Projects, possibilities for cooperation

Ecotourism Potential in Russia. Ecotourism, with an objective of promoting the conservation and sustainable management of unique nature resources, has great potential in Russia. The international tourist attractions of the country are its landscapes and species diversity, the unique network of nature-protected areas, a number of rare and endemic species, the presence of vast massifs of almost untouched nature, unlike most of the European countries. There are still many areas of traditional, aboriginal type of nature use, which are of great environmental and cultural significance. At present, the ecotourism is being mostly developed in nine regions of Russia, which possess the remarkable natural beauty and a well-developed infrastructure.

According to expert estimations, the most perspective regions for Russian ecotourists (mostly from Moscow and St. Petersburg) are the Caucasus (absolute leader), Baikal, Altai and Far Eastern regions. Unfortunately, the ecotourism development in the Caucasus now is seriously hampered due to the current political situation. The Volga-Urals, North and Central European regions are on the medium level, and the Kamchatka and Arctic regions have the least perspectives.

The classification of these regions in terms of their popularity among the foreign ecotourists is different: the leading regions at present are the European North of Russia (first of all, because of the tourists from Finland coming to Karelia), Baikal region (extremely popular in the whole world), and Kamchatka (because of the tourists from the USA, Japan and China).

Especially Protected Nature Areas as an Optimal Ground to Start Ecotourism Development. One of the peculiar features of the ecotourism development in Russia is its close connection with the especially protected nature areas (NPAs) – national parks, zapovedniks (strict nature reserves), and others.

The Russian system of zapovedniks, the standards of primordial landscapes untouched by the economic activity, has no analogues in the world. A network of zapovedniks and national parks covers practically all the unique and most interesting landscapes and ecosystems ranging from Arctic tundras to sandy deserts and subtropics.

In comparison with excursions in many foreign national parks, the advantage of ecotours in Russian zapovedniks is being tête-á-tête with primordial nature and without signs of presence of other visitors. Our experience made us believe that, in present social and economic conditions, the national parks and buffer zones of zapovedniks can provide an optimal ground to start the development and introduction of the principles of sustainable tourism in Russia.

This is caused by several reasons:

● At present, in most regions the NPAs seem to be the only structures, which are able to monitor and control the environmental and social impacts of nature tourism. When the increase of tourist visitation takes place in other nature areas, without proper management and control this can cause their quick degradation.

● Experienced researchers and rangers, which monitor the wildlife, all the year round form a whole network of research institutions in different nature zones. This makes the Russian zapovedniks especially interesting for the organization of scientific tours and summer field training courses for the foreign students.

● Many NPAs now have visitor centres and specialized environmental education departments. This greatly enhances the effectiveness of nature interpretation programmes.

● In the new economic and political conditions, The NPAs realize that success of their activity is impossible without the public support, involvement of local communities in conservation activities. Therefore, the NPAs are actively involved in ecological education. If properly organized, ecotourism can be an important tool for environmental education.

● In the conditions of great economic and political changes in the country, faced with high unemployment rate, local population was forced to return to traditional economic activities, as cattle grazing, hay making, hunting (poaching) and gathering. Performed in an unsustainable way, it inevitably increases the conflicts between local communities and nature-protected areas and leads to the destruction of important nature complexes. Ecotourism can provide for the local population the economic incentives for conservation, change their attitude towards protected areas and ensure their collaboration.

● The zapovedniks have serious potential to start playing an important role in the local economies, promote attraction of international attention and investment capital to the region, creation of additional employment for the local population. This, in its turn, will make it possible to attract wide public attention to the issues of environmental protection and build strong public support for the protected areas.

For dozens of years, the zapovedniks were closed not only for foreigners, but also for most of the Russian citizens, as, according to the official conservation ideology, protection of nature cannot be compatible with any kind of use. In the new political and economic conditions in Russia, the budgetary funding for nature reserves had been reduced dramatically. The very survival of the unique network of nature-protected areas is threatened. Destruction of these unique ecosystems would cause negative consequences not only on the regional, but also on the global scale. To survive and provide for their further sustainable operation, the nature reserves have to look for new, alternative sources of additional funding. The policy of government regarding zapovedniks has also changed. At present, it welcomes all activities which do not contradict their major activity and generate additional income.

In this respect, the ecotourism development in the buffer zones of the nature reserves can be extremely important, as it is one of the very few (if not only) kinds of economic activities of zapovedniks, which corresponds to their primary conservation, scientific and educational goals.

Problems of Ecotourism development in Russia. At present, Russia’s great ecotourism potential is used to a very little extent. A complex of problems, which hindered the ecotourism development in the country until recently, causes it. These problems, which are more or less typical for most of regions in the country, lay in the following spheres.

Policy, legislation:

● Imperfection of legislation, especially the tax policy, visa system, land use regulations.

● The mechanisms of ecotourism development at the federal level are not worked out. There is a lack of complex approach and coordination of this activity at the federal level.

