring only the mastery of two edges; as opposed to four edges and two poles in Skiing.

However, snowboarders will tell you that the Snowboarding motion, which requires leaning into turns beyond the natural comfort level of one's centre of gravity, and the lack of stability from just one edge are far more difficult skills to master than Skiing.

There are four primary sub-disciplines or sub-styles within snowboarding - with each favouring a slightly different snowboard design:

Freeride

Freeride Snowboarding uses the natural terrain of the mountain for recreation, without focusing on technical tricks or racing. Most snowboarders aspire to be freeriders, and will explore the mountain through trees, in powder bowls or anywhere else they feel comfortable riding. Freeriding is also known as ‘All-Mountain Snowboarding’. ‘Extreme Snowboarding’ is a variant focusing on difficult lines.

Freestyle

Freestyle Snowboarding is arguably the most popular discipline. It involves the practice of performing different kinds of tricks on a snowboard. Tricks can either occur on the ground (e.g. jibbing, bonking, grinding, pressing, buttering, ground spins etc.) or in the air (e.g. spins, flips, grabs). Freestyle snowboarders typically use shorter, softer boards and softer boots than other snowboarders, as the shorter board length reduces the weight and moment of inertia, making it easier to spin and manoeuvre. Freestyle can be done almost anywhere that has snow.

Freestyle Snowboarding is influenced greatly by Skateboarding. Many ski resorts operate terrain parks which often simulate the urban skateboard environment, complete with handrails, funboxes, and machine-formed jumps.

Alpine

Alpine Snowboarding is the practice of turning by ‘carving’ the snowboard (so that the board is tracking along its edge), as opposed to skidding the snowboard (where the board is travelling in a different direction than it is pointing). Both traditional snowboard racers (though not necessarily boardercross racers) and recreational carvers are alpine snowboarders.

Alpine riders use hard plastic Snowboarding boots, which resemble ski boots except that they tend to be less stiff in the ankles, and have a shortened heel to minimize hanging over the edge of the snowboard. They tend to angle their feet much more forward than other snowboarders, and so also ride narrower boards.

Backcountry

This type of boarding started out with fresh powder-craving snowboarders who, most likely, didn't have the cash to spend at crowded upscale ski parks. In fact, before snowboarding was allowed at resorts, this was the only form of Snowboarding. The split-board is exactly that, a snowboard cut right down the middle. When apart, the two halves can be used like cross-country skis to shuffle up the hill. At the top of the run, the halves are recombined and the bindings rotated back into their sideways positions.

Surfing

Surfing (Hawaiian: he‘e nalu, "wave-sliding") became very popular during the 1950-60s with the baby boomer generation on the US West Coast. They adopted and modified the Hawaiian practice of wave riding - where individuals (surfers) are propelled across the water by the force of waves, while standing on a flat, wide board.

Surfers' skills are tested not only in their ability to control their board in challenging conditions, but by their ability to execute various manoeuvres, such as the 'cutback' (turning back toward the breaking part of the wave), the 'floater' (riding on the top of the breaking curl of the wave), 'off the lip' (banking off the top of the wave), the 'aerial' (arcing through the air above the wave) and, if the surf conditions allow it, tuberiding: This is the holy grail of surfing, where the surfer manoeuvres into a position where larger waves can curl over the top of them, forming a "tube" (or "barrel") and with the rider inside the cylindrical portion of the wave.

Competitive Surfing is a comparison sport. Riders, competing in pairs or small groups, are allocated a certain amount of time to ride waves and display their prowess and mastery of the board. Competitors are then judged according to how competently the wave is ridden, including the level of difficulty, as well as the frequency of manoeuvres performed. There is a professional Surfing world championship series held annually at surf beaches around the world.

A non-competitive extreme activity involving riding the biggest waves possible (known as "rhino hunting") is also popular with some surfers. A practice popularised in the 1990s has seen big wave surfing revolutionised - as surfers use jet skis to tow them out to a position where they can catch previously un-rideable waves (this is known as tow-in surfing).

Wake Boarding

Wakeboarding is a relatively new boardsport. It was created from a combination of Water Skiing, Snowboarding and Surfing techniques. As in Water Skiing, the rider is towed behind a boat or a cable Skiing setup, but typically at slower speeds (18 - 24mph). Instead of using skis the rider rides a single board, standing sideways as on a snowboard or skateboard. Unlike snowboards, which are concave, wakeboards are shorter, wider, and convex.

A Wakeboarding boat is similar to a water ski boat except that the rope is normally mounted on a tower about 2 metres above the water line. The boat is also weighted and trimmed, with strategically placed large water ballasts tanks to give a larger wake. The wake is used as hits or ramps would be in other boardsports. The sport is growing in popularity as it is fairly easy to pick up, but offers a wide opportunity for self-expression.

Water Skiing

Water Skiing is popular in many countries around the world where appropriate conditions exist - an expanse of water unaffected by wave motion. Rivers, lakes, and sheltered bays are all popular for Water Skiing.

Standard water skis were originally made of wood, but now are usually constructed out of fibreglass-based composites. They are of similar length to downhill snow skis but are somewhat wider. Instead of a rigid binding, they have rubber moulded binding in which the skier's feet are placed. Skiers are pulled along by a rope with a handle fitted at one end and attached to a powerboat at the other.

