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Unit 1. Minerals Are Substances
Part 1. Minerals
Study the list of vocabulary and pronounce the words after the teacher:
Vocabulary:
naturally occurring substances [’næt∫rəli ə’kə:riŋ 'sʌbst(ə)n(t)siz] – вещества встречающиеся в природе
characteristic atomic structure [ˌkærəktə'rɪstɪk ə'tɔmɪk 'strʌkʧə] – характерное атомное строение
fixed chemical composition ['fɪkst 'kemɪk(ə)l ˌkɔmpə'zɪʃ(ə)n] – устойчивое химическое соединение
vary within certain limits v. –
колебаться в определённых пределах
distinguish v. – отличать
single element – один элемент
be composed of v. – состоять из
diamond ['daɪəmənd] – алмаз
presently known – известный в настоящее время
rock – горная порода
striking feature – важная черта, указывающая на сходство минералов/ цвет черты
reflection – отражение
halite [’hælait] – каменная соль, галит
sodium chloride [’səudiəm ’klɔ:raid] – хлорид натрия
positive ions [’pɔzitiv’aiənz] – положительно
заряженные ионы
link v. – соединяться
quartz [kwɔ:ts] – кварц
sphere [sfiə] – шар, сфера
atom [’ætəm] – атом
soft [sɔft] – мягкий
hard [ha:d] – твёрдый
hardness [’ha:dnis] – жёсткость
cleavage [’kli:vidჳ] – слоистость, расщепление
luster [’lʌstə] – блеск
streak [stri:k] – черта минерала, жилка, прожилка, тонкий слой
crystal structure [’kristl ’strʌkt∫ə] – кристаллическое строение
density [’densiti] – плотность
specific gravity [spe’sifik ’græviti] – удельный вес/ плотность
flexible [’fleksəbl] – гибкий
flexibility [‚fleksə’biliti] – гибкость
perfect [’pə:fikt] – точный, совершенный, настоящий
imperfect [im’pə:fikt] – несовершенный, неточный, с изъяном
cubic [’kjubik] – кубический
dull [dʌl] – тусклый, тупой, неотточенный
vitreous [’vitriəs] – стеклянный, стекловидный
resinous [’rezinəs] – смолистый
greasy [’gri:zi] – сальный, грязный, скользкий
pearly [’pə:li] – жемчужный
adamantine [‚ædə’mæntain] – адамантовый, имеющий свойства алмаза
hexagonal [hek’sægənəl] – шестиугольный
octagonal [ɔk’tægən(ə)l] – восьмиугольный
homogeneous [hə’mɔdჳinəs] – однородный, гомогенный
property [’prɔpəti] – собственность, свойство
physical properties [’fizik(ə)l ’prɔpətiz] – физические свойства
various [’ve(ə)riəs] – различный
abundant [ə'bʌndənt] – обильный, многочисленный
acid [’æsid] – кислота
base [beis] – основание
unite [ju:’nait] v. – соединять, объединять
silicate [’silik(e)it] – силикат
exclude [ɪks'kluːd] v. – исключать; не впускать; не допускать
derive [dɪ'raɪv] v. – получать, извлекать
geometric [ˌʤɪə'metrɪk] – геометрический
spatial ['speɪʃ(ə)l] – пространственный; занимающий какое-л. пространство; существующий в пространстве
arrangement [ə'reɪnʤmənt] – приведение в порядок; расположение; классификация; систематизация
lattice ['lætɪs] – решётка, сетка; пространственная решётка
dimension [daɪ'men(t)ʃ(ə)n] – измерение; размеры, величина; объём; протяжение
three-dimensional [ˌθriːdɪ'men(t)ʃ(ə)n(ə)l] – трёхмерный, пространственный; объёмный, стереоскопический
fit in – приспосабливаться; приноравливаться
Bravais lattice ['breivəs] – минер. решетка Браве, кристаллическая решетка, пространственная решетка
internal [ɪn'tɜːn(ə)l] – внутренний
grain [greɪn] – зерно; хлебные злаки; песчинка
periodic [ˌpɪərɪ'ɔdɪk] – периодический, повторяющийся
X-ray ['eksreɪ], [ˌeks'reɪ] – обычно X-rays рентгеновские лучи
diffraction [dɪ'frækʃ(ə)n] – дифракция, преломление
pyrite ['piˌrit] – минер. пирит
marcasite ['mɑːkəsʌɪt, -ziːt] – минер. марказит; лучистый (гребенчатый, копьевидный) колчедан
chemical composition ['kemɪk(ə)l ˌkɔmpə'zɪʃ(ə)n] – химический состав
galena [gə'liːnə] – геол. галенит, свинцовый блеск (минерал, сульфид свинца с ярким серебряно-белым металлическим блеском)
