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The constitution of the United States is the source of government authority and the fundamental law of the land. The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts (states) with some rights reserved to each.
Under the Constitution the USA is a presidential republic, its power is divided among the three branches of the national government: legislative (Congress), executive (the President) and judicial (the Supreme Court).
Congress is the legislative branch of the national government of the United States, in effect, the national legislature, and consists of two branches – the Senate and the House of Representatives. Its existence, authority and limitations are provided by the Constitution. The functions of the legislative branch of the government are to make the laws and to finance the operation of the government through levying taxes and appropriating money requested by the executive branch of the government. Senators are elected to a six-year term. Each state is entitled to be represented in the Senate by two senators without regard to density of population. To be elected a Senator, a person must be at least 30 years old and have been a citizen of the USA for at least 9 years. The Vice-President of the United States presides in the Senate. The House of Representatives comprises representatives from each state elected to a two-year term. The number of representatives from each state depends on its population. To be elected to the House of Representatives, a person must be at least 25 years of age and have been a citizen of the USA at least 7 years. The Speaker of the House is nominated at a party caucus and chosen by the members of the House of Representatives.
From the outset there arose a system of two major political parties, and this two-party system has dominated the political life of the country. The two major parties are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The chief functions of a party are to organize elections and, when in the minority, to keep a check on the party in office.
The presidency of the US is the highest governmental office. The executive branch, which includes the President, Vice-President, and the President’s Cabinet, is responsible for administering and executing the laws. The President is the head of the executive branch. He or she must be a native-born citizen, at least thirty-five years old, and for at least fourteen years a resident of the United States. Cabinet officials are appointees of the President and serve during his term. When the President’s service ends, it is customary for the Cabinet to resign and then the new President can appoint new chiefs of the executive departments.
The judicial branch of the government is headed by the Supreme court which settles disputes between the states. Its duty is to enforce laws and to make sure that people obey the laws. The Supreme Court may veto any law passed by the Congress if it contradicts the Constitution of the USA. The judicial branch works together with the legislative and executive branches to protect the Constitution of the USA.
Слова и словосочетания
set up a federal system – учреждать федеральную систему
levy taxes – взимать налоги, облагать налогами
appropriate money – ассигновать деньги
entitle (v) – жаловать титул, давать право
nominate (v) – предлагать (кандидата на выборах)
administer the laws – отправлять правосудие
execute the laws – исполнять законы
caucus (n) – совещание фракции Конгресса
dominate the political life – доминировать в политической жизни
keep a check on – осуществлять контроль
appointee (n) – лицо, получающее назначение
native-born citizen – уроженец
official (n) – должностное лицо
resign (v) – отказываться (от)
enforce laws – проводить законы в жизнь
obey the laws – подчиняться законам
veto a law – налагать вето на закон.
II Найдите и выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
1) источник государственной власти;
2) устанавливать федеральную систему;
3) составные части;
4) судебная власть;
5) исполнительная власть;
6) законодательная власть;
7) Палата представителей;
8) с самого начала;
9) ограничения;
10) быть представленным;
11) финансировать управление;
12) председательствовать в Сенате;
13) Верховный суд;
14) наивысшая государственная должность;
15) обычный, привычный;
16) разрешать споры;
17) противоречить конституции;
18) защищать конституцию.
III Отреагируйте на предложения из текста (“That’s true” or “That’s false”). При несогласии с мыслью предложения дайте правильный ответ.
Example: The Government in Belarus is represented by the National Assembly. – That’s false. The Government in Belarus is represented by the Council of Ministers.
1 Under the Constitution the USA is a constitutional monarchy.
2 Congress is the legislative branch of the national Government of the United States.
3 The function of the legislative branch of the government is to enforce laws.
4 The Vice-President of the United States presides in the House of Representatives.
5 The presidency of the US is the highest governmental office.
6 The judicial branch of the government is headed by the Supreme court.
7 The Supreme Court may veto any law passed by the Congress even if it doesn’t contradict the Constitution of the USA.
IV Ответьте на следующие вопросы по содержанию текста:
1 What is the source of government authority and the fundamental law of the United States?
2 How is power divided in the USA?
3 What are the functions of the legislative branch of the government?
4 What two major political parties are there in the USA?
5 Who can become the President of the United States?
6 Cabinet officials are appointees of the President, aren’t they?
7 Does the judicial branch work together with the legislative and executive branches to protect the Constitution of the USA?
V Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в Past Indefinite.
Once during the civil wars of Rome someone (to murder) a slave in one of the city squares, and nobody (to know) who (to commit) the crime. The murdered slave’s dog (to guard) the body and (not to allow) anybody to touch it. The King, travelling that way, (to see) the animal watching the body. When he (to learn) that the dog had been there for three days without food he (to order) to bury the body and to bring the dog to him. After some time the review of the king’s troops (to take place) and every soldier had to march past the King. The dog (to see) the murderers of his late master and (to fall up) at them with fury. The criminals (to confess) the crime.
VI Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в соответствующей видо-временной форме.
1 To prevent other businesses from using their trademark, companies often (to register) them.
2 The voter (not to make) a choice between three candidates yet.
3 Yesterday he (not to drive) dangerously but (to exceed) the speed limit.
4 As he (to drive), a little girl (to run) into the road and he (to knock) her down.
5 Solicitors (to have) a right of audience both in lower and higher courts?
6 The suspect will remain in custody until he next (to appear) before a court.
7 The jury (to return) the verdict by 5 o’clock.
VII Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами в соответствующей форме: must (not), can(not), may(not), need(not), should(not),(do not) have to, to be(not) to:
1 Once appointed, senior judges … … be in practice removed from office until the retiring age of 75.
2 To become laws bills … be approved by both Houses of Congress, but any bill … be vetoed by the President.
3 The driver … to pay a fine of 100 pounds for the driving offence.
4 Every citizen … register in accordance with the laws of his/her state before voting.
5 … the police make a decision as to guilt in a driving offence and impose a fine without the involvement of a court?
6 The trial is rather complicated. So an attorney … find more evidence to prove the innocence of his client.
7 A person … obey the laws of his/her country.
VIII Поставьте вопросы к подчеркнутым словам или вопросы, указанные в скобках.
1 A dangerous criminal escaped from the prison yesterday.
2 The barrister wants you to tell only the truth.
3 A lady accused a man of stealing a pair of trousers.
4 The judge has just informed the jurors that they are free (общий).
5 The Government is accountable to the President and responsible to Parliament (альтернативный).
6 The entire adult population will take part in the elections of the organs of state power next year (разделительный).
7 The court had ordered the defendant to pay compensation by the end of the month.
IX Преобразуйте прямую речь в косвенную.
1 Mr Black explained, “When the jury reach a verdict, the foreman will sign it and inform the bailiff.”
2 The prosecutor said, “I will object to these questions.”
3 Mr White wanted to know, “Can the police officer arrest a person without a specific warrant for any suspected crime?”
4 The judge told, “I must have silence!”
5 A court reporter asked, “Did the magistrates decide to bring the defendant before the court?”
6 Mr Myers informed, “The facts of this case about robbery are not so simple.”
7 The policeman told, “Our job is to make sure that the drivers obey the parking regulations.”
X Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени данных прилагательных:
| large important comfortable young old | many little fascinating gentle pretty | bad friendly wise famous expensive |
XI Используйте в предложениях положительную, сравнительную илипревосходную степень прилагательных.
1 What are (typical) and (dangerous) corruption-related crimes?
2 According to the law the magistrate, conducting a preliminary hearing, informed the accused of his having a right to legal and (professional) counsel.
3 Members of Parliament often debate (many) important political issues of the day.
4 The House of Lords was (high) court of law in the land and now it is the Supreme Court of Appeal.
5 (Great) percentage of adult offenders started their careers as criminals between 14 and 21 years of age.