● There is no unified concept, which integrates the aims of tourism development, agriculture and forestry development, culture, mining, fishery, traffic, sports, spa and health, accommodation and gastronomy, and waste management.

Infrastructure:

Lack or low quality of necessary infrastructure (living facilities, transport vehicles, a set of equipped ecological trails and routs, etc.)

Geography, climate:

In many regions, the tourist season is limited only to 2-3 months per year.

Human resources:

● The NPAs personnel have little training and experience in marketing, standards of accommodation and service and other fundamental skills, which would make their tour product competitive on the world market.

● Conservativeness of thinking, lack of motivation, low responsibility of the local personnel in many cases.

● Lack of understanding of the customer interests.

● Lack of specialized tour operators.

● Isolation of participants of ecotourism activity, lack of information.

Information, marketing:

● Absence in many nature reserves of ecotourism product meeting the standards of the international travel market (sets of routs and programmes for different tourist categories, etc.)

● Lack of marketing information and skills is one of the most serious factors hampering ecotourism development in Russia. World community has little knowledge about Russia’s natural heritage, ecotourism possibilities.

● There is no stable demand for ecotourism product in the domestic market.

● Influx of foreign visitors to Russia remains quite low and unstable.

● Lack of detailed pre-trip and specialty information (lists of fauna and flora, rare species, etc.) for the travellers, lack of nature interpretation programmes targeted to different categories of visitors in Russian NPAs.

Ecology

● Mechanisms are not in place to determine carrying capacities for NPAs and thoroughly monitor tourism impacts. This makes them vulnerable against possible ecological problems of tourism organized without proper planning and control.

● Very few tourism programmes provide for active involvement of visitors in the conservation activity. More often, an excursion or tour is aimed to demonstrate exotic “wonders and beauties” of nature rather than to better understanding environmental problems.

What was done in Russia for ecotourism development?

● More than 150 ecotourism programmes for various categories of visitors are developed in the Russian Far East, Altai, Baikal, Khakassia, Sayans, Tuva, Krasnoyarsk Region, Caucasus, European North, etc. They include general cognitive ecotours, adventure ecotours (rafting, trekking, horseback riding), specialized programmes (bird watching, botanical, archeological and ethnographic), scientific tours and student practices, weekend excursions, etc.

● Recreation capacities are assessed for ecotourist routes in more than 30 nature reserves and national parks.

● Tourism development programmes and management plans are worked out for several nature reserves.

● Environmental education centres are organized, equipped and work successfully in the nature reserves of the Far East, Altai-Sayans ecoregion, European North, etc.

● A complex of lectures and excursions is developed for the NPAs visitors.

● Infrastructure is improved, a number of ecological trails are equipped in the nature reserves.

● Ecotourism training workshops had been conducted for the personnel of nature reserves, representatives of administrations and tour operators in the Altai-Sayans ecoregion, Caucasus, etc.

● A series of publications had been prepared, including the booklets for many nature reserves, illustrated books presenting the NPAs and ecotourism possibilities in various regions of Russia; web site www.ecotours.ru had been developed.

● A complex advertising and marketing campaign had been organized in Russia and abroad.

● The experience of cooperation with local population is obtained (sociological reviews were carried out in the Altai-Sayans ecoregion, development of local crafts was supported in the Caucasus, local guides are trained, etc.)

● The programme for ecotourism development had been included in the regional Tourism Development Programme in the Republic of Karachaevo-Cherkessia (Western Caucasus), approved at the governmental level.

● The Ecotourism development Concept had been developed and included in the “Major Directions of Activity for the Period until 2010” for the state nature reserves and national parks, approved by the Russian Federation Ministry for Environmental Protection.

● In 2001, volumes of ecotour operating increased 3 times compared with the previous years.

By the end of 2000, 76 nature reserves (79%) have developed different types of excursion and ecotourist activities. 22 of them (24%) had already equipped or were in the process of equipping the ecological trails. Organized tourist groups had visited 64 (67%) of the nature reserves. Foreign ecotourist groups had visited 47 (49%) of the nature reserves. In 1999, the total number of visitors to the nature reserves was 140,643, including 5057 foreign tourists. Respectively, 612,301 tourists had visited the national parks, including 41,399 foreigners.

(Al. Drosdov, E. Ledovskikh, N. Moraleva

Russian Ecotourism Association and Ecotourism

Development Fund “Dersu Uzala”)

9.18 Read the text “Nature Conservation Management Plans” and translate it with the help of a dictionary.

NATURE CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLANS

As the demand for land has grown with the growing population natural habitats have become ever more scarce. The areas that remain are under constant pressure for development for intensified farming, industrial complexes, transport, and increased housing and urban expansion. Therefore it has become essential to try to conserve both the habitats and their communities of flora and fauna of these remaining areas. Being given the status of nature reserves has protected many such sites. In order to protect and maintain these areas management plans must be formulated in order to retain, or enhance, the intrinsic features of the sites for which the reserves have been designated.

