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Flag of Altai Republic
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Flag of Azerbaijan
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Flag of Bashkortostan
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Flag of Chuvashia
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Flag of Gagauzia
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Flag of Iraqi Turkmen
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Flag of Kabardino-Balkaria
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Flag of Karachay-Cherkessia
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Flag of Karakalpakstan
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Flag of Kazakhstan
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Flag of Khakassia
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Flag of Kyrgyzstan
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Flag of Sakha
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Flag of Tatarstan
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Flag of Turkey
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Flag of Turkmenistan
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Flag of Tuva
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Flag of Uzbekistan
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Unofficial Gagauzia flag.
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Flag of the Crimean Tatarpeople.
Notes and references
1. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
2. ^ [1], Milliyet, 22 March 2007. (Turkish)
3. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html#People CIA World Factbook Turkmenistan
4. ^ CIA World Factbook Afghanistan
5. ^ "Results / General results of the census / National composition of population". All-Ukrainian Census, 2001. December 5 2001. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
6. ^ UNHCR: Census of Afghans in Pakistan
7. ^ ab Turkic people, Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition, 2010
8. ^ "Timur", The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001–05, Columbia University Press.
9. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica article: Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids, Online Edition, 2007.
10. ^ Finnish Tatars
11. ^ Turkic people, Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Edition, 2008
12. ^ Foster, John (1939). The Church of the Tang Dynasty. Macmillan. p. 13.
13. ^ Turkic Language family tree entries provide the information on the Turkic-speaking populations and regions.
14. ^ ab Katzner, Kenneth (March 2002). Languages of the World, Third Edition. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.. ISBN 978-0415250047.
15. ^ Across Central Asia, a New Bond Grows – Iron Curtain's Fall Has Spawned a Convergence for Descendants of Turkic Nomad Hordes
16. ^ (in Turkish). Milliyet. 2008-06-06. http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
17. ^ The Turkmen
18. ^ Jean-Paul Roux, " Historie des Turks – Deux mille ans du Pacifique á la Méditerranée ". Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2000.
19. ^ Alekseev A.Yu. et al., "Chronology of Eurasian Scythian Antiquities Born by New Archaeological and 14C Data", © 2001 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona, Radiocarbon, Vol.43, No 2B, 2001, p 1085–1107
20. ^ ab G. Moravcsik, "Byzantinoturcica" II, p. 236–39
21. ^ On Cultural Relationships Between Old Turks and Iran
22. ^ ab Findley (2005), p. 29.
23. ^ Etienne de la Vaissiere, Encyclopaedia Iranica Article:Sogdian Trade, 1 December 2004.
24. ^ abcdef Carter V. Findley, The Turks in World History, (Oxford University Press, October 2004) ISBN 0-19-517726-6
25. ^ Silk-Road:Xiongnu
26. ^ Yeni Türkiye
27. ^ The Rise of the Turkic People
28. ^ Early Turkish History
29. ^ "An outline of Turkish History until 1923."
30. ^ Lebedynsky (2006), p. 59.
31. ^ Beckwith (2009), pp. 72–73 and 404–405, nn. 51–52.
32. ^ Keyser-Tracqui C., Crubezy E., Ludes B. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis of a 2,000-year-old necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia American Journal of Human Genetics 2003 August; 73(2): 247–260.
33. ^ Nancy Touchette Ancient DNA Tells Tales from the Grave "Skeletons from the most recent graves also contained DNA sequences similar to those in people from present-day Turkey. This supports other studies indicating that Turkic tribes originated at least in part in Mongolia at the end of the Xiongnu period."
34. ^ MA Li-qing On the new evidence on Xiongnu's writings. (Wanfang Data: Digital Periodicals, 2004)
35. ^ Paola Demattè Writing the Landscape: the Petroglyphs of Inner Mongolia and Ningxia Province (China). (Paper presented at the First International Conference of Eurasian Archaeology, University of Chicago, 3–4 May 2002.)
36. ^ N. Ishjatms, "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, Fig 6, p. 166, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, ISBN 92-3-102846-4
37. ^ Chinese History – The Xiongnu
38. ^ G. Pulleyblank, "The Consonantal System of Old Chinese: Part II", Asia Major n.s. 9 (1963) 206–65
39. ^ The Origins of the Huns
40. ^ Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen. The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press, 1973
41. ^ Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Language of Huns
42. ^ Josh Burk, "The Middle East and Its Origins" p.45"
43. ^ Johnson, Mark "Turkic roots its origins" p.43
44. ^ Moses Parkson, "Ottoman Empire and its past life" p.98
45. ^ The Pechenegs, Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy
46. ^ ab Encyclopædia Britannica Article:Mughal Dynasty
47. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Article:Babur
48. ^ the Mughal dynasty
49. ^ When the Moguls Ruled India...