6 The Constitution of the USA was adopted (early) than the Constitution of Belarus.
7 The police have just investigated (complicated) of all previous cases on the diamonds smuggling.
8 Barbara Radziwill, the Queen of Poland and the Duchy of Lithuania, was one of (beautiful) women of her time.
Контрольная работа № 2
Для выполнения контрольной работы необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:
времена страдательного залога (Passive Voice );
причастие (Participle I, II).
Повторить: времена группы Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous.
Рекомендуемая литература
1 Крюковская, И.В. Профессиональная лексика юриста / И.В. Крюковская, Р.В. Хорень. – 2-е изд., испр. – Минск: Выш. шк., 2010.
2 Петриченко, Н.И. English for Law Students: учеб.-метод. пособие / Н.И. Петриченко. – Минск: Частн. ин-т упр. и предпр., 2006.
3 Зеликман, А.Я. Английский для юристов: учеб. пособие / А.Я. Зеликман. – Ростов н/Д.: Феникс, 2001.
4 Бедрицкая, Л.В. Мы изучаем закон: учеб.-метод. пособие / Л.В. Бедрицкая, Г.И. Сидоренко. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – Минск: БГЭУ, 2000.
I вариант
I Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно.
The English word "law" refers to limits upon various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is the rather consistent law of gravity, another is the less consistent laws of economies. Other laws are prescriptive – they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits imposed upon drivers are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive. They rarely describe how fast we actually do drive, of course.
In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs – that is, informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.
Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we are expected to behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our experiences in dealing with strangers.
The rules of social institutions tend to be more formal than customs, carrying precise penalties for those who break them.
However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts backed by the power of the police to enforce these laws.
Слова и словосочетания
law (n) – закон, право, правоведение, суд, судебный процесс
descriptive (adj) – описательный
consistent (adj) – совместный, согласующийся, учредительный
gravitation (n) – земное притяжение
prescriptive (adj) – предписывающий, основанный на давности
enforce (v) – приводить в исполнение
impose (v) – налагать
penalty (n) – штраф, наказание, карательная мера.
II Найдите и выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
1) ограничения на различные формы поведения;
2) закон земного притяжения;
3) закон экономики;
4) ограничения скорости;
5) отношения между людьми;
6) неофициальные правила общественного и морального поведения;
7) общественные институты;
8) религиозный;
9) образовательный;
10) культурный;
11) налагаемый на всех граждан в пределах полномочий;
12) рекомендации семьи и учителей;
13) правила общественных институтов;
14) определенные штрафы;
15) создавать законы для своих граждан;
16) система судов, поддерживаемая властью полиции.
III Ответьте на следующие вопросы по содержанию текста:
1 What does the English word law refer to?
2 What do descriptive laws describe?
3 What do prescriptive laws prescribe?
4 What kind of laws are relations between people regulated by?
5 How do we learn to behave in the society?
6 What do the rules of social institutions carry for those who break them?
7 What do the governments use when they make laws?
IV Соотнесите слова с их определениями.
| 1 Law 2 Penalty 3 Citizen 4 Crime 5 Court 6 Witness 7 Case | a) a punishment for doing something that is against a law; b) a rule, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in which a society behaves, or the whole system of such rules; c) an action which is against the law, or, more generally, bad or unacceptable behaviour; d) a building where trials and other legal cases happen; e) a person who is a member of a particular country and who has rights because of being born there or because of being given rights; f) any proceeding, action, lawsuit initiated through the court system by filing a complaint, petition or information; g) a person who testifies under oath in court regarding what was seen, heard or otherwise observed. |
V Вставьте выделенные слова law, penalty, citizen, crime, court, witness, case в следующие предложения:
1 The Magna Carta stipulated that no … could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial.
2 The Greeks believed that … were made by the people and for the people.
3 … springs from a multiplicity of conflicting and converging influences – biological, psychological, cultural, economic and political.
4 A criminal … is brought by the state or by a city or county against a person or persons accused of having commited a crime.
5 Most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by the district ….
6 Not only murderers but also thieves and false accusers faced the death …..
7 … for the defence is on the witness stand now and he is giving his testimony.
VI Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в соответствующей видо-временной форме.
