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I. Read the tips for the environmentally aware person. Fill in the gaps with articles where necessary.
Save … water.
1. Find … leaky toilets in your house.
Fact: … leaky toilet can waste 20.000 gallons of … water … year. That’s enough to fill up … swimming pool.
2. Find … leaky faucets in your house.
Fact: … leaky faucet can waste 3.000 gallons of … water … year.
What to do: check all … faucets in your house. Check … ones outside, too, where … garden hose is. Make sure that it is turned off, then watch for … minute to make sure that there are no … drips. If there are, get smb to fix it.
3. Water … lawn early in … morning.
Fact: If you water … lawn in … middle of … day when … sun is hot, most of … water evaporates before it gets to … roots.
What to do: It is … best to water … lawn in … coolest part of … day. …best time to water is early in … morning, before … sun gets hot.
II. Use the words in capital letters to form a word that fills each space. An example is given (0).
Model: I (0) sympathized with brave actions of the Greener World organization.
1. Some foods take longer to (1).
2. The natural (2) ____ processes cannot function properly because people pollute air, water, and soil immensely.
3. The lecture on biodiversity read by prof. Higgins failed to (3) ____ me.
4. Ukraine gradually turns into (4) ____ society.
5. Obviously, the climate patterns have changed greatly. Oddly enough, the temperature (5) ____ considerably in August in our parts.
6. The storm was really (6) ____.
0 SYMPATHY 4 CONSUME
1 DIGEST 5 DROPPING
2 CLEANSE 6 DEVASTATE
3 STIMULATION
III. Match the words with their definitions.
1. sanitation a the process of changing food in the stomach and bowels so that it can be used by the body
2. digestion b a substance that removes dirt
3. livestock c very small plants with no true stems or leaves found mainly in water
4. detergent d natural or artificial material used to help plants grow
5. treatment e the animals kept on a farm for use or profit
6. manure f systems that protect people’s health, esp those that dispose efficiently of human waste
7. algae g the process or manner of dealing with a thing
IV. Match the words in column A with their synonyms in column B. Then fill in the gaps with the words from columns A and B in the appropriate form, paying attention to the discrimination of synonyms.
A B
1.wash a spill
2. stimulate b material
3. substance c hold
4. pour d cleanse
1. If this _____ is burned, the smoke is poisonous.
2. Steel is a stronger _____ than iron, but it is more expensive to produce.
3. Always ____ your hands thoroughly before preparing food.
4. _____ the wound thoroughly with disinfectant and cover it with a bandage.
5. Her lectures on extinct species always ____ us.
6. The Green peace protesters _____ the attention of the large audience for over 20 minutes.
7. Dan picked up the bucket and _____ the sand out of it.
8. An oil trunk has crashed, _____ its load all over the road.
V. Work in groups A and B. Use a dictionary if necessary to find out what the following words mean. Then make up sentences with gaps to give to another group. They have to guess which words from your list fit in which gap (So remember to mix up your sentences!)
Group A Group B
to digest digestion
to release to break down
nutrient detergent
algae bacteria
substance livestock
sanitation zooplankton
to stimulate devastating
to evaporate to consume
cleansing to cleanse
VI. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English:
1. Наслідки Чорнобильської аварії є дійсно руйнівними.
2. Доведено, що використання миючих засобів завдає шкоди навколишньому середовищу.
3. Яке визначення має “ поживна речовина ”? Це хімічна речовина, яка потрібна живим організмам для росту.
4. Забруднення води відбувається, коли природні очищувальні процеси не можуть здійснюватись належним чином.
5. Бактеріє переробляють відходи, використовуючи кисень, розчинений у воді. Крім цього, вони розкладають мертвих тварин та відходи.
6. Поперекопуй гній з ґрунтом, і в тебе буде багатий врожай овочів.
7. Цей процес достатньо нагріває нафту, щоб будь-яка волога, що залишилась, випаровувалась.
8. Спеціальні переробні заводи забезпечують покращення санітарних умов, знищуючи шкідливих бактерій та видаляючи тверді відходи.
WRITING
Read the description of the diagram showing the water pollution cycle. Fill in the gaps in the diagram with the necessary words and phrases. Give your reasons.