Throughout much of the populated world, and particularly in Britain, valued sites are most often not truly “natural”, but “semi-natural”. There has been considerable human modification of the landscape, but the plants and animals, which occupy it, are largely derived introduced. As a result most of these sites are the product of the human management of land. Examples include pastures and hay meadows produced by clearing woodland and introducing cutting and grazing regimes, and woodlands managed for centuries by the periodic cutting of regrowth (i.e. coppicing).

In order to retain the interest it is generally necessary to continue the traditional management. It is only on the largest of the nature reserves where conservation managers could consider adopting a policy of non-interference and still expect to find a high proportion of the reserve’s flora and fauna persisting almost indefinitely. This approach has been tried in some of the very largest nature reserves in, for example America and Finland, typically in areas approaching wilderness, little affected by humankind and natural rather than semi-natural. However, most reserves are not large enough, or natural enough to consider non-interference as a viable strategy. Also most conservation managers would argue that a management plan is still essential even if there were a policy of non-interference.

Most management and conservation of protected areas tends to favour the retention of the maximum species diversity which will in turn conserve the greatest variety of gene types, although this will be at the expense of a reduction in numbers of some species. In order to retain species diversity there are a number of costs:

● a reduction in the size of population reduces the size of heterogeneity within species;

● the stabilization of a species population reduces evolution of the species by natural selection;

● management resources must be continually invested to achieve species diversity.

It should also be understood that the maximization of diversity is not necessarily the optimum policy. Consider a species-rich hay meadow. If one ploughs half of it up, and uses it to grow arable crops, there will almost certainly be an overall increase in plant, and probably even in invertebrate diversity. Few hay meadows species would become extinct, and a wide range of ‘weeds’ would appear. Nevertheless this ploughing policy would rarely be advocated, because the stability and complexity of the rare and valued grassland ecosystem would be compromised. Similarly, it would be easy to increase the diversity of a woodland by cutting clearings, creating ponds and marshes by damming streams, and by planting new species. It is quite clear that none of this should ever be done if it is at the expense of the continuity and naturalness of the existing habitat.

The first and primary process in the management of a site for nature conversation is to get to know what habitats and species are on that site and to try to understand its ecology as fully as possible. This means that all the information relevant to that site has to be assembled.

The next process is the appraisal of this information. The appraisal involves both understanding the functioning of the ecosystems present, and also deciding which are the most important nature conservation features, since almost always it is necessary to make choices in management and these choices need to be based on the relative importance of the features to be protected. Other factors may also need to be considered such as the educational and evaluation criteria depending on whether it is an urban or rural site, etc. The resources which it is to devote to managing the site also need to be considered: it is no use advocating extensive management work if there is no labour and no money available.

Once all of this has been done it will be possible to formulate the objectives for the management of the site in order to maintain or enhance the valued features. Also the methods by which the objectives are to be met can be chosen, and also the methods by which the success of the management will be monitored.

The formulation of a written management plan is an effective and comprehensive way in which all these targets can be met and by which continuity and stability of management can be ensured.

If conversation management is to succeed in protecting biological diversity there is a real need for knowledge to be shared. Therefore the production of a working guide for the writing and recording of a management plan is important.

THE PURPOSE OF A MANAGEMENT PLAN

The primary aim of a management plan for a nature reserve must be to protect and conserve as much as possible of the nature conservation interest present. There are, however, a number of functions of a management plan:

● to provide a full description of the site utilizing the available data

● to provide a site evaluation against recognized standards

● to identify clear objectives and purposes for managing the site based on objective criteria

● to identify potential methods to achieve the objectives

● to enable planning of resources and manpower

● to anticipate conflicts and problems regarding the site

● to identify monitoring procedures

● to ensure the continuity of effective management of the site, especially if there are changes in personnel; a plan can help to inform and control a transient workforce

● to facilitate communication between sites, organizations, local authorities, public, etc., and draw together different interest groups

● to act as a reference document and historical record. A management plan should be considered as a working document to be used on regular basis and to be updated as and when further information becomes available.

It is of course possible to write management plans for sites which are not primarily nature reserves – country parks, public open spaces, etc. – but the objectives associated with public use can be fully taken into account.

(Sustainable Development of Industrial and Urban areas. Student Manual for BSc and MSc students. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Katowice, 2000)

VOCABULARY

A

(to) abolish [ə`béliÐ] – аннулировать, отменять; разрушать, уничтожать

abundant [ə`bΛnd(ə)nt] – обильный, богатый, изобилующий

acid [`æsid] – кислота, кислотный

(to) affect [ə`fekt] – подвергаться воздействию; затрагивать, оказывать влияние; (о растениях, животных) быть распространённым (где-либо), обитать (где-либо)

algae [`ældži:] – водоросли

alder [`éldə] – ольха

amphibian [æm`fibiən] – земноводный

ant [`ænt] – муравей

antelope [`æntiləup] – антилопа

anthropogenic influence [`ænӨrəpə`dženik `influəns] – антропогенное влияние

aquatic [ə`kwætik] – водяной, водный

ash [`æÐ] – ясень

aspen [`æspən] – тополь, осина

aster [`æstə] – астра

auk [é:k] – гагарка (птица)