50. ^ Babur: Encyclopædia Britannica Article
51. ^ Vasiliev D.D. Graphical fund of Turkic runiform writing monuments in Asian areal, М., 1983, p. 44
52. ^ ab Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees – Altaic". Retrieved 2007-03-18.
53. ^ Georg, S., Michalove, P.A., Manaster Ramer, A., Sidwell, P.J.: "Telling general linguists about Altaic", Journal of Linguistics 35 (1999): 65–98 Online abstract and link to free pdf
54. ^ Turkic peoples, Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition, 2008
55. ^ Language Family Trees: Altaic
56. ^ Altaic Language Family Tree Ethnologue report for Altaic.
57. ^ Ethnographic maps
58. ^ A.M. Khazanov, After the USSR: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Politics in the Commonwealth of Independent States., pp.184–89, 1995, University of Wisconsin Press
§ Golden, Peter B. " Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples ". (2006) In: Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawai'i Press. Pp. 136–157. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4; ISBN 0-8248-2884-4
Further reading and references
§ Alpamysh, H.B. Paksoy: Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule (Hartford: AACAR, 1989)
§ Amanjolov A.S., "History of тhe Ancient Turkic Script", Almaty, "Mektep", 2003, ISBN 9965-16-204-2
§ Baichorov S.Ya., "Ancient Turkic runic monuments of the Europe", Stavropol, 1989 (In Russian)
§ Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. (In Russian).
§ Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009): Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.
§ Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05212-0.
§ Chavannes, Édouard (1900): Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux. Paris, Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient. Reprint: Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969.
§ Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
§ Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
§ Findley, Carter Vaughn. 2005. The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516770-8; ISBN 0-19-517726-6 (pbk.)
§ Golden, Peter B. An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East, (Otto Harrassowitz (Wiesbaden) 1992) ISBN 3-447-03274-X
§ Heywood, Colin. The Turks (The Peoples of Europe), (Blackwell 2005), ISBN 978-0-631-15897-4.
§ Hostler, Charles Warren. The Turks of Central Asia, (Greenwood Press, November 1993), ISBN 0-275-93931-6.
§ Ishjatms N., "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, ISBN 92-3-102846-4.
§ Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
§ Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125. Classification of Turkic languages
§ Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopaedia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 5 September. 2007. Turkic languages: Linguistic history.
§ Kyzlasov I.L., "Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes", Moscow, Eastern Literature, 1994, ISBN 5-02-017741-5.
§ Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. (2006). Les Saces: Les «Scythes» d'Asie, VIIIe siècle apr. J.-C. Editions Errance, Paris. ISBN 2-87772-337-2.
§ Malov S.E., "Monuments of the ancient Turkic inscriptions. Texts and research", M.-L., 1951 (In Russian).
§ Mukhamadiev A., "Turanian Writing", in "Problems Of Lingo-Ethno-History Of The Tatar People", Kazan, 1995, ISBN 5-201-08300 (Азгар Мухамадиев, "Туранская Письменность", "Проблемы лингвоэтноистории татарского народа", Казань, 1995. с.38, ISBN 5-201-08300, (In Russian)
§ Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
§ Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14198-2
§ Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.Classification of Türkic languages
§ Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
§ Vasiliev D.D. Graphical fund of Turkic runiform writing monuments in Asian areal. М., 1983, (In Russian)
§ Vasiliev D.D. Corpus of Turkic runiform monuments in the basin of Enisei. М., 1983, (In Russian)
§ Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.
See also
§ Turkiate society
§ Chigils Turks
§ Shato
§ Pan-Turanism
§ Pan-Turkism
§ Turkic European
§ Turkic languages
§ Turkic migrations
§ Turkic states and empires
§ Turko-Iranian
§ Turko-Persian tradition
§ Turko-Mongol
§ Turkology
§ List of ethnic groups
§ European ethnic groups
§ Peoples of the Caucasus
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Turkic peoples |
§ Turkic Republics, Regions, and Peoples: Resources – University of Michigan
§ Turkic Cultures and Children's Festival, Turkic Fest
§ Encyclopedia Britanica 1911 Edition
§ turkicworld
§ Ethnographic maps
§ International Turcology and Turkish History Research Symposium
§ Istanbul Kültür University
§ Examples of traditional Turkish and Ottoman Clothing
§ Türkçekent Orientaal's links for Turkish Language Learning
§ Türkçestan Orientaal's links to Turkic languages
§ Ural-Altaic-Sumerian Etymological Dictionary
§ Crimean Tatar Internet Resources
§ Nationwide game of Turks
§ Crimean Tatar Web Site
§ Kemal's Crimean Tatar Web Site with Crimean Tatar Language Resources
§ Murad Adji's site Contains books in English
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