Water pollution occurs when people upset the balance with excess nutrients from such sources as fertilizers and untreated sewage. This process is called eutrophication. The algae grow faster than the fish can eat them. As more algae grow, more also die. Bacteria in the water use up much oxygen consuming the excess dead algae. The oxygen level of the water drops, causing many aquatic plants and animals to die. As they decay, they consume still more oxygen. Without oxygen, the bacteria of decay can no longer function. Dead fish and other wastes sink to the bottom. Cattle, hogs, sheep, and poultry raised on feed lots do not distribute their wastes over widespread pastureland. Cattle, hogs, sheep, and poultry raised on feed lots do not distribute their wastes over widespread pastureland.
A untreated sewage, B animal wastes, C feedlot, D cropland, E fertilizer run-off,
F atmospheric run-off, G nutrients, H sewage treatment plant, I algae, J treated sewage,
K nutrients, L fish, M dead algae, N dead microscopic organisms, O dead plants, P dead fish, insects, worms, and other animals, Q organic materials, insects, worms, shellfish, bacteria and fungi, R oxygen, S insects, worms, microscopic animals, bacteria and fungi.
UNIT 9
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GLOBAL WARMING
Functions practised: asking for/ giving explanations.
Vocabulary Area: greenhouse effect, global warming, to trap, to reflect, to absorb, to radiate, to alter, to decrease, to migrate, invisible, controversial, dense, soot, droplet, photosynthesis, solar, infrared rays, surface, severity, impact, emission, device, shifts in plant and animal population, current, wind patterns.
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
Listen to four people talking about improving our environment. What are their suggestions connected with? Make notes about their suggestions.
Speaker 1 _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Speaker 2 _______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Speaker 3 _______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Speaker 4 _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Listen again and check. Which suggestions do you think are the best?
READING
Pre-reading
You are going to read the text about global warming and the greenhouse effect. What do you know about these phenomena? Have you ever read about them? Why are the people so worried about them?
Reading
Read the text and do the task that follow.
A Hotter Earth?
Greenhouse effect is a warming of the lower atmosphere and surface of a planet by a complex process involving sunlight, gases, and particles in the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is so named because the atmosphere acts much like the glass roof and walls of a greenhouse, trapping heat from the sun.
On the earth, the greenhouse effect began long before human beings existed. However, recent human activity may have added to the effect. Since the mid-1800's, human activities--chiefly the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and the clearing of land--have increased the amounts of heat-trapping atmospheric gases, called greenhouse gases. The chief greenhouse gases are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. The greenhouse particles include cloud droplets, soot, and dust.
The burning of fossil fuels produces the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Most of this burning takes place in automobiles, electric power plants, and industrial facilities. The clearing of land reduces the amount of carbon dioxide that trees and other plants remove from the atmosphere in a process called photosynthesis.
The atmosphere reflects toward space about 30 percent of the energy in incoming sunlight. The atmosphere absorbs about another 30 percent, and the remaining 40 percent or so reaches the earth's surface.
The earth's surface reflects about 15 percent of the solar energy that reaches it back toward space. The remaining energy heats the lands and seas. The warmed lands and seas then send most of the heat back into the atmosphere, chiefly as infrared rays and in evaporated water. Infrared rays are much like light waves but are invisible to the human eye.
When the rays from the lands and seas strike certain substances in the atmosphere, such as greenhouse gases and particles, those substances absorb the rays. As a result, the gases and particles are heated. They then are cooled by sending out infrared rays of their own. Some of the rays go into space. The remainder radiate back toward the earth's surface, adding to the warming of the surface layer of air. Without the natural greenhouse effect, the average temperature of the earth's surface would be about 59 Fahrenheit degrees (33 Celsius degrees) colder than it is now.
Since the late 1800's, the temperature of the earth's surface has also risen.
The increase in surface temperature, which is called global warming, could alter the ecology of many parts of the earth. For example, global warming could change rainfall patterns, melt enough polar ice to raise the sea level, increase the severity of tropical storms, and lead to shifts in plant and animal populations. Ocean currents and wind patterns could change, making some areas cooler than they are now. One remote possibility is that a warming of northern regions will result in more winter snowfall, causing some ice sheets to advance. Continued global warming could have a beneficial impact in some areas and a harmful impact in others. For example, people could begin to farm in regions where it is currently too cold. At the same time, global warming could cause sea levels to rise and thereby increase the threat of flooding in low-lying coastal areas, many of which are densely populated. A rapid and large-scale climate change could severely harm the earth's ecosystems (the living organisms and physical environment in particular areas). For example, such a change could make it difficult for many species to survive in the regions they now inhabit. Some could be forced to migrate, while others could become extinct.