B

badger [`bædžə] – барсук

(to) ban [bæn] – налагать запрет, запрещать

(to) band [bænd] – связывать; соединять; обрамлять

bat [bæt] – летучая мышь

bay [bei] – бухта, залив

bear [bεə] – медведь

beaver [`bi:və] – бобр, бобёр

bee [bi:] – пчела

beech [bi:tÐ] – бук, буковое дерево

birch [bə:tÐ] – берёза

bilious [ `biljəs] – желчный; несдержанный, раздражительный

blizzard [`blizəd] – снежная буря, буран, пурга

bloom [`blu:m] – цвет, цветение; (to) bloom – цвести, расцветать

boar [bé:] – wild boar – кабан, вепрь

bog [bég] – болото, трясина

boreal [`bé:riəl] – северный, арктический

box [béks] – самшит вечнозелёный (обыкновенный)

bowels of the earth [`bauəlz] – недра земли

brant [brænt] – казарка

(to) breed [bri:d] – выводить, размножаться, плодиться (животных), высиживать (птенцов)

brink of extinction [`briŋk] – грань вымирания

buffalo [`bΛfələu] – буйвол, бизон

buffer [`bΛfə] – резервный запас

bushveld (южно-африк) [`buÐvelt] – вельд, степь, обсаженная кустарником

bustard [`bΛstəd] – дрофа

bustle [`bΛsl] – переполох, суета; столкновение

butterfly [`bΛtəflai] – бабочка

С

camel [`kæm(ə)l] – верблюд

calamity [kə`læmiti] – (стихийное) бедствие

canopy [`kænəpi] – укрытие, прикрытие; убежище

captivity [kæp`tiviti] – плен, захват

carbon dioxide [`ka:bən dai`éksaid] – углекислый газ

carnivore [`ka:nivé:] – плотоядное животное

cattle [`kætl] – крупный рогатый скот

(to) cause catastrophic results [`ké:z kætə`stréfik ri`zΛlts] – вызывать катастрофические последствия

cave [`keiv] – пещера, карстовое образование

cedar [`si:də] – кедр

(to) change irreversibly [`tÐeindž] – необратимо измениться

chemical waste [`kemik(ə)l `weist] – химические отходы

chestnut [`tÐesnΛt] – каштан

chipmunk [`tÐipmΛŋk] – бурундук

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) [`klé:rə `fluərə` ka:bən] – хлорофторуглерод

cliff [`klif] – крутой склон, откос; холм, утёс; пропасть

cognitive [`kégnitiv] – когнитивный, познавательный

common [`kém(ə)n] – общий, всеобщий; распространённый; обыкновенный, простой

community [kə`mju:niti] – oбщее, совместное владение ч-л; общество, сообщество; группа лиц, живущих в одном районе и т.п.

comprehensive [kémpri`hensiv] – всесторонний, всеобъемлющий; обширный

coniferous forest [kəu`nifərəs] – хвойный лес

conservationist [kənsə(:)`veiÐənist] – специалист по охране окружающей среды

(to) conserve [kən`sə(:)v] – охранять

consequence [`kénsikwəns] – последствие (to) be fraught with fatal consequences – быть чреватым неизбежными последствиями

consumption [kən`sΛmpÐ(ə)n] – потребление

contamination [kəntæmi`neiÐ(ə)n] – загрязнение

controversy [`kéntrəvə:si] – дискуссия, спор; разногласия, расхождение во мнениях

convoy [`kénvéi] – сопровождение; сопровождаемый, конвоируемый

cornel [`ké:nəl] – кизил

(to) count [`kaunt] – считать, подсчитывать

(to) counter the pollution [`kauntə] – бороться с загрязнением

crane [krein] – журавль, цапля

creature [kri:tÐə] – животное

creeper [`kri:pə] – ползающие насекомые; небольшие птицы, относящиеся к различным видам, которые снуют между ветвей и кустов

creeping [`kri:piŋ] – пресмыкающийся

crop [krép] – урожай, жатва, посев; с.-х. культура

crossbill [`krésbil] – клёст (птица)

сrow [krau] – ворона

crucian [`kru:Ð(ə)n] – карась

(to) cull [kΛl] – выбирать, отбирать; отбраковывать нагульный скот

сulling [`kΛliŋ] – выбраковка

cultivation [kΛlti`veiÐ(ə)n] – пахота, культивация почв; улучшение, усовершенствование

