Income Statement

for the Month Ended October 31, 2005

Revenue: Rent Income
Expenses: Advertising Expense Salary Expense	40000
Total Expenses		55000
Net Income

If expenses are greater than revenue, the difference (revenue subtracted from expenses) is identified as a net loss. Note that the first money column is used to list more than one item; the second money column is for totals (or a single item) and the results or the business operations for the fiscal period – net income or net loss. Double lines are ruled through both money columns to show a completed statement.

Capital Statement

The next financial statement to be prepared is a capital statement. This shows how owner’s equity has changed during a fiscal period. It starts with the beginning capital account balance. Any changes that occur are then listed. Possible changes in the owner’s equity are:

Increases		Decreases
1. Additional investments. 2. Net income for period.		1. Withdrawals. 2. Net loss for period.

De Van Loc’s capital statement is a simple one; only two items are involved.

De Van Loc Company

Capital Statement

for the Month Ended October 31, 2005

Beginning Balance, Oct. 1, 2005		515 000
Plus: Net Income		145 000
Ending Balance, Oct. 31, 2005		660 000

Following are illustrations of capital statements with more changes (headings are omitted here):

Beginning Balance, Sept. 1, 2005
Plus: Additional Investment
Net Income	250000
Less: Withdrawals	150 000
Net Increase in Capital		200 000
Ending Balance, Sept. 30, 2005		450 000

Task: Prepare a balance sheet for Maria’s Beauty Salon, use the following data:

Assets: Cash $ 1,750

Furniture and Fixures 8,900

Beauty Supplies 600

Liabilities: Regal Laundry 275

Mavelle Corp. 2,500

TRANSLATION

A. Translate the text into Russian.

Bookkeeping

Bookkeeping is writing down all the transactions arising from business activities which can be expressed in money. To run your business well you must know what money you have received, how much money you have spent and, most important of all, how you spent it. A bookkeeping system can provide you with that information. The books used for keeping records consist of a ledger and subsidiary books.

The ledger is the general book in which you enter almost all the figures arising from your business activities. A ledger consists of a number of accounts. A chart of accounts serves as an index to the ledger, and each account is numbered to facilitate the frequent references that are made to it. An account is a column in the ledger that has been given a specific name, e. g. Cash, Bank, Sales and etc.

The invoice book helps you to remember who owes the business money for goods and services you have sold but have not been paid for. When you have delivered a commodity or provided a service you send an invoice to the customer. You keep a copy of the invoice in the invoice book.

The purchase journal is used to write down details of goods and services bought on credit which is not yet paid for. The invoice you receive from the supplier is kept in the purchase journal until it is fully paid.

In the wages book you make notes about your employee names, wages, advance payments and so on.

B. Translate the abstract from Russian into English.

Закон Республики Беларусь «О бухгалтерском учете и отчетности» – один из основных нормативно-правовых актов, регулирующих вопросы организации бухгалтерского учета на уровне государства и субъектов хозяйствования. В нем сосредоточены основные положения по ведению бухгалтерского учета, используемые в дальнейшем органами государственного управления при разработке подзаконных актов.

Государственное регулирование бухгалтерского учета в Республике Беларусь обеспечивает единообразие ведения учета и составления бухгалтерской отчетности, достоверность отражения и своевременность поступления учетной и отчетной информации, обеспечение единых принципов исчисления налогов и сборов.

LISTENING

You will hear Sarah Brandston, an accountant in New York, talking about bookkeeping and tax accounting. Read the following questions, and then listen to the interview.

1. In which fields do most of Sarah Brandston’s clients work?

2. Why do they need an accountant?

3. What does Sarah Brandston describe as ‘the basic rule for accounting’?

4. An individual can do business as a self-proprietorship. Sarah Brandston mentions two other types of business. What are they?

5. Sarah Brandston says that bookkeeping is really a common sense way of keeping track of the income and expenses. What does she mean by common sense in relation to recording expenses?

SPEAKING

A.

Ex. 1. Four executives are discussing changes to company working practices. Listen to the meeting and answer these questions.