lead [led] – хим. свинец
sulfur ['sʌlfə] – хим. сера
periclase ['pɛrɪkleɪz, -s] – минер. периклаз, окись магния
magnesium [mæg'niːzɪəm] – хим. магний
share [ʃɛə] v. – делить, распределять; разделять; делиться
sheet [ʃiːt] – полотно, холст, полотнище; лист (бумаги, стекла, металла)
slide [slaɪd] (slid, slid) v. – скользить; двигаться плавно, без резких скачков
interlocking [ˌɪntə'lɔkɪŋ] – блокирование, блокировка
network ['netwɜːk] – сеть, сетка; плетёнка
approval [ə'pruːv(ə)l] – одобрение; благоприятное мнение
common ['kɔmən] – общий, частый, обыкновенный; обычный; распространённый
occasional [ə'keɪʒ(ə)n(ə)l] – случающийся время от времени, иногда, редко; редкий, случайный
rare [rɛə] – редкий, редкостный, нечастый
extremely [ɪks'triːmlɪ], [eks'triːmlɪ] – чрезвычайно, крайне, в высшей степени; очень
solid ['sɔlɪd] – твёрдый (а не жидкий или газообразный)
remain [rɪ'meɪn] v. – оставаться
mineralogy [ˌmɪn(ə)'ræləʤɪ] – минералогия
predominantly [prɪ'dɔmɪnəntlɪ] – особенно, преимущественно
compose [kəm'pəuz] v. – составлять
limestone ['laɪmstəun] – геол. известняк
calcite ['kalsʌɪt] – геол. кальцит (эталонный минерал с твёрдостью 3 по шкале Мооса)
mica ['maɪkə] – минер. слюда
feldspar ['feldspɑː] – геол. полевой шпат
chlorite ['klɔːrʌɪt] – хим. хлорит
kaolin ['keɪəlɪn] – геол. каолин (белая огнеупорная глина, керамическое сырьё)
epidote ['ɛpɪdəʊt] – минер. эпидот (породообразующий минерал - водный силикат кальция, алюминия и железа)
olivine ['ɒlɪviːn, -ʌɪn] – минер. оливин, хризолит, перидот
augite ['ɔːdʒʌɪt] – минер. авгит
hornblende ['hɔːnblend] – геол. роговая обманка; минер. амфибол
magnetite ['mægnətaɪt] – геол. магнетит, магнитный железняк
hematite ['hiːmətaɪt] – крист. гематит; горн. гематит, красный железняк, железный блеск
species ['spiːʃiːz] – вид (подразделение в систематике, входящее в состав высшего раздела - рода)
handful ['hændful] – пригоршня; горсть; горстка, небольшое количество
sample ['sɑːmpl] – образец, образчик; экземпляр
commercially valuable [kə'mɜːʃ(ə)lɪ 'vaɪəbl] – коммерчески жизнеспособный
refer [rɪ'fɜː] v. – направлять; отсылать (к кому-л. / чему-л.); приписывать (чему-л.); относить на счёт (чего-л.
purpose ['pɜːpəs] – цель, намерение; замысел, стремление
desired [dɪ'zaɪəd] – желательный, желанный; приятный
separate ['sep(ə)rət] v. – отделять, разделять
ore [ɔː] – руда
tailing ['teilɪŋ] – размытие спектра; тянучка, тянущееся продолжение; затягивание
Exercise 1. Read the text “Minerals Are Substances” and find in it the words according to the following meanings:
1. smallest unit of matter which can take part in a chemical reaction
2. qualities or attributes of a substance
3. usually colourless hard precious stone
4. silver-white metallic element
5. white crystalline substance used to season food; chemical compound of acid or metal
6. perfectly round solid object
7. hard mineral substance that makes up part of the earth crust; large rugged mass of stone
8. clear colourless tasteless liquid that fall as rain and forms rivers
9. soft reddish-brown metal
10. gaseous element essential to life and combustion
11. hard outer part of the earth
12. oxide containing two oxygen atoms per molecule
Minerals Are Substances
Minerals are inorganic homogeneous units which are combined in various ways and under different conditions to form rocks. Minerals are naturally occurring substances with a characteristic atomic structure and characteristic chemical and physical properties. Some minerals have a fixed chemical composition; others vary within certain limits. It is their atomic structure that distinguishes minerals from one another.