Because global warming might do much harm, many scientists recommend a reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gases. The least controversial way to reduce such emissions would be to use gains in efficiency to decrease the use of energy. For example, manufacturers would adopt more efficient processes to produce goods. Makers of electrical equipment would introduce more efficient motors, light bulbs, and other devices. New manufacturing equipment and the new devices might be more costly than those they replaced.
Follow-up
I. Match the beginnings of the numbered sentences below with the endings on the right to restore the sentences from the texts.
| 1.The clearing of land reduces the amount of carbon dioxide | a adding to the warming of the surface layer of air. |
| 2.The warmed lands and seas then send most of the heat back into the atmosphere | b will result in more winter snowfall, causing some ice sheets to advance. |
| 3.The remainder radiate back toward the earth's surface | c could alter the ecology of many parts of the earth. |
| 4.The increase in surface temperature, which is called global warming | d while others could become extinct. |
| 5.One remote possibility is that a warming of northern regions | e chiefly as infrared rays and in evaporated water. |
| 6.A rapid and large-scale climate change could | f would be to use gains in efficiency to decrease the use of energy. |
| 7.Some could be forced to migrate | g severely harm the earth's ecosystems (the living organisms and physical environment in particular areas). |
| 8.The least controversial way to reduce such emissions | h that trees and other plants remove from the atmosphere in a process called photosynthesis. |
II. Answer these questions.
III. Discuss:
Scientists are still not sure how serious the effects of global warming will be. Some industries don’t want to make changes until there is definite evidence that the effects are serious. What is your opinion?
Make use of the following phrases: And then what?; What if…?; As far as … goes, …; as you can see…; as you’d expect…; I assure you,…; on the whole, …; to be honest, …
VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
I. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions where necessary.
Ozone hole
Since the late 1970's, scientists have observed a seasonal depletion (thinning) ____ozone ____ Antarctica. The amount ___ozone decreases ___ ____ ____ 50 percent ____ ____ two months, creating an ozone hole.
Scientists believe _____ the winter weather _____ Antarctica promotes the production _____chemicals that can destroy ozone. _____ the winter - _____June ____September - Antarctica is extremely cold, and it is dark _____long periods. Swirling winds ______Antarctica stop normal patterns _____ air circulation. ______ the spring, an increase ____ sunlight triggers chemical reactions that destroy ozone. As a result, the ozone hole forms. _____ the end _____November, the reactions that deplete ______ ozone stop. Air ______ non-polar regions flows _____ the polar area, raising the amount _____ozone ______ normal levels.
Scientists have also discovered that a much less severe ozone hole occurs ______ the Arctic _____ late winter. Scientists measure ozone _____ the upper atmosphere _____ instruments _____ aircraft, balloons, and satellites.
II. Restore the paragraph, putting the verbs in the correct form. You may have to use a verb more than once.
To know, to reflect, to absorb, to arrive, to conserve, to occur, to be, to freeze, to transmit.
The Greenhouse Effect.
Another environmental problem is a greenhouse effect. Some gases (1)_______ short-wave radiation but not long-wave radiation. The sun’s energy (2)________ as short-wave radiation; some of this (3)________ away in the clouds and upper atmosphere and some (4)______ into the ground. About 5 percent of the energy (5)_______ off the earth’s surface as long-wave radiation. Certain gases in the upper troposphere – especially carbon dioxide, methane and CFCs – (6)______ this long-wave radiation back to the earth. The glass in a greenhouse (7)_______ heat by the same principle, so these gases (8)_______ as “greenhouse gases”. The greenhouse effect (9)_______ very important; if it did not (10)_______ at all, the temperature of the planet (11)_______ 40 degrees lower and the oceans (12)________.