1. Why does Nancy think the open-plan office is a good idea?

2. Why are two of the people against introducing an open-plan office?

3. What proposal does Carl make to deal with the problem mentioned?

4. Why is Max against hot-desking?

5. What change in working practices does Nancy want?

Ex. 2. Listen again and tick the expressions in the Useful language box that you hear.

Interrupting Could I just say something? Excuse me, but could I just say….	Dealing with interruptions Hold on. Can I finish the point? Let Stefan finish, please. I’d like to finish if I may. Just a moment….
Asking for clarification How do you mean, …? What exactly are you saying? What exactly do you mean? Are you saying we need to…? Sorry, I don’t follow you. Can you explain in more detail?	Making proposals I suggest…. I propose that…. How about…. We could….
Clarifying What I mean is…. What I’m saying is…. No, I was thinking of…. To be more specific…. To clarify….	Rejecting proposals Sorry. I don’t think it’s/that’s a good idea. I’m not sure I agree with you there. It/That just won’t work. Well, I’m not happy about it/that.

Ex. 3. Role play this situation. You are managers of a television production company, Zoom International. You are discussing these two proposals for changes to company policy. Use the expressions from the Useful language box.

1. Zoom International (ZI) could reduce costs by offering staff a 10% increase in salary instead of a company car. If ZI makes the change, staff will have to provide their own car for business use, using their own money.

2. ZI could increase security at their head office. At present, a security guard checks staff who enter the building. In future, staff will have to go through a barrier where they insert an identity card. If they do not have an identity card, they cannot enter the building. In addition, they must, at all times, wear an identity card with their photograph on it. There will be two female receptionists behind the barrier.

B. Case Study: Auric Bank.

Background

‘We constantly review our business in order to provide customers with excellent service at competitive prices. As part of our major reorganization, we’ve been looking at the cost of customer services. We have a range of options. We can make changes in-house, outsource call centres to areas within the UK or outsource off-shore to low-cost countries such as India.’

Graham Hammond, Chief Executive, Auric Bank.

The Chief Executive made the statement above to a group of investors three weeks ago. Auric Bank (AB) lost £1.5 billion last year because it invested in unprofitable areas of business. Since then AB has carried out a major review of its operations. It has concluded that:

1) customers believe AB is charging too much for its services;

2) AB no longer has the image of a ‘caring’ bank which is close to its customers and understands their needs;

3) the bank needs to reduce costs to boost its profits and share price.

To cut costs and increase efficiency, AB is now considering a number of options concerning the location of its call centres.

The call centres.

AB has approximately 2,500 employees working in three large call centres located in cities in the South of England. The company’s headquarters are in London. There are four options that the directors of the bank are considering.

Task: Work in groups of four. You are directors of AB.

1. Discuss the advantages of each option.

2. Try to persuade the other directors that your option is the right one for AB.

Option 1: Keep the call centers in-house.

Keep the call centres in their present locations but try to reduce costs by:

· Using more part-time employees;

· Reducing the hours of business of the centres;

· Increasing the targets for the number of calls handled per hour.

Estimated cost of running the centres for the next five years: £16 million. Estimated savings by introducing changes above: £3 million.

Option 2: Outsource the call centres to a company based in South Africa.

Use Resource Plc, a Cape Town firm. They can set up the call centres in Cape Town and run them.

· The firm has an excellent reputation for reliability and good service;

· It has a lot of experience in running centres.

Cost of the contract with Resource Plc to run the call centres for the next five years: £8 million.

Option 3: Outsource the call centres to a company based in Scotland.

Use Orion Plc, a Scottish firm:

· The firm is new; its managers are young;

· It has several contracts with bi companies;

· It is experienced in running call centres;

· Some customers have complained in newspapers that the lines are always busy.

Cost of the contract with Orion Plc to run the call centres for the next five years: £10 million.

Option 4: Outsource the call centres to a company based in India.

Use X-source India, a company based in Bangalore.

· X-source India is expanding fast;

· It has contracts with several large US companies;

· It has no problems hiring staff and its costs are low.

Cost of the contract with X-source India to run the call centres for the next five years: £5.5 million.

C. Summarize the information of the Unit to be ready to speak on Accounting. Use the following prompts as a plan:

– definition of accounting;

– definition of accounting system;

– management/cost accounting;

– financial accounting;

– users of accounting information;

– the difference between accounting and bookkeeping;

– two types of accounting system – historical cost accounting and current cost accounting;

– main accounting statements;

– types of accountants and their functions.