Some minerals consist of a single element, for example, gold, silver, copper, and carbon (diamond and graphite), but most minerals are composed of two or more elements. A diamond, for instance, consists only of carbon atoms, but quartz is a compound of silica and oxygen. Of the 105 elements presently known, nine make up more than 99 percent of the minerals and rocks.
The most fundamental combination of these elements is their union with oxygen to form oxides. When silicon unites with oxygen, silicon dioxide is formed, which unites with water and forms acids. The six other elements unite with oxygen and water to form bases. The acids and bases combine to form silicates, which are the most abundant compounds in the earth’s crust.
The most striking feature of minerals is their crystal form, and this is a reflection of their atomic structure. The simplest example of this is rock salt, or halite (NaCl, sodium chloride), in which the positive ions (charged atoms) of sodium are linked with negatively charged chlorine ions by their unlike electrical charges. We can imagine these ions as spheres, with the spheres of sodium having about half the radius of the chlorine ions (.98 A as against 1.8 A; A is an Angstrom Unit, which is equivalent to one hundred millionth of a centimeter, written numerically as ~0.00000001 cm). The unit is named for Anders Angstrom, a Swedish physicist.
Exercise 2. Read the text “Minerals Are Substances” once again and answer the following questions:
Exercise 3. Find antonyms in the text to the following words:
Exercise 4. Find synonyms in the text to the following words:
Exercise 5. Read the text and identify true or false are the following statements:
OXYGEN AND SILICON are the two most abundant elements in the earth’s crust. Their presence, in such enormous quantities, indicates that most of the minerals are silicates (compounds of metals with silicon and oxygen) or aluminosilicates. Their presence in rocks is also an indication of the abundance of quartz (SiO2, silicon dioxide) in sandstones and granites, as well as in quartz veins and geodes.
1. Oxygen and silicon are the elements of the earth’s crust.
2. Most of the minerals are oxygen.
3. Most of the minerals are silicates.
4. Sandstones and granites contain silicon dioxide.
5. Quartz is not included in rocks.
6. Silicon is the most abundant substance in the earth’s crust.
Exercise 6. Separate the following texts into words and sentences and then read them and translate into Russian:
X-ray Studies
xraystudiesshowthattheinternalarrangementofhaliteisadefinitecubicpatterninwhichionsofsodiumalternatewiththoseofchlorineeachsodiumionisthusheldinthecenterofandatequaldistancefromsixsymmetricallyarrangedchlorinejonsandviceversaitisthisbasicatomicarrangementorcrystallinestructurethatgiveshaliteitsdistinctivecubiccrystalformanditscharacteristicphysicalproperties
Minerals are chemicals
Mineralsarechemicalstheyarechemicalelementsorcompoundsfoundnaturallyinthecrustoftheearththeyareinorganicincontrasttoorganicchemicalsmademainlyofcarbonhydrogenandoxygentypicaloflivingthingssomemineralshaveafixedchemicalcompositionothersareaseriesofrelatedcompoundsinwhichonemetallicelementmaywhollyorpartlyreplaceanothersomemineralscanbeverysimilarchemicallybutareusuallyquitedifferentincolourandphysicalpropertiesonlyrarelywillasinglephysicalorchemicalpropertyidentifyamineralusuallymorecharacteristicsmustbeused.