III. Match the words with their definitions.
1. population A formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and a source of hydrogen (as water)
2. solar B the rays situated outside the visible spectrum at its red end
3. dense C the exterior or upper boundary of an object or body
4. soot D to make different without changing into something else
5. photosynthesis E the organisms inhabiting a particular locality
6. surface F having a high mass per unit volume
7. infrared rays G the fine powder consisting chiefly of carbon that colors smoke
8. alter H produced or operated by the action of the sun's light or heat
IV. Unscramble the words in brackets and fill in the blanks with them.
The deer _______of North America is constantly _________. (utaponploi, geradesni)
V. Translate from Ukrainian into English.
1. Вітер допомагає деревам розповсюджуватись, розносячи їх насіння за межі лісу.
2. Парниковий ефект діє як скло в парнику, який утримує повітря, що нагрівається сонцем, усередині.
3. Науковці постійно попереджували, що тривалий викид двоокису вуглецю від спалювання великої кількості твердого палива може призвести до глобального потепління.
4. Сонце випромінює світло та тепло.
5. З часу подорожі до Європи її погляд на зелений туризм змінився.
6. Будь-що чорного кольору поглинає більшість світлових променів, які падають на нього.
7. Густина лісу заважала нам бачити далеко вперед.
8. Сажа утворюється в основному через неповне згорання та робить дим темним.
9. Фотосинтез, який дехто називає найважливішою хімічною реакцією, зустрічається в природі і відбувається тільки в рослинах, що містять певні пігменти.
10. Сонячні промені віддзеркалювались від поверхні океану.
11. Науковці досягли успіху у вимірюванні температури поверхні сонця.
12. Сонячного тепла менше взимку, ніж улітку.
WRITING
As a student teacher you are going to explain the essence of the greenhouse effect to your pupils. For better understanding you should illustrate you explanation with a diagram. Use text ‘A Hotter Earth?’ and draw a diagram supplying it with the written explanation (for more detailed information see a model diagram of Unit 8).
UNIT 10
NUCLEAR POWER: FRIEND OR FOE
Functions practiced: stating and justifying opinion, making suggestions
Vocabulary Area: explosion, debris, release, patch, minuscule, flammable, safety regulations, violation, flaw, side effects, fusion, to fuse, fission, particle, nucleus, irradiation, fast-breeder, IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), appropriate, worrisome, to absorb, to mishandle, to dispose, to expose, to penetrate, to reduce, to repel, to tear smth open.
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
You are going to listen to the program devoted to the wildlife in Chernobyl disaster area. First, learn the words in the box. Use a dictionary if necessary. Then listen and try to write the missing words in the blanks below in the appropriate form. The words in the box will help you. Listen again and check your work.
| to thrive destruction a dead zone ghost town agenda preserve lingering radioactivity to mutate species evolution cell researchers to adapt deceptively DNA molecules resilient implication to evolve |
Wildlife in Chernobyl Disaster Area
1: On the American ____ tonight, it has been 10 years almost to the day since the Cherbobyl explosion in Ukraine. By far the most severe nuclear accident in history. The extent of the ___ and the ___ effects on all kinds of life are still unfolding and will continue to do so. But out agenda reporting that a part of this find is that animals are not only living in the midst of this unimaginable pollution but ___ actually in some cases ___.
2: Never in the history of the Adam had there been an accident quite like this one. Up to two hundred times as much radiation as Hiroshima. Today the land around Chernobyl is considered a ___ ___.
3: We’re walking in the city of Prypyat’, the largest ___ ___ in the world.
2: And yet when Ron Chessner came with his research team he was surprised to find that the dead zone was as rich as any wildlife ____.
3: This area is _____ normal. And till you turn on the Geiger counter and……. you are really struck by the beauty of this area.
2: The real surprise came when the scientists collected field mice of a ____ that had stayed in the area despite the accident. They were apparently thriving, despite mass of ____ found in their bodies in the lab.
3: The first time we showed these results to other people they simply said we’d made a mistake.
2: But they hadn’t. And here’s their theory why the mice appear healthy. Deep in every ___ of the mice the ____ ____ or genetic plethora are constantly being broken down by the radioactivity all around them. Instead of dying, animals ______, their genes ______ massively. The mice don’t look any different but in effect they ______ more than a thousand times as fast as they normally would.
3: What’s surprising is that we see as much ____ in the last nine years as has occurred under natural conditions outside of this zone over last eight million years.