D

dace [deis] – елец (рыба); плотва

damage [`dæmidž] – ущерб, (to) damage – наносить ущерб

deciduous forest [di`sidžuəs] – лиственный лес

(to) decline [di`klain] – понижать

deer [diə] – олень, лань

roe deer [rəu diə] – косуля (вид оленя)

deflation [di`fleiÐ(ə)n] – выветривание породы, ветровая эрозия

deforestation [diféri`steiÐ(ə)n] – вырубка леса, обеслесение

depletion [dip`li:Ð(ə)n] – истощение

desert [`dezət] – пустыня; semi-desert – полупустыня

desertification [dizə:tifi`keiÐn] – опустынивание

(to) destroy [dis`tréi] – разрушать, destruction – разрушение,

destructive – разрушительный

desiccation [desi`keiÐ(ə)n] – высушивание

(to) deteriorate [di`tiəriəreit] – ухудшать

(to) devastate [`devasteit] – истощать, опустошать, разорять

disaster [di`za:stə] – бедствие, катастрофа

(to) discharge [disrΛpÐ(ə)n] – разгружать; выпускать; спускать; сливать

disruption [disrΛpÐ(ə)n] – разрушение

distant future [`distənt] – отдалённое будущее

diversity of life [dai`və:siti] – разнообразие жизни

(to) dominate [`démineit] – господствовать, властвовать; доминировать, преобладать

(to) drizzle [`drizl] – моросить

drought [draut] – засуха, нехватка дождей

duck [dΛk] – утка

(to) dump [dΛmp] – избавляться, бросать; выгружать

dwarf [dwé:f] – карликовое растение, малорослый

E

eagle [i:gl] – орёл

earthquake [`ə:Өkweik] – землетрясение

(to) effect upon [i`fektə`pén] – воздействовать

effluent [`efluənt] – выходящий, вытекающий; сточный

elephant [`elifənt] – слон

elusive [i`lu:siv] –неуловимый; незаметный

(to) emit [i`mit] – выделять, излучать,

emission [i`miÐ(ə)n] – выделение, излучение

(to) encourage [in`kΛridž] – поддерживать, поощрять

endangered species [in`deindžəd `spi:Ði:z] – вымирающие виды

endemic [en`demik] – эндемический, свойственный данной местности

enhancement [in`ha:nsmənt] – улучшение, оздоровление (окружающей среды)

(to) enliven [in`laivn] – оживлять; разнообразить

environment [in`vaiər(ə)nmənt] – окружающая среда

ephemeral [i`femər(ə)l] – живущий один день (о насекомых, растениях); недолговечный

erosion [i`réuž(ə)n] – эрозия, разрушение, выветривание

ethics [`eӨiks] – мораль, нравственность, этика

evaporation [ivæpə`reiÐ(ə)n] – испарение

(to) evolve [i`vélv] – развёртывать, раскручивать; выявлять, обнаруживать, устанавливать; развиваться

(to) exhale [eks`heil] – выделять

exhaust fumes [ig`zé:st `fju:mz] – выхлопные газы

existence [ig`zist(ə)ns] – существование

F

falls [fé:lz] – водопад, fall – выпадение осадков

famine [`fæmin] – голод (стихийное бедствие); нехватка, отсутствие

far-reaching consequences [fa: `ri:tÐiŋ `kénsikwənsiz] –далеко идущие последствия

fern [`fə:n] – папоротник

fertility [fə(:)`tiliti] – плодородие

(to) fertilize [`fə:tilaiz] – удобрять

fescue [`feskju:] – овсяница

fir-tree [`fə:`tri:] – пихта, ель

flatcar [`flætka:] – вагон-платформа

flock of birds [`flék év `bə:dz] – стая птиц

flood [flΛd] – (n) наводнение, потоп; паводок, половодье

(v) заливать, затоплять; выступать из берегов

flora and fauna [`flé:rə ənd `fé:nə] – (plant and animal kingdom life) – растительный и животный мир

fly [flai] – муха

(to) force out [fé:s] – вытеснять, замещать

(to) foul up [faul] – засорять

fox [féks] – лиса

fowl [faul] – дичь

fragile [`frædžail] – ломкий, хрупкий; незначительный

freezing [`fri:ziŋ] – замораживание, замерзание; затвердевание

frigid [`fridžid] – очень холодный

frost [frést] – мороз; заморозки

fuel [`fjuəl] – топливо, бензин

fume [`fju:m] – испарения, пары

fungus (fungi) [`fΛŋgəs] – гриб, грибок, плесень

furious [`fjuəriəs] – неистовый, яростный, взбешенный

G

gale [`geil] – шторм, буря

game [geim] – дичь, зверь, добытый на охоте

garbage [ga:bidž] – мусор

generosity [dženə`résiti] – великодушие, благородство; щедрость

(to) germinate [`džə:mineit] – вызывать к жизни; порождать

giraffe [dži`ra:f] – жираф

glacier [`glæsjə] – ледник

goat [gəut] – козёл, коза

goose ( мн.ч. geese) [gu:s] – гусь, гусыня

gorge [gé:dž] – узкое ущелье, теснина

(to) graze [greiz] – держать на подножном корму; кормить скот; пасти скот; использовать земли (как пастбище)

grassland [`gra:slænd] – луг, пастбище

greenhouse [`gri:nhaus] – теплица, парник

grotto [`grétəu] – грот, пещераI

grouse: [graus]– hazel grouse – рябчик

black grouse – тетерев-косач

great grouse – тетерев-глухарь

grove [`grəuv] – лесок, роща

gull [gΛl] – чайка

H

habitat [`hæbitæt] – место распространения, ареал (животного, растения), естественная среда