Exercise 7. According to the following definitions find the words in the list of vocabulary given above:
1. a fine soft white clay, resulting from the natural decomposition of other clays or feldspar;
2. an organism or inorganic object or material which takes various forms;
A hard sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate or dolomite, used as building material and in the making of cement;
A shiny silicate mineral with a layered structure, found as minute scales in granite and other rocks, or as crystals;
5. an abundant rock-forming mineral typically occurring as colourless or pale-coloured crystals and consisting of aluminosilicates of potassium, sodium, and calcium;
6. a shiny yellow mineral consisting of iron disulfide and typically occurring as intersecting cubic crystals;
7. the chemical element of atomic number 12, a silver-white metal of the alkaline earth series. It is used to make strong lightweight alloys, and is also used in flash bulbs and pyrotechnics, as it burns with a brilliant white flame. (Symbol: Mg);
An olive-green, gray-green, or brown mineral occurring widely in basalt, peridotite, and other basic igneous rocks;
A colourless mineral consisting of magnesium oxide, occurring chiefly in marble and limestone;
A white or colorless mineral consisting of calcium carbonate
Exercise 8. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right:
Nouns:
Grain a. the process by which a beam of light is spread out passing through
Lattice b. the reason for which it is made or done
Diffraction c. the action, process, or result of location or being located
Sample d. the action of agreement with something
Arrangement e. a seed from wheat, rice, or other cereal crop
Purpose f. a small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like
Approval g. a structure consisting of strips crossed and fastened together
Adjectives:
Rare a. occurring, appearing, or done infrequently and irregularly
Spatial b. being worth having or doing because it is useful, necessary, or popular
Internal c. being firm and stable in shape; not liquid or fluid
Desired d. being not common and is therefore interesting or valuable
Occasional e. describing things relating to areas
Solid f. occurring, found, or done often
Common g. happening inside
Exercise 9. Read and translate the following text “Mineral Definition and Classification”:
Mineral Definition and Classification
To be classified as a true mineral, a substance must be a solid and have a crystalline structure. It must also be a naturally occurring, homogeneous substance with a defined chemical composition. Traditional definitions excluded organically derived material. However, the International Mineralogical Association in 1995 adopted a new definition: a mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.
The modern classifications include an organic class – in both the new Dana and the Strunz classification schemes.
The chemical composition may vary between end members of a mineral system. For example the plagioclase feldspars comprise a continuous series from sodium and silicon-rich albite (NaAlSi3O8) to calcium and aluminium-rich anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) with four recognized intermediate compositions between. Mineral-like substances that don't strictly meet the definition are sometimes classified as mineraloids. Other natural-occurring substances are nonminerals. Industrial minerals is a market term and refers to commercially valuable mined materials.
A crystal structure is the orderly geometric spatial arrangement of atoms in the internal structure of a mineral. There are 14 basic crystal lattice arrangements of atoms in three dimensions, and these are referred to as the 14 "Bravais lattices". Each of these lattices can be classified into one of the seven crystal systems, and all crystal structures currently recognized fit in one Bravais lattice and one crystal system. This crystal structure is based on regular internal atomic or ionic arrangement that is often expressed in the geometric form that the crystal takes. Even when the mineral grains are too small to see or are irregularly shaped, the underlying crystal structure is always periodic and can be determined by X-ray diffraction. Chemistry and crystal structure together define a mineral. In fact, two or more minerals may have the same chemical composition, but differ in crystal structure (these are known as polymorphs). For example, pyrite and marcasite are both iron sulfide, but their arrangement of atoms differs. Similarly, some minerals have different chemical compositions, but the same crystal structure: for example, halite (made from sodium and chlorine), galena (made from lead and sulfur) and periclase (made from magnesium and oxygen) all share the same cubic crystal structure.
Crystal structure greatly influences a mineral's physical properties. For example, though diamond and graphite have the same composition (both are pure carbon), graphite is very soft, while diamond is the hardest of all known minerals. This happens because the carbon atoms in graphite are arranged into sheets which can slide easily past each other, while the carbon atoms in diamond form a strong, interlocking three-dimensional network.
There are currently more than 4,000 known minerals, according to the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), which is responsible for the approval of and naming of new mineral species found in nature. Of these, perhaps 100 can be called "common", 50 are "occasional", and the rest are "rare" to "extremely rare".