1 They haven’t passed the Bill yet. They (to debate) it for two weeks.
2 The jurors (to return) a verdict yet.
3 The Magna Carta (to establish) the principle of limited Government many centuries ago.
4 Parliament passed the Bill after they (to read) it for three times.
5 In the middle of the last century the House of Commons (to be) a centre of real political power.
6 Tomorrow the citizens of our country (to take part in) the general elections.
7 The judge (to examine) the documents now. He usually (to examine) the documents in the morning.
VII Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный.
1 Mr. Brownwill deliver a lecture on criminology next Monday.
2 The law guarantees the right to defence.
3 A private detective conducted investigations.
4 A very experienced solicitor will deal with this litigation.
5 A barrister has already prepared arguments for the court.
6Who prepared documents for the court?
7 Solicitors usually employ barristers.
VIII Преобразуйте предложения из страдательного залога в действительный.
1 Barristers are not paid directly by clients.
2 Wills are drawn up by solicitors.
3 Finally a verdict will be returned by the jury.
4 A witness for the prosecution was replaced by a witness for the defence.
5 Lay magistrates are elected by the people.
6 A private investigation has been conducted by the solicitor.
7The documents had been prepared by the judge by 6 o'clock yesterday.
IX Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в соответствующей видо-временной форме, обращая внимание на действительный и страдательный залоги.
1 A number of important documents (to sign) already.
2 When the felon (to commit) the crime he knew it was unlawful.
3 When all the evidence (to give) counsels for both sides made speeches.
4 The convicted person just (to take) to prison.
5 Don’t come in! The court (to sit).
6 People (not to realize) the importance of this problem a few years ago.
7 New aspect of privatization (to discuss) at the next seminar.
8 The Bill just (to pass) by Parliament.
9 Mr. Brown (to appoint) the judge lately.
10 The elections (to conduct) next year.
X Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на Participle I и Participle II.
1 The judge examining the documents is very competent.
2 Sentenced to death, the defendant decided to apply to the High Court.
3 Answering the questions the witness smiled.
4 Some offenders released on bail commit another offence.
5 He was standing at the entrance of the police station reading who is wanted by police.
6 Conducting the deliberations on the verdict in the jury room every juror had a fair chance to participate.
7 Charged with an offence, a person may be kept in custody.
XI Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на Participle I и Participle II.
1 Отношения между людьми, регулируемые предписывающим законом, называются обычаями.
2 Правительства, создавая законы для своих граждан, используют систему судов, поддерживаемую властью полиции.
3 Законы, созданные одной страной, очень часто отличаются от законов, созданных другой страной.
4 Принося клятву в суде, свидетели обязуются говорить правду и только правду.
XII Заполните пропуски предлогами of, to, in, by. Выполните письменный перевод текста.
Although many kinds... people working in or studying legal affairs are referred … as lawyers, the word really describes a person who has become officially qualified to act … certain legal matters because … examinations he has taken and professional experience he has gained. Most countries have different groups … lawyers who each takes a particular kind … examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge. … England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize … arguing cases in front of a judge and have right to be heard, the right of audience, even … the highest courts. Тhеу are not paid directly … clients, but are employed … solicitors.
II вариант
I Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно.
Each country in the world, even each state of the United States, has its own system of law. However, it is generally true to say that there are two main traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Common law and has been adopted by many Commonwealth countries and most of the United States. The other tradition, sometimes know as Continental, or Roman law, has developed in most of continental Europe, Latin America and many countries in Asia and Africa which have been strongly influenced by Europe. Continental law has also influenced Japan and several other countries.
Common law, or case law systems, differ from Continental law in having developed gradually throughout history, not as the result of government attempts to define or codify every legal relation. Customs and court rulings have been as important as statutes. Judges do not merely apply the law, in some cases they make law, since their interpretations may become precedents for other courts to follow.
Continental systems are sometimes known as codified legal systems. They have resulted from attempts by governments to produce a set of codes to govern every legal aspect of a citizen’s life.
