Laboratory task

GIVING OF THE FIRST PRE-MEDICAL HELP FOR THE VICTIM

Purpose of work

To learn main principles of giving pre-medical help for losses of consciousness, traumas, thermal influences, poisonings and special kinds of traumas; to familiarize with rules of use of the device for artificial breath.

Key points

First aid – is a set of the simple, expedient actions directed on preservation of health of the victim. Firstly, if there is a need and an opportunity, it is necessary to take the victim out of the place of accident. Secondly, to examine the injured areas of a body, to estimate a condition of the victim, to stop a bleeding and to disinfect these areas. Then to fix fractures and to prevent a traumatic shock.

While giving the first pre-medical help it is necessary to be guided by such principles: correctness and expediency, speed, moderation, resoluteness, calmness.

The one who gives first aid, should know: the basic symptoms of infringements of the vital functions of an organism of the person, the general principles of giving of the pre-medical help and methods concerning the character of the injuries received by the victim.

The person who gives first aid, should be able: to estimate a condition of the victim and to determine what help, first of all, that demands; to provide artificial breath " from a mouth to a mouth " or " from a mouth to a nose ", external massage of heart and to estimate their efficiency; temporarily to stop a bleeding by imposing a tourniquet, a dense bandage, manual pressing of vessels; to bandage a trauma (wound, a burn, frostbites, blow); to immobilize the injured part of a body in case of a fracture of bones, heavy blow, thermal effect; to give the help for thermal and solar heat influence, drowning, poisonings, vomiting, losses of consciousness; to use improvised means for carrying, loading and transportations of the victim; to determine the necessity of tansporting of the victim in an ambulance or passing transport; to use the first-aid kit.

Sequence of giving of first aid: to remove influence on an organism of factors which threaten health and life of the victim (to free from action of an electric current, to take out from the infected zone, to extinguish burning clothes, to get out of water), to estimate a condition of the victim; to determine the character and seriousness of traumas which represent the greatest threat for life of the victim, and sequence of actions for his rescue; to take necessary measures concerning rescue of the victim by way of promptness (to provide passableness of respiratory ways, to carry out artificial breath, external massage of heart, to stop a bleeding, to fix a place of fracture, to make a bandage, etc.); to support vital basic functions of the victim till the arrival of the medical worker; to call for an ambulance or a doctor or to arrange for transportation of the victim to the nearest medical institution.

Only the doctor has the right to draw a conclusion on death of the victim. In places of constant watch of the medical personnel there should be first-aid kits and posters hung out in visible places with rules of giving the first aid, performance of artificial breath and external massage of the heart.

For the correct organization of the first medical service such measures should be carried out: at each enterprise, in shops, in branches - there should be persons responsible for an appropriate condition of devices and means for giving the help which are kept in first-aid sets and bags of first aid, and for their regular updating. The same persons are responsible for transfer of first-aid sets and bags for another shift with a mark in special magazine; the head of treatment-and-prophylactic institution which serves the given enterprise, should organize the strict annual control of application of rules of the first medical service, and also a condition and updating of first-aid sets and bags with the necessary devices and means for giving the first aid; If the help to the victim is given by not medical workers (not professionals), it should be strictly limited to the certain kinds (measures) of revival for "obvious" death, temporary stop of a bleeding, bandaging of wounds, a burn or frostbite, fixing of a fracture, transferring and transportation of the victim; the first-aid set, whether it is kept in a shop or in a bag of the first medical aid should contain medicines and the means listed in tab. 2.1