Exercise 10. Look through the text above once again and answer the following questions:
1. What features must substance have to be classified as a true mineral?
2. What is a mineral?
3. How many classification schemes does modern classification include?
4. How may the chemical composition of minerals vary?
5. What does the word mineraloids mean?
6. What is crystal structure?
7. What is the crystal structure based on?
8. Crystal structure can be determined by X-ray diffraction even when the mineral grains are too small, can’t it?
9. What is mineral defined by?
10. If two or more minerals have the same chemical composition how do they differ then? Do you know any examples?
11. Can some minerals have different chemical compositions, but the same crystal structure? Do you know any examples?
12. What does crystal structure of minerals influence greatly? Do you know any examples?
13. How many minerals are currently known?
14. What is the International Mineralogical Association responsible for?
Exercise 11. Look through the following text “Differences between Minerals and Rocks” and fill in the words given below:
Differences Between Minerals and Rocks
A mineral is a naturally occurring solid with a definite 1 … composition and a specific crystalline structure. A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals. (A rock may also 2 … organic remains and mineraloids.) Some rocks are 3 … composed of just one mineral. For example, limestone is a 4 … rock composed almost entirely of the mineral calcite. Other rocks contain many 5 …, and the specific minerals in a rock can vary widely. Some minerals, like 6 …, mica or feldspar are common, while others have been found in only four or five locations worldwide. The vast majority of the rocks of the Earth's 7 … consist of quartz, feldspar, mica, chlorite, kaolin, calcite, epidote, olivine, augite, hornblende, magnetite, hematite, limonite and a few 8 … minerals. Over half of the mineral species known are so rare that they have only been found in a handful of samples, and many are known fro-m only one or two 9 … grains.
Commercially valuable minerals and rocks are referred to as 10 … minerals. Rocks from which minerals are mined for 11 … purposes are referred to as ores (the rocks and minerals that remain, after the desired mineral has been 12 … from the ore, are referred to as tailings).
Words:
A. – crust
B. – separated
C. – include
D. – other
E. – sedimentary
F. – small
G. – chemical
H. –quartz
I. – industrial
J. – predominantly
K. – minerals
L. – economic
Exercise 12. Read the text “Differences between Minerals and Rocks” once again and decide true or false are the following statements:
Statements:
1. A mineral is a naturally occurring gaseous substance with a specific crystalline structure.
2. All rocks are mainlycomposed of just one mineral.
3. Limestone is a sedimentary rock.
4. Quartz is as common as mica or feldspar.
5. Limestone has been found in only four or five locations worldwide.
6. Some rare species are known from only one or two small grains.
Unit 1. Minerals Are Substances
Part 2. Gem Minerals
Study the list of vocabulary and pronounce the words after the teacher:
Vocabulary:
gem [dჳem] – драгоценный камень,
самоцвет
prize [praiz] v. – высоко ценить
crystalline [’kritəlain] – кристаллический,
прозрачный
in common occurrence [’kɔmən ə’kʌrəns] –
часто-встречающееся явление
spectacular [spek’tækjulə] – эффектный
emerald [’emər(ə)ld] – изумруд
ruby [’ru:bi] – рубин
spinel [spɪ'nel] – шпинель
zircon ['zɜːkɔn] – циркон
sapphire [’sæfaiə] – сапфир
aquamarine [ˌækwəmə'riːn] – аквамарин; зеленовато-голубой цвет
topaz ['təupæz] – топаз; тёмно-жёлтый цвет (как у топаза)
tourmalin(e) ['tuəməliːn ], ['tɜːməliːn] – турмалин
essential [i’sen∫(ə)l] – необходимый,
неотъемлемый
incidental [insi’dent∫(ə)l] – свойственный,
присущий
detract [di’trækt] v. – принижать, умалять
resist [ri’zist] v. – сопротивляться
scratch [skræt∫] v. – царапать
polished [’pɔli∫t ] – отполированный
semiprecious [‚semi’pre∫əs] – полудрагоценный
beryl [’beril] – берилл
scarcity [’skeəsiti] – недостаток, нехватка
oriental [‚ɔ:ri’entl] – восточный, азиатский
igneous [’igniəs] – изверженный, пирогенный, вулканического происхождения
flaw [flɔ:] – трещина, щель
jade [dჳeid] – нефрит
hence [hens] – следовательно
alumino-fluoro-silicate [ə’l(j)u:minə ’flu(ə)rə ’sili(e)it] – алюминево-фтористый силикат
corundum [kə’rʌndəm] – корунд
translucent [trænz’lu:s(ə)nt] – просвечивающий, полупрозрачный, пронизывающий, ослепительно яркий
opaque [əu’peik] – непрозрачный, светонепроницаемый, матовый, без блеска
array [ə’rei] – множество, масса
banded [’bændid] – ленточный, полосчатый
striped [straipt] – полосатый, в полоску
mottled [’mɔtld] – крапчатый, испещрённый, пёстрый
Exercise 1. Read the following text and find in it the words with the following meanings:
Gem Minerals
Gems are the most prized and famous of all minerals. All are better, clearer, or more crystalline forms of minerals which in common occurrences are less beautiful and less spectacular. Diamonds, emeralds, rubies, and sapphires stand out as the true gems. Other stones are classified as semiprecious and ornamental stones. Scarcity and fashion are important in determining the value of a gem, but the following physical properties are prized: luster, transparency, color, and hardness.