Слова и словосочетания
common law – общее право
case (n) – судебное дело
codify (v) – кодифицировать
statute (n) – статут, законодательный акт
precedent (n) – судебный прецедент
Commonwealth countries – страны Содружества
apply the law – применять закон
govern (v) – управлять, регулировать
make law – создавать закон.
II Найдите и выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
1) иметь свою собственную правовую систему;
2) системы, основанные на судебном прецеденте;
3) развиваться на протяжении всей истории;
4) применять закон;
5) создавать закон;
6) судебные прецеденты для других судов;
7) кодифицированные юридические системы;
8) жизнь гражданина;
9) создать ряд кодексов;
10) правовой аспект;
11) Римское право;
12) базироваться на английском общем праве;
13) судебные решения.
III Ответьте на следующие вопросы по содержанию текста:
1 What are the main traditions of law in the world?
2 What is Common law?
3 What is Continential law?
4 What is the difference between Common law and Continential law?
5 Do judges merely apply the law?
6 What is judicial precedent?
7 What is the main purpose of law?
IV Соотнесите слова с их определениями.
| 1 Statute 2 Code 3 Precedent 4 Case 5 Judge 6 Judiciary 7 Legislature | a) a person who makes decisions on legal issues that come up during the trial; b) an action, situation or decision which has already happened and which can be used as a reason why a similar action or decision should be performed or taken; c) a law which has been formally approved and written down; d) а set of rules which are accepted as general principles, or a set of written rules which state how people in a particular organization or country should behave; e) a problem, a series of events or a person being dealt with by police, lawyers, doctors, etc., or a matter to be decided by a judge; f) the group of people who have the power to make and change laws; g) the part of a country’s government which is responsible for its legal system and which consists of all the judges in the country’s courts of law. |
V Вставьте выделенные слова statute, code, precedent, case, judge, judiciary, legislature в следующие предложения:
1 She accused her employer of unlawful dismissal and won her….
2 South Carolina’s … passed a law forbidding new houses to be built on its coast.
3 The salaries of most federal workers are set by ….
4 The judge made a decision based upon existing legal principles and his decision becаme a … for other courts to follow when a similar case arose.
5 The main … of the new law will be those living on or below the poverty line.
6 Customs and court rulings have been as important as ….
7 Any … who has the similar set of facts must decide the case in the same way as in the earlier judgment.
VI Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в соответствующей видо-временной форме.
1 In 1952 two youths in Mitcham, London, (to decide) to rob a dairy.
2 The story (to begin) before a man called Timothy Evans (to commit) this crime.
3 Many times during the trial the lawyers usually (to make) objections to evidence presented by the other side.
4 The defence said she (to buy) the pistol with the intention of committing suicide.
5 When Bernard Lewis (to prepare) dinner he became involved in an argument with his drunken wife.
6 Now the lawyers (to discuss) their views of the case.
7 Charles Vance Millar, a Canadian lawyer, (to die) in 1926.
VII Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный.
1 Governments made these laws for their citizens many years ago.
2 The High Court tries the majority of all criminal cases.
3 The agencies of the Procurator’s office have already performed their functions independently of any local bodies.
4 The English judges only use statutes in trying cases.
5 The jurors have been discussing a verdict since 11 o’clock.
6 The judge had examined the documents by 5 o’clock.
7 Who conducts the case in the higher courts?
VIII Преобразуйте предложения из страдательного залога в действительный.
1 In all societies relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws.
2 These laws were passed two years ago by the Government.
3 The sentence will be announced by the judge on Monday.
4 The justice is administered by the courts of different instances.
5 A verdict hasn’t been returned by the jurors yet.
6 Are barristers paid directly by clients?
7 Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers.
IX Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в соответствующей видо-временной форме, обращая внимание на действительный и страдательный залоги.