(to) hack [`hæk] – рубить, разбивать на куски; кромсать

(to) hamper [`hæmpə] – препятствовать; мешать, затруднять

hamster [`hæmstə] – хомяк

handful [`hændful] – горсть, небольшое количество

hardy [`ha:di] – выносливый, крепкий, морозоустойчивый

hare [hεə] – заяц

harmful [`ha:mful] – вредный; пагубный, губительный

harsh [ha:Ð] – жёсткий, суровый (климат)

hawk [hé:k] – ястреб; сокол

hedge [hedž] – (живая) изгородь, ограда

herb [hə:b] – трава, растение

herbivore [`hə:bivé:] – травоядное животное

herd [hə:d] – стадо, гурт; совокупность диких зверей, живущих стадами, стаями

heritage [`heritidž] – наследство, наследие

herring [`heriŋ] – сельдь

(to) hike [haik] – гулять, ходить пешком, путешествовать на любом транспорте

(to) hibernate [`haibə:neit] – находиться в зимней спячке, зимовать

hippopotamus [hipə`pétəməs] – гиппопотам

(to) hollow out [`héləu] – выкапывать, выдалбливать

horizon [hə`raizn] – горизонт

hornbeam [`hé:nbi:m] – граб

household [`haushəuld] – домашний, бытовой

(to) hunt [hΛnt] – охотиться, преследовать

hurricane [`hΛrikən] – ураган, тропический циклон

hustle [hΛsl] – толкотня, толкучка; суета

hydrocarbon [`haidrəu`ka:bən] – углеводород

I

ide [`aid] – язь

(to) ignite [ig`nait] – зажигать, раскалять; разжигать

impact [`impækt] – влияние

incentive [in`sentiv] – побуждение, стимул

incredibly [in`kredəbli] – невероятно

indigenous [in`didžinəs] – местный, туземный

influence [`influəns] – влияние

(to) inhabit [in`hæbit] – жить, населять, обитать, проживать

inheritance [in`herit(ə)ns] –наследование; наследство

inner resources [`inə ri`sé:siz] – внутренние ресурсы

(to) interfere in nature [intə`fiə] – вмешиваться в природу

intimate [`intimit] – внутренний, свойственный; тесно связанный

insect [`insekt] – насекомое

insecticides [in`sektisaid] – инсектициды

(to) inundate [`inΛndeit] – затоплять, наводнять

J

juniper [`džu:nipə] – можжевельник

K

(to) keep up [`ki:p Λp] – поддерживать, оставаться прежним

kestrel [`kestr(ə)l] – пустельга (птица)

L

laden [`leidn] – гружёный

landscape [`lænskeip] – пейзаж

larch [la:tÐ] – лиственница

lark [la:k] – жаворонок

laurel [`lé:rəl] – лавр благородный

lawn [lé:n] – газон, лужайка

layer [`leiə] – слой, пласт; напластование, наслоение

lead [led] – свинец

lemming [lemiŋ] – лемминг, пеструшка

leopard [`lepəd] – леопард

lichen [`laikən] – лишайник

lime [laim] – липа

lion [`laiən] – лев

litter [`litə] – мусор

living species [`liviŋ `spi:Ði:z] – живущий вид

logging [`légiŋ] – заготовка и транспортировка леса

loon [`lu:n] – полярная гагара

(to) loose the balance in the ecology [`lu:s] – нарушить экологическое равновесие

lynx [`liŋks] – рысь

M

(to) maintain [mein`tein] – поддерживать, сохранять (в состоянии, которое имеется на данный момент); удерживать, отстаивать (территорию)

mammal [`mæm(ə)l] – млекопитающее

maple [`meipl] – клён

marmot [`ma:mət] – сурок

marsh [ma:Ð] – болото, топь

marten [`ma:tin] – куница

meadow [`medəu] – луг, низина; пойменная земля

mink [miŋk] – норка

moisture [`méistÐə] – влажность, сырость

mole [məul] – крот

mollify [`mélifai] – ослаблять; смягчать; успокаивать

monkey [`mΛŋki] – обезьяна

moose [mu:s] – американский лось

mosquito [məs`kitəu] – москит, комар

moss [més] – мох, покрывать мхом

mouse [maus] – мышь

musk beaver [mΛsk `bi:və] – мускусный бобр, бобёр

musk-rat [`mΛskræt] – ондатра; выхухоль

N

nature’s inherent part [`neitÐəz in`hiər(ə)t pa:t] – неотъемлемая часть природы

(to) nest [nest] – вить гнездо, гнездиться

network [`netwə:k] – сеть, взаимосвязанная цепочка или система нематериальных объектов

nightingale [`naitiŋgeil] – соловей

(to) nourish [`nΛriÐ] – кормить, питать; удобрять (землю)

nuclear energy [`nju:kliə `enədži] – ядерная энергия

nutcracker [`nΛtkrækə] – ореховка (птица)