Luster depends on how light is reflected by the mineral. The transparent gems also refract or bend light and are cut to turn the light back into the observer’s eye. Color is essential in some gems, and incidental in others. It may add or detract greatly from the gem’s value. The harder the gem, the better it resists scratching of its polished surfaces. Here are some of the best-known gems and semiprecious stones. Many other minerals and some rocks are occasionally used as gems.
Exercise 2. Identify which gem stone is described
| Gem | Hardness H. | Special Gravity Sp.Gr. |
| diamond | 3,5 | |
| aquamarine | 7,5 - 8 | |
| chrysoberyl | 8,5 | 3,6 |
| topaz | 3,5 | |
| spinel | 3,8 |
Emerald 2. spinel 3. zircon 4. aquamarine 5. topaz 6. tourmaline
Изумруд шпинель циркон аквамарин топаз турмалин
[’emər(ə)ld] [spi’nəl] [’zə:kɔn] [‚ækwəmə’ri:n] [’təupæz] [’təuməlin]
Text A. It is a light blue-green form of beryl (3BeO*Al2O3*6SiO2), only ore of the metal beryllium. H. 7.5 to 8. It also occurs as yellowish golden beryl. Found in many New England localities.
Text B. It is a form of beryl varying in color from light to deep green. Oriental stone, a green gem, is harder and may be the most valuable gem.
Text C. This stone is commonly black, forms long crystals, sometimes varicolored. Red, green, brown, and blue stones are known.
Text D. It is common in igneous rocks, but fairly rare as a gem stone. Clear brown crystals turn blue when heated and hence make better gems.
Text E. It sometimes reaches gem quality, the best red gems coming from Ceylon. Brown, green, and even blue stones occur. H. 8; Sp. Gr. 3.8.
Text F. It is a mineral of granites and other igneous rocks, is an alumino-fluoro-silicate. Large crystals have been found, some of gem quality. These are usually yellow, brown, or pink (when heated). H. 8; Sp. Gr. 3.5. False stone is brownish quartz.
Exercise 3. Find words, sentences and the text about “Transparent Gems”
Transparentgemsarestrikingfortheirlusterandbrillianceandoftenforhardnessandcolortoomostareoxidesofaluminumberylliumandmagnesiumsometimeswithsilicaallquartzgemsaresilicasometransparentgemsareidenticalmineralsthatdifferonlyincolorastherubyandthesapphiretransparencylackofflawscolorandsizedeterminethevalueofthesegems.
Exercise 4. Identify the form of Gerund
Ving being Ved/V3 having Ved/V3 having been Ved/V3
1. Opals are the most valuable, some of them being classified as precious.
2. Scarcity and fashion are important in determining the value of a gem.
3. The statue of the Happy Prince had two bright sapphires for eyes having been brought out of India a thousand years ago.
4. Having left the red ruby on the seamstress’s table the Swallow felt warm.
5. The Swallow was very surprised about the statue having been made of lead.
6. The Swallow told the Prince about the people having put the chain of pale green jade on the King’s neck.
Exercise 4. Read the text and identify true or false are the following statements
Quartz Gems, the best known semiprecious stones. Of, these gems, opals are the most valuable, some being classified as precious. The transparent quartz gems range from colorless through yellow, brown, blue, black, purple, pink and, rarely, green. The translucent or opaque quartz gems have an even wider array of colors and forms. Some are banded, striped, or mottled. Names of all these gems vary locally. Some bear several names; some names are used for several stones.