2: A second Chernobyl study published today by another group finds genetic changes in people, in children of families who lived downwind from the accident. Those changes are much less dramatic than the ones in the mice who live within the inside of the reactor itself. I put these studies together and scientists say there’s a surprising _____.
3: It says that life is very _____ and says that animals are adapted and I’m sure that mice living at Chernobyl are adapted to Chernobyl.
2: _______ say they learned that faced with some of the worst pollution on earth life did not stop. It changed on the most basic genetic level and went on.
This is Ned Putt of the American Agenda.
Why are field mice living in the Chernobyl area mutating? Do people in the Chernobyl change on the genetic level? What are the consequences of the Chernobyl accident for wildlife and humans?
READING
Pre-reading
The texts for reading are extracts from magazine articles. Here are the headlines of the articles. Scan the texts and match the headlines with the correct text and explain your choice.
a Nuclear Power in the Future
b What Happened at Chernobyl
c A Guide to Radiation
Reading
Read the text given by the teacher and share the information with your group mates. Make use of the following phrases: in my personal opinion; to my mind; it would be more reasonable to…; on the one hand,… on the other hand; I could be wrong but I think; personally I feel that; my concern is…; this is what I think.
Text 1
At 1.23 a.m. local time on 26 of April 1986 a series of explosions shook the number 4 reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in the Ukraine. The energy of these explosions was minuscule compared with a nuclear bomb, but something had occurred which many scientists and engineers believed was never likely to happen – the top of the reactor had been torn open, exposing a burning core which sprayed radioactive debris into the air. It took heroic efforts over the next ten days to control this release, during which time several thousand tones of boron, lead, dolomite and sand were dropped from helicopters to prevent any further nuclear reactions and effectively seal the core before its final covering in concrete.
Some of the first casualties were firemen, many of whom suffered severe radiation burns fighting secondary fires caused by hot fuel fragments falling on flammable roof materials on other reactor buildings. Soviet scientists, reporting in 1986 at the International Atomic Energy Agency, indicated that 31 people had died and 135 000 people had evacuated from within a 30 km radius.
Immediate deaths and injuries were not the only effects of the accident, however. Enormous sums of money have been spent since on decontamination and protection of water supplies. Some future cancers will be due to Chernobyl although they will not be detectable amongst the cancers caused by other factors. The radioactivity also penetrated far beyond the USSR across Europe, giving rise to further problems. Areas where heavy rainfall caused concentrated patches of ground contamination were particularly badly affected. In Britain this occurred over North Wales, the Lake District and Scotland, and has resulted in sales of sheep being restricted from some of these sales areas over a long period of time.
Chernobyl was therefore a very major accident, releasing a substantial proportion of the radioactivity in the core to the environment. It resulted from violations of safety regulations and design flaws in this type of reactor, and emphasized the need for great care in the design, construction and operation of nuclear reactors. (The automatic mechanisms which shut down reactors safely if any irregularity or failure occurs are obviously vital). It has also focused attention worldwide on many questions concerning nuclear power and its safety.
Text 2
If used with proper care and with wastes properly disposed of, nuclear power is potentially the least polluting major energy source. Unlike the burning of coal, it does not have the side effects of acid rain and possible changes in the climate. However the Chernobyl disaster has reminded us of the importance of high safety standards which must be used to reduce the potential danger to insignificant levels. The future success of nuclear power depends on the public being convinced that safety and radiation protection standards [in Britain] are very high and that nuclear power offers a real benefit.
Much will also depend on the development and cost of other energy sources, such as coal. If the costs of other energy sources, and the cost or uranium, rise substantially, then fast-breeder reactors should become economic and help us to make much better use of uranium reserves. At present it seems unlikely that they will be widely used before the early decades of the next century.
If fast-breeder reactors are not accepted by the public, there will be a greater need to develop fusion power. Fusion is the energy source that powers the sun. In contrast to fission, fusion involves bringing tow atoms together (or fusing them). One way of doing this is to confine a high temperature gas of electrically charged atoms (a ‘plasma’) with the aid of strong magnetic fields. Unfortunately, nuclei repel each other strongly until they are very close together, and so very high temperatures and strong magnetic fields are needed. When two light atoms (for example two hydrogen atoms), the resulting mass is less than that of the two separate particles and so energy is released.