O

oak [əuk] – дуб

omnivore [ém`nivé:] – всеядное животное

oriole [`é:riəul] – иволга

(to) own [əun] – владеть, обладать

overdamping [`əuvə`dæmpiŋ] – избыточное (чрезмерное) демпфирование

owl [əul] – сова; сыч; филин

P

(to) parch [`pa:tÐ] – иссушать, жечь (о солнце); пересыхать

parrot [`pærət] – попугай

pasture [`pa:stÐə] – пастбище, выпас

pasque-flower [`pa:skflauə] – прострел, сон-трава

peacock [`pi:kék] – павлин

pelican [`pelikən] – пеликан

(to) penetrate [`penitreit] – проникать; пронизывать

perch [pə:tÐ] – окунь

permafrost [`pə:məfrost] – вечная мерзлота

pesticide [`pestisaid] – пестицид, средство для борьбы с вредителями

petrol [`petr(ə)l] – бензин, моторное топливо

pig [pig] – свинья

pike [paik] – щука

pine [pain] – сосна

pistachio [pis`ta:Ðiəu] – фисташковое дерево

plough [plau] – вспаханное поле, пашня

(to) poach [`pəutÐ] – незаконно вторгаться на ч-л территорию с целью украсть;

браконьерствовать

polecat [`pəulkæt] – xopёк

pollutant [pə`lu:t(ə)nt] – загрязнитель

(to) pollute [pə`lu:t] – загрязнять

pollution [pə`lu:Ð(ə)n] – загрязнение

pond [pénd] – пруд, маленькое озеро

poplar [`péplə] – тополь

poppy [`pépi] – мак

to pour [pé:] – лить, разливаться (о реке)

poisonous [`péiznəs] – ядовитый

precipitation [prisipi`teiÐ(ə)n] – выпадение осадков, осадки; осаждение

precaution [pri`kéÐ(ə)n] – предосторожность

precious [`preÐəs] – драгоценный, дорогой

precipitation [prisipiteiÐ(ə)n] – осадки, выпадение осадков

predator [`predətə] – хищник

(to) preserve [pri`zə:v] – охранять

(to) prevail [pri`veil] – преобладать, господствовать, превалировать

primordial [prai`médžəl] – самый первый, изначальный; базовый; первобытный

progeny [`prédžini] – плод, продукт, потомство

property [`prépəti] – имущество, собственность; право владения, право собственности

(to) protect [prə`tekt] – охранять

(to) provoke [prə`vəuk] – вызывать, провоцировать; способствовать чему-то

prowl [`praul] – красться, бродить, скитаться; рыскать в поисках добычи

(to) publicize [`pΛblisaiz] – рекламировать; сообщать, уведомлять

pure [pjuə] – чистый

(to) purify [`pjuərifai] – oчищать

purification [pjuərifi`keiÐ(ə)n] – oчистка

pygmy [`pigmi] – маленький, карликовый

Q

quail [`kweil] – перепел, перепёлка

R

rafting [`ra:ftiŋ] – сплав леса плотами

ram [ræm] – баран

rat [ræt] – крыса;

water-rat – ондатра

(to) rear [riə] – воспитывать, растить (детей); выращивать (животных, растения)

recreation [rekri`eiÐ(ə)n] – отдых, развлечение; приятное времяпровождение

(to) recycle [ri:`saikl] – повторно использовать, возвращать в оборот (отходы производства)

(to) reduce [ri`džu:s] – сокращать

reduction [ri`dΛkÐ(ə)n] – cокращение

reindeer [`reindiə] – северный олень

remote [ri`məut] – дальний, отдалённый район; труднодоступный

reptile [`reptail] – пресмыкающееся

reserve [ri`zə:v] – заповедник, резервация

reservoir [`rezəvwa:] – резервуар, бассейн, водохранилище

(to) retreat [ri`tri:t] – отступать, отходить

rhino (сокращённоеот rhinoceros) [`rainəu] [rai`nés(ə)rəs] – носорог

roach [rəutÐ] – плотва

(to) roar [ré:] – реветь, рычать

roe deer [`rəu `diə] – косуля (вид оленя)

S

sable [`seibl] – соболь

sagebrush [`seidžbrΛÐ] – полынь

salmon [`sæmən] – лосось, сёмга

sample [`sa:mpl] – образец, экземпляр; проба

sanctuary [`sæŋkjuəri] – убежище, прибежище; заказник, заповедник

sandpiper [`sændpaipə] – перевозчик (птица)