Unit 1. Minerals Are Substances
Part 3. Mining of Minerals
Study the list of vocabulary and pronounce the words after the teacher:
Vocabulary:
strip mining – поверхностная добыча; карьерный способ добычи
open-pit (or open-cut) mining – открытая разработка
quarry [’kwɔri] – карьер
quarrying [’kwɔriiŋ] – разработка карьера; добывание из карьера
exposure [iks’pəuჳə] – подвергание какому-либо воздействию; выставление; оставление (на солнце, под дождём)
excavation [‚ekskə’vei∫(ə)n] – котлован
step v. – идти, отправляться в путь; измерять, мерять (расстояние) шагами; одним махом достигать чего-либо; получать что-либо
bench v. – устанавливать скамьи; усаживаться; показывать на выставке
haul [hɔ:l] v. – тащить, тянуть; буксировать
overburden [‚əuvə’bə:dn] v. – перегружать
overlying – находящийся сверху
barren rock [’bær(ə)n] – пустая порода
require [ri’kwaiə] v. – приказывать; требовать; нуждаться
blast [bla:st] v. – дуть, продувать; взрываться, создавать проход в породе посредством взрывов
blasting oil – хим. нитроглицерин (взрывчатое вещество)
removal [ri’mu:v(ə)l] – перемещение; переезд; вызов; смещение
drilling holes – бурение скважин
explosive [iks’pləusiv] – взрывчатый; взрывной
blasting agent – взрывающая сила; взрывчатое вещество
mill – фабрика
pattern [’pætən] – система; структура; принцип; модель, образец
prohibitively [prə’hibitivli] – запрещено
underground mining – шахтный способ добычи
ratio [’rei∫iuə] – отношение, пропорция; коэффициент
objective [əb’dჳektiv] – цель; объектив
adit [’ædit] – горизонтальная подземная галерея, штольня; вход, проход; доступ
shaft [∫a:ft] – горн. шахта; ручка; колонна
access [’ækses] – доступ; проход, подход
stope [stəup] – горн. забой очистной выемки; очистная работа
support [sə’pɔ:t] v. – поддерживать; содержать; обеспечивать
ceiling [’si:liŋ] – потолок
pillar [’pilə] – столб, колонна; опора; горн. целик
recover [ri’kлvə] v. – вновь обретать; возвращать; получать обратно
afterward [’a:ftəwəd] – впоследствии, позднее
internal [in’tə:nl] – внутренний
winze [winz] – горн. гезенк; подземная выработка
pick – кирка; вилы, трезубец
pick v. – собирать; срывать; выбирать
shovel [’∫лvl] – лопата; экскаватор
rubber-tired vehicles [’rлbə ’taiəd ’vi:iklz] – транспортные средства на резиновых шинах (колёсах)
rail haulage [reil ’hɔ:lidჳ] – транспортировка по рельсам
multiple [’mлltipl] – составной; со сложной структурой; многократный; множественный
commonplace – общее место; обычное явление; привычное дело
lung [lлŋ] – анат. лёгкое
silicosis [‚sili’kəusis] – мед. силикоз
accomplish [ə’kɔmpli∫] v. – совершать; выполнять; достигать
timber – лесоматериалы; строевой лес; древесина
concrete [’kɔnkri:t] – бетон
bolt [bəult] – стрела; удар молнии; струя (воды); засов, задвижка; болт, винт, шуруп
bind [baind] (bound, bound [baund]) v. – вязать, связывать; завязывать
expose [iks’pəuz] v. – подвергать действию
technique [tek’ni:k] – техника, технические приёмы; метод, методика, способ
resultant liquid – получающаяся в результате жидкость
glory-hole mining – горн. глубокий разрез открытых работ
steep-sided – с крутыми склонами
funnel-shaped – в форме дымовой трубы/ воронки
gopher mining – добыча карьерным способом
placer mining [’plæsə ‚mainiŋ] – мытьё золота
talus (rock debris) [’teiləs] – склон, скат, откос; геол. осыпь, делювий
hydraulic nozzles [hai’drɔlik ’nɔzlz] – гидравлические форсунки/ выпускные отверстия
dredge [dredჳ] v. – копать с помощью землечерпалки; производить дноуглубительные работы
pan [pæn] v. – мыть золото; выпаривать соль; спекаться (о верхнем слое почвы)
sluice [slu:s] v. – мыть, промывать; выпускать воду через шлюз; литься, хлынуть
associate [ə’səu∫iit] v. – соединяться; связывать; вступать
disrupt [dis’rлpt] v. – раздробить, разбить; разрушать, срывать
displace [dis’pleis] v. – перемещать; двигать; вытеснять, заменять