VOCABULARY

account (s) n – счет (а); отчетность

~ payable – счета кредиторов; статья пассивов; кредиторская задолженность

~ receivable – счета дебиторов; дебиторская задолженность; статья активов

profit and loss ~ – счет прибыли и убытков

accountant n – бухгалтер

private ~ – частнопрактикующий бухгалтер

certified public ~ – дипломированный бухгалтер-ревизор, аудитор

accounting n – бухгалтерский учет

cost ~ – калькуляция затрат (учет издержек экономической деятельности)

managerial ~ – управленческий учет (сбор и обработка информации, полезной для текущего управления фирмой)

tax ~ – налоговый учет

creative ~ – «изобретательный» бухгалтерский учет (с целью уклонения от контроля над экономической деятельностью)

~ period – отчетный период

audit n – аудит; аудиторская проверка

auditor n – аудитор; ревизор

balance n – баланс, сальдо

~ sheet – балансовый отчет

break-even n – безубыточность

capital n – капитал

~ stock – основной капитал

working ~ – оборотный капитал; текущие активы

venture ~ – венчурный капитал

depreciation n – 1) снижение стоимости, обесценивание 2) амортизация

double entry n – бухгалтерский учет методом двойной записи

entity n – экономический субъект

equity n – стоимость капитала за вычетом обязательств; чистые активы (компании)

goodwill n – «гудвил»; условная стоимость нематериальных активов фирмы

ledger n – главная бухгалтерская книга

liquidity n – ликвидность

overheads/overhead – непроизводительные издержки

profitability n – рентабельность

retained profit – нераспределенная прибыль

revenue n – доход; выручка

solvency n – платежеспособность, кредитоспособность

transaction n – сделка, соглашение, операция

to conduct ~s – заключать сделки, вести переговоры

business ~s – деловые операции

financial ~s – финансовые операции

temporary ~s – временные сделки

internal ~s – внутренние хозяйственные операции

external ~s – внешние хозяйственные операции

turnover n – оборот, товарооборот (суммарная стоимость продаж за отчетный период для отдельной компании)

GLOSSARY

· Account – a detailed record of all the money that a person receives and spends.

· Accounts payable is all the money a company owes to other companies for goods or services received.

· Accounts receivable is all the money a company is owed by other companies for good or services it had supplied.

· Accountant – a person whose job is to inspect or keep accounts.

· Accounting – the system that measures business activities, processes that information into reports, and communicates these findings to decision makers.

· Audit – the inspection of an organization’s annual accounts.

· Auditor – a person who carries out an audit.

· Balance sheet is a written statement of the amount of money & property that a company or person has, including amounts of money that are owed or are owing.

· Break-even – when sales reach a level where revenue match costs, a company or product breaks even.

· Capital stock (syn. capital; stock) – the total value of the money, equipments buildings, etc. of a business company.

· Company costs are total amount of money involved in operating the business.

· Company’s profit and loss account is a financial record, published at the end of each financial year, that shows whether it has made a profit or a loss (P&L).

· Double entry – a method of showing that every business transaction has two aspects, i. e. materials or goods purchased on credit are a liability on the firm to pay the supplier later, but at the same time they are an asset, as at some time the materials will be used for manufacture and then sold, or the goods purchased will be resolved.

· Equity is the money a company gets from selling the shares it owns.

· Goodwill – the good reputation of an established business.

· Invoice is a document that lists goods that have been supplied or services that have been done, and says how much money you owe for them.

· Ledger – the most important accountant book.

· Principal – an amount of money lent or invested on which interest is paid.

· Revenue is money that a company, organization or government receives from people.

MARKETING

DISCOVERING CONNECTIONS

1. What is marketing?

2. What does marketing include?

3. Can you tell the difference between marketing and promotion?

4. Is marketing a theoretical or an applied discipline?

5. What is your opinion: are high marketing costs worth the efforts and expenditures?

READING

Text 1

Scan the text for subheadings. What do they tell you about the topic of the text? What do you want to learn about the topic?

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