Table 2.1 – Medicines and means of giving of first aid

Medicines and medical means	The purpose of use	Quantity, pieces.
Individual aeceptic packages	Imposings of bandages
Bandage	_» _
Cotton	_» _	5 packs on 50 mg
Cotton-gauze bandage	Bandiging of fractures, stopping of a bleeding
Tourniquet, splint	Strengthenings of the broken and dislocated bones	3...4
Rubber bubble for ice	Coolings of the (injured) place owing to blows, twisting and fractures
Teaspoon	Making solutions
5 % iodine solution	Applying on skin near wounds and fresh scratches on skin	1 bottle (25 ml)
Liquid ammonia	Help to an unconscious victim a	1 bottle (From ml)
Solution of peroxide of hydrogen (3 %)	Stop of a nose bleeding	1 bottle (From ml)
Boric acid	Making a solution for washing eyes and skin, rinsing of mouth cavity at burns caused by alcali, for lotions on eyes at electric burns	1 package (25 g)
Soda	Making solutions for washing eyes and skin, rinsing of mouth cavity at burns caused by an acid	1 package (25 g)
Tincture valerian	Calm of nervous system	1 bottle (From ml)
Nitroglycerine	During a strong pain in the area of heart and behind a brest	1 tube
Notes: 1. Solutions of soda and a boric acid are meant only for workplaces where works with an acid and alcali are carried out. 2. In shops and laboratories where the possibility of a poisoning by gases and harmful substances is not excluded, the structure of the first-aid set can be accordingly added. 3.Splints, a rubber bubble for ice, a teaspoon, a boric acid and baking soda are included into the first aid kits. Other medicines are completed in quantities of 50 % specified in the list. 4. On an internal door of the first-aid set it is necessary to specify precisely, what medicines are used for those or other traumas (for example, during a bleeding from a nose - 3 %-ной a solution of peroxide of hydrogen, etc.).

Key questions

1. What two basic procedures are used for revival?

2. What is the way to perform artificial breath?

3. What is the way to perform external massage of heart?

4. What kind of help is given in a state of a shock?

5. What kind of help is given in a state of unconsciousness?

6. What help is given in a brain concussion?

7. What help is given for losses of consciousness?

8. What help is given during a bleeding?

9. What help is given in a condition of thermal influences?

10. What help is given in a condition of chemical burns?

11. What help is given in a condition of injury by an electric current?

12. What help is given in a condition of a poisoning?

13. What help is given in a condition of special kinds of traumas?

14. In what way is the device of artificial breath arranged and operated?

15. How to prepare for work the device of artificial breath?

16. How is the device of artificial breath joined to the victim?

Home assignment

1 For successful performance and protection of laboratory work it is necessary for a student to be prepared theoretically with the literature [1-5] about the basic
Versions of traumas and the most typical extreme situations characteristic for communication industry and to learn (to make notes) of basic methods of giving the first pre-medical aid:

* For injuries by an electric current;

* For thermal burns;

* For mechanical damages (the falling, hurts, fractures).

2 To be prepared for discussion on key questions.

Laboratory task

To acquire practically actions and methods of giving of the first pre- medical help for various damages of health: losses of consciousness, traumas, thermal and chemical influences, poisonings and so on.

Technique of performance of a laboratory problem(task) is the following:

1 To familiarize with equipment on a workplace.

2 To carry out start of laboratory work: twice to press a label First aid on a working table (screen) the left key of the manipulator such as "mouse" (further - "mouse").

3 To learn Basic theoretical points, having pressed corresponding Bookmark on the main page by the left key of "mouse". For returning on The main page after studying substantive provisions to press a bookmark To the main page.

4 To familiarize in details with sections of laboratory work, by pressing serially corresponding bookmarks on the main page:

* Loss of consciousness, trauma;

* Special kinds of a trauma;

* Poisonings;

* The diseases connected to change of barometric pressure.

The special attention should be paid to correctness of performance of practical actions, namely: at introduction of an air line (fig. 5.1), on stages of artificial breath (fig. 5.2), stages and positions of hands at the closed massage of heart (fig. 5.3...5.7). For transition on sections of laboratory work at the end of everyone the bookmark is pressed To the main page.

Figure 5.1 technics(technical equipment) of introduction of S-like air line

Figure 5.2 - Stages of artificial breath " from a mouth to a nose "

Figure 5.4 - the Place of touching of reanimator’s palms and breast of the victim for manual closed massage of heart

	Figure 5.3 - Precardinal impact (Push) by the bottom part of a breast For suspicions on fibrillation

Figure 5.5 - Positions of reanimator’s hands for the closed massage of heart

	Figure 5.6 - Sequence of stages cardio - lung revival by one rescuer		Figure 5.7 - Sequence of stages cardio - lung revival by two rescuers

To make the short description of giving of the first pre-medical help at the specified kinds of traumas and damages.

5 To learn the chapter the Device of artificial breath manual portable. Model 120 where conditions of use of the device of artificial breath are discussed to make its short description, to submit figure (fig. 5.8) and to learn instructions for use.

Figure 5.8 - the Device for artificial breath:

1 - the handle; 2 - goffered sack; 3 - not reversive valve; 4 - the precautionary valve of pressure; 5 - a goffered hose; 6 - curve; 7 - the valve of taking away the air

Дата добавления: 2015-10-26