runoff [’rлnəv] – сток; отходы
contaminate [kən’tæmineit] v. – пачкать; загрязнять; портить
pollutant [pə’lu:tənt] – загрязняющее вещество
mercury [’mə:kjuri] – ртуть
sodium cyanide [’səudjəm ’saiənaid] – цианид натрия
smelter [’smeltə] – плавильщик
sulfurous [’sлlf(ə)rəs] – сернистый
acid rain – кислотный дождь
unregulated – неуправляемый; неприспособленный; нерегламентированный
landfill – закапывание мусора; мусорная свалка
hazardous [’hæzədəs] – опасный, рискованный
legislation [‚ledჳis’lei∫(ə)n] – законодательство; закон; законопроект
reclamation [ri:klə’mei∫(ə)n] – требование; утилизация
the Comprehensive Environmental Response – Обширный Природный Отклик/ Всесторонний Ответ по Окружающей среде
compensation – возмещение, выплата, компенсация
liability [‚laiə’biliti] – обязательства, ответственность
enforcement – давление, принуждение; наблюдение за проведением в жизнь; принудительное применение
controversial [‚kɔntrə’və:∫(ə)l] – спорный, сомнительный; дискуссионный
encourage [in’kлridჳ] v. – ободрять; поощрять, поддерживать; потворствовать
settlement – колония, поселения
purchase [’pə:t∫əs] v. – покупать, приобретать
per acre [pə ’eikə] – за акр земли
worth [wə:θ] – цена, стоимость, ценность
Mining
From: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | Date: 2007
Exercise 1. Read the following text “Mining” and match the beginnings of the sentences with their ends:
a. … is called prospecting, or exploration.
b. … extracted by a variety of mining methods.
c. … such as iron and aluminum; precious stones, such as diamonds; building stones, such as granite; and solid fuels, such as coal and oil shale.
d. … mineral resources from the earth.
e. … if it can be mined profitably.
Exercise 2. Practice reading the following expressions and translate them into Russian:
precious stones, such as diamonds; commercially valuable amounts of metals; loading and hauling to the mill; loading the holes with explosives; a typical mining cycle; a size suitable for loading and hauling to the mill; prohibitively expensive; multiple drill units; lung disease; steel supports; the exposed roof surface; ion exchange; funnel-shaped surface excavation; sulfurous dust clouds; unregulated landfills for hazardous wastes
Exercise 3. Read the following text “Surface Mining Methods” and fill in the crossword below with the verbs from it according to the following definitions, all verb in the crossword are given in the infinitive forms (if you fill in all words correctly you’ll be able to read a word instead of numbers in vertical):
1. to carry on, to keep up or to preserve
2. to shatter, to crack or to split into several parts
3. to tread or to pace on the ground; to walk
4. to drag or to pull the cargo
5. to transfer or to shift something away
6. to burden on the vehicle with the cargo
Surface Mining Methods
Strip mining, open-pit (or open-cut) mining, and quarrying are the most common mining methods that start from the earth’s surface and maintain exposure to the surface throughout the extraction period. The excavation usually has stepped, or benched, side slopes and can reach depths as low as 1,500 ft (460 m). In strip mining, the soft overburden, or waste soil, overlying the ore or coal is easily removed. In open-pit mining the barren rock material over the ore body normally requires drilling and blasting to break it up for removal. A typical mining cycle consists of drilling holes into the rock in a pattern, loading the holes with explosives, or blasting agents, and blasting the rock in order to break it into a size suitable for loading and hauling to the mill, concentrator, or treatment plant.
Exercise 4. Read the following text “Underground Mining Methods” and decide true or false are the following statements:
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