(to) scatter [`skætə] – разбрасывать, раскидывать

scout [`skaut] – геолог-разведчик; самолёт-разведчик

seal [`si:l] – тюлень

sewage [`sju(:)idž] – сточные воды, нечистоты

shallow [`Ðæləu] – мелкий, мелководный; неглубокий

shark [`Ða:k] – акула

sheldrake [`Ðeldreik] – неганка (зоол.)

shelter [`Ðeltə] – укрытие, защита; пристанище, убежище; заградительные насаждения

shrub [ÐrΛb] – куст, кустарник

side effect [`said i`fekt] – побочный эффект

siltation [silt`eiÐ(ə)n] – заиление; отложение наносов

silver fir [`silvə `fə:] – пихта благородная

sign [sain] – знак, символ; признак; след зверя

skua [`skju:ə] – поморник большой

skylark [`skaila:k] – жаворонок

slush [slΛÐ] – грязь, слякоть, снеговая каша

snail [sneil] – улитка

snake [sneik] – змея

snipe [snaip] – бекас;

great snipe – дупель

snowfall [`snəu`fé:l] – снегопад

soil [séil] – грунт, почва, земля

solonchak – солончак

soul [səul] – душа, воплощение; образец, олицетворение; неотъемлемое свойство

sparrow [`spærəu] – воробей

sparse [spa:s] – разбросанный, редкий

species of mammals or birds [`spi:Ði:z] – виды млекопитающих или птиц

spider [spaidə] – паук

spruce [spru:s] – ель

squall [skwé:l] – вопль; пронзительный крик; визг; шквал

squirrel [`skwir(ə)l] – белка

stern [stə:n] – строгий, суровый, неумолимый

stoat [stəut] – горностай

(to) stroll [strəul] – бродить, гулять, прогуливаться; странствовать

sturgeon [`stə:dž(ə)n] – осётр

(to) submerge [`səb`mə:dž] – затоплять, погружаться

(to) survive [sə`vaiv] – выживать

(to) sustain [səs`tein] – поддерживать, испытывать

swamp [swémp] – болото, топь

swan [swén] – лебедь

T

tame rabbit [`teim `ræbit] – приручённый кролик

tapir [`teipə] – тапир

(to) thaw [Өé:] – таять, оттаивать; согреваться

thoroughly [`ӨΛrəli] – вполне; совершенно; основательно; тщательно

(to) threaten [`Өretn] – угрожать

(to) thrive [Өraiv] – буйно, пышно расти; разрастаться

thunderstorm [`ӨΛndəsté:m] – гроза

tiger [`taigə] – тигр

timber [`timbə] – лесоматериалы, строевой лес

tit [tit] – синица

torrential rain [té`renÐ(ə)l] – проливной дождь

touristy [`tuəristi] – наводнённый или переполненный туристами

track [træk] – след; тропинка; рельсовый путь

trail [treil] – тропа, тропинка; след

(to) trek [trek] – делать большой переход, пересекать (пустыню, горную местность)

tributary [`tribjut(ə)ri] – приток

truck [trΛk] – грузовой автомобиль; тележка, вагонетка;

to truck – перевозить на грузовиках

trumpeter [`trΛmpitə] – трубач

tugboat [`tΛgbəut] – буксирное судно

U

unicorn-fish [`ju:niké:nfiÐ] – нарвал

urban [`ə:bən] – городской

(to) utilize [`ju:tilaiz] – использовать, утилизировать

utilization [ju:tilai`zeiÐ(ə)n] – использование, утилизация

V

valley [`væli] – долина, лощина, низина

verbena [və(:)`bi:nə] – вербена

vessel [`vesl] – корабль, судно; летательный аппарат

viper [`vaipə] – гадюка

vitally [`vaitəli] – жизненно (важно)

virgin nature [`və:džin] – девственная природа

volatile [`vélətail] – непостоянный, изменчивый; неуловимый, переменный

vole [vəul] – полёвка (мышь)

W

walrus [`wé:lrəs] – морж

warbler [`wé:blə] – певчая птица

warrior [`wériə] – воин, борец

waterlogged [wé:təlégd] – полузатопленный, заболоченный

waste [weist] – (n) потеря, убыток, ущерб; отбросы, отходы

(v) опустошать, разорять; истощаться, подходить к концу

(adj) опустошённый, незаселённый; неплодородный

wastes [weists] – нечистоты, сточные воды

wasteland [`weistlænd] – пустошь, пустырь

weasel [wi:zl] – ласка

whale [weil] – кит

whitefish [`waitfiÐ] – чир; муксун; ряпушка; сиг

wildfowl [`waildfaul] – дичь

wildlife [`waildlaif] – живая природа

willow [`wiləu] – ива

wolf [wulf] – волк

wolverine [`wulvəri:n] – росомаха

woodpecker [`wudpekə] – дятел

wormwood [`wə:mwud] – полынь горькая

wren [ren] – крапивник (птица)

X

xerophyte [`ziəréfit] – ксерофит

Y

yew [ju:] – тис

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