1 The hearing (to be over) in 10 minutes time.
2 Prospective jurors always (to choose) at random from voter registration lists.
3 When the Queen arrived, people (to wait) for her to greet.
4 They usually (to return) one of two verdicts – Guilty or Not Guilty.
5 In medieval Europe, trials (to decide) by ordeals.
6 The chairman (to announce) the sentence already.
7 She just (to charge) with theft.
8 Yesterday was a very serious court hearing. Christopher Craig aged 18, (to sentence) to life imprisonment.
9 The violent criminal already (to become) a kind of hero-figure in our time.
10 Nowadays a juror is to listen to all the evidence presented at trial and he or she (to decide) what really happened.
X Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на Participle I и Participle II.
1 Convicted offenders are assigned to a particular category of prison (maximum, medium or minimum security).
2 Going up in the lift I met a suspicious man.
3 The plaintiff starts the lawsuit by filing a paper called a complaint.
4 I was impressed by the knowledge shown by this lawyer.
5 Detained after charge he was brought before a magistrates’ court on Monday.
6 Recognising his innocence, the person was released.
7 We had to change our plan proposed by you.
XI Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на Participle I и Participle II.
1 Приговор, вынесенный судьей, был справедлив.
2 Высылаем вам характеристику подозреваемого с описанием его качеств, проявленных им в нашем коллективе.
3 Существующие обычаи и законы помогают нам жить в цивилизованном обществе.
4 Проводя расследование преступления, были обнаружены новые факты.
XII Заполните пропуски предлогами for, from, with, to, of, in. Выполните письменный перевод текста.
Judges are usually chosen … the most senior barristers, and once they cannot continue to practice as barristers. Solicitors do much … the initial preparation … cases which they then hand … barristers, as well as handling legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing … litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience … lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court … Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments … the court and solicitor spends most of his time in an office giving advice … clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe the distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England, as has already happened in Australia. The government is considering various proposals, but there are arguments … maintaining, as well removing, the division.
III вариант
I Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно.
Law is necessary in the interests of everyone. If it were not for the law, we could not go out in broad daylight without the fear of being kidnapped, robbed or murdered.
Governments have many ways of making sure that citizens obey the law. They make the public aware of what the law is and try to encourage social support for law and order. They use police forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals. They authorize courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others. And they make efforts to re-educate and reform people who have broken the law.
A just legal system needs an independent, honest police force. In countries where the public trusts the police force, they are more likely to report crimes, and it seems that they are also more likely to be law-abiding.
The police have many functions in the legal process. Though they are mainly concerned with criminal law, they may also be used to enforce judgements made in civil courts. As well as gathering information for offences to be prosecuted in the courts, the police have wide powers to arrest, search and question people suspected of crimes and to control the actions of members of the public during public demonstrations and assemblies. In some countries, the police have judicial functions; for example, they may make a decision as to guilt in a driving offense and impose a fine, without the involvement of a court.
So, law protects us while it restricts us.
Слова и словосочетания
in broad daylight – средь бела дня
obey the law – подчиняться закону
social support – общественная поддержка
investigate crimes – расследовать преступления
authorize (v) – уполномочивать
deter (v) – приостановить
pass sentences – выносить приговоры
break the law – нарушить закон
judgement (n) – приговор, решение суда
law-abiding (adj) – законопослушный
judicial functions – судебные функции
impose a fine – налагать штраф.
II Найдите и выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
1) выйти на улицу средь бела дня;
2) без страха быть похищенными, ограбленными или убитыми;
3) подчиняться закону;
4) использовать полицейские силы;
5) уполномочивать суды;
6) наказать виновного;
7) перевоспитывать и исправлять людей, нарушивших закон;
8) справедливая правовая система;
9) быть законопослушным;
10) заставить платить штраф;
11) принять решение;
12) преследовать в судебном порядке;
13) контролировать действия членов общества во время общественных демонстраций и собраний.
III Ответьте на следующие вопросы по содержанию текста:
1 How could we live if it were not for the law?
2 Who investigates crimes and catches criminals?
3 What are the main police powers?
4 What is done by Governments to make sure that citizens obey the law?
5 A just legal system needs an independent, honest police force, doesn’t it? Why?
6 Are the police forces mainly concerned with criminal law or civil law?
7 Do the police have any judicial functions?
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