Recreational skiers usually learn to ski with a ski on each foot, but as they improve usually progress to using a single ski - placing the other foot into another binding behind the main one. Beginners on two skis are usually pulled along at around 25-35 kph, whereas more advanced social skiers travel at between 40 and 55 kph. Once confidence is gained it is actually easier to travel faster than at slower speeds because of the greater lift and stability.

Within the confines of being pulled along by the boat, skiers can control their direction by balancing their weight on different sides of their ski. This is used to zip back and forth behind the boat.

There is a variation of the sport; barefoot skiing. As the name suggests, this involves Water Skiing without the aid of skis. Since the feet of the skier serve as the platform to lift the skier out of the water, the boat is required to pull the skier at a dramatically faster speed. Barefoot skiing is done at speeds between 60 and 100 kph. Several new sports have been derived from Water Skiing. They include Wakeboarding and Kneeboarding.

Competitive Water Skiing has been long established internationally. There are three main forms; Slalom, Tricks and Ski Jumping.

Slalom most resembles recreational Water Skiing. Six buoys are set up, three on each side of a centre line, along which the boat travels. There are two entrance gate and two exit gate buoys. The boat drives through the middle of the buoys, and the skiier must pass to the outside of each buoy, the first being to the right of the centre line.

Trick Skiing is performed using one or two very short skis rather than the conventional gear. In it, skiiers try to perform tricks somewhat similar to those of gymnasts while being pulled along by the boat. Trick Skiing is judged by the difficulty of the tricks performed and the accuracy of execution. Points are awarded for each successful trick.

The ski jump is performed on two long skis similar to those a beginner uses, with a specialised tailfin that is somewhat shorter and much wider (so it will support the weight of the skiier when they are on the jump ramp). Skiers are towed behind a boat at a fixed speed, manouevre to achieve a maximum speed when hitting a ramp floating in the water, and launch themselves into the air with the goal of travelling as far as possible before touching the water. Professional ski jumpers can travel up to 70 metres.

Wind Surfing

Windsurfing (also called Boardsailing) is a hybrid of Surfing and Sailing; using a small board of between 2 and 4.7 metres, which is powered by wind acting on a single sail connected to the board via a flexible joint.

This sail board is the most minimalistic version of the modern sailboat - with the major exception being that steering is accomplished by the windsurfer tilting the mast and sail, or when planing by banking the windsurfing board rather than using a rudder.

Shortboards, under 3 metres in length, are the most commonly used boards today. They are designed to be used primarily in planing mode - where the board is sliding over the surface of the water rather than cutting through it. Planing is faster and gives more manoeuvrability, but requires a different technique from the water-displacing cutting technique.

There are several types of Windsurfing board. These can be divided into amateur such as Freeride and Wave Boards, or Competition boards. Competition boards are either designed for speed, such as Racing Boards, or for tricks such as Freestyle Boards. Currently, two designs of a sail predominate: camber induced and RAF (Rotating Asymmetric Foil). The current trend is that racier sails have camber inducers while wave sails and most recreational sails do not.

Whitewater Kayaking

Kayaking: WhiteWater

Whitewater Kayaking is the sport of paddling a kayak on a moving body of water - typically a river. Whitewater Kayaking can range from a fun, carefree float trip, to a challenging, adrenaline filled sport.

The kayak used in Whitewater Kayaking is different to those used in Whitewater Racing or Sea Kayaking. Traditionally, kayaks were made of animal skins stretched over wooden frames. Early whitewater boats were fibreglass or kevlar. Today, boats are typically made of a tough plastic that is slightly flexible and very durable. Boats can range in size; from barely long enough to hold the paddler (around 6 ft/1.8 m long) to 12 ft (3.6 m) or even longer.

There are four 'sub-categories' in Whitewater Kayaking: river-running, creeking, slalom, and playboating.

River Running can be thought of as a tour down a river - to enjoy the scenery as well as experiencing challenging whitewater. River running includes short day trips as well as longer multi-day trips. Whitewater Racing is the competitive aspect of this sub-category - racing canoes or kayaks down a river as fast as possible.

Creeking is perhaps best thought of as a subcategory of River Running, involving very technical and difficult rapids typically in the class IV to VI range. Creeking generally involves higher gradients (approaching or in excess of 100 feet per mile), and is likely to include running ledges, slides, and waterfalls on relatively small and tight rivers; though some will allow for very large and big volume rivers in their definition. Kayaks used for creeking usually have a higher volume (more gallons of displacement) and more rounded bow and stern, as these features provide an extra margin of safety against the likelihood of pinning, and will resurface more quickly and more controlled when coming off larger drops. Extreme racing is a competitive form of this aspect of Whitewater Kayaking.

Slalom is another technical form of Kayaking. Racers attempt to make their way from the top to the bottom of a designated section of river as fast as possible, while correctly negotiating gates (a series of poles suspended vertically over the river). There are usually 20-25 gates in a race which must be navigated in sequence. Green gates must be negotiated in a downstream direction, and red gates in an upstream direction. This is typically done on class II to class IV water, but the placement of the gates, and precision necessary to paddle them fast and "clean" (without touching a pole), makes the moves much harder than the water's difficulty suggests.

Playboating or Freestyle is perhaps more a gymnastic and artistic form of Kayaking. While the other varieties of Kayaking generally involve going from Point A to Point B, playboaters often stay in one spot in the river (usually in a hole or on a wave) - where they work with and against the dynamic forces of the river to perform a variet

Дата добавления: 2015-10-29