In the immediate future, radioactivity will undoubtedly continue to be an emotive subject, as will nuclear safety and waste disposal. It is only understanding the benefits and the risks, and through confidence in the safe operation of the nuclear industry, that the trust of the public can be gained.
Text 3
Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Antoine Henry Becquerel, who noticed that uranium salts had a pronounced effect on photographic plates even through thin sheets of metal. It arises from the spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of a radioactive element (radio nuclide) such as uranium – 238. There are four principal types of radiation – alpha and beta rays (which are actually emissions of subatomic particles) and gamma- and x-rays (which are forms of electromagnetic radiation). Radioactivity is usually measured in terms of curies (Ci), named after physicist Marie Curie; 1 Ci=3.71010 disintegrations per second, which is the number of disintegrations undergone by one gram of the element radium in 1 second.
Humans can absorb radiation either externally (through the skin) or internally (by consuming the food). Absorption is measured in terms of grays (Gy), where 1 Gy=1 joule of energy per kilogram of body tissue. A given number of grays can have different effects on health, however, depending on the type of radiation a person is exposed to and the particular tissues affected. For this reason, radiation doses are usually measured in terms of sieverts (Sv), or the number of grays times an appropriate quality factor. Humans naturally receive small doses of radiation (on the order of 1 to 5 millisieverts (mSv) per year). Larger doses are invariably associated with the mishandling of radioactive materials.
From the standpoint of human health, the most worrisome radio nuclides are strontium-90 and cesium-137, both of which have half-lives of approximately 30 years. Strontium-90 accumulates in bones, while cesium-137 passes through the metabolic system. Given the number and complexity of the health problems that exposure to radiation can cause it is difficult to determine exact thresholds for either death or disease. Current standards call for limiting the uniform irradiation of the whole body to 5 mSv per year and the exposure of particular organs and other tissues to 50 mSv per year.
Follow-up
I. Answer these questions.
1. What happened on April 26,1986, in Chernobyl?
2. What measures were taken to control the radioactive release?
3. What were the effects of the accident?
4. Why was Chernobyl a very major accident?
5. Chernobyl resulted from violations of safety regulations and design flaws in the reactor, didn’t it?
6. What is the future of nuclear power?
7. Who discovered radioactivity and when?
8. What are the principal types of radiation?
9. What are the most worrisome radionuclides from the standpoint of human health? Why?
II. Match the beginnings of the numbered sentences below with the endings on the right to restore the sentences from the texts.
| 1. Some of the first casualties were firemen | a externally (through the skin) or internally (by consuming the food). |
| 2. Enormous sums of money have been spent since | b that safety and radiation protection standards are very high and that nuclear power offers a real benefit. |
| 3. Areas where heavy rainfalls caused concentrated patches of ground contamination | c does not have the side effects of acid rain and possible changes in the climate. |
| 4. Unlike the burning of coal, nuclear energy | d many of whom suffered severe radiation burns fighting secondary fires caused by hot fuel fragments falling on flammable roof materials on other reactor buildings. |
| 5. The future success of nuclear power depends on the public being convinced | e were particularly badly affected. |
| 6. In the immediate future, radioactivity will undoubtedly continue to be an emotive subject | f the spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of a radioactive element such as uranium-238. |
| 7. Radioactivity arises from | g in terms of sieverts (Sv), or the number of grays times an appropriate quality factor. |
| 8. Humans can absorb radiation either | h as will nuclear safety and waste disposal. |
| 9. For this reason, radiation doses are usually measured | i on decontamination and protection of water supplies. |
III. A lot of information is given in the texts. Some of it is in favour of the nuclear power, some is against, some is neutral.
Make a chart like this.
| FOR | AGAINST | NEUTRAL |
Complete your chart. Can you add any more information to your chart?
IV. Do a quiz “Are You a Good Scientist?”
A Match the word in column A with an appropriate word in column B
a What is measured in
1. curies (Ci) a irradiation
2. grays (Gy) b radioactivity
3. joule c absorption
4. sieverts (Sv) d energy
b Give a definition to
1. dolomite a a building material
2. sand b a mineral
3. concrete c very small fine grains of rock
B Unscramble the words that denote the chemical elements. The Latin letters standing for the chemical elements will help you.
Pb U Sr B H O Cs Ra
robon
deal
unamiru
dogyhern
xegony
duriam
rituntosm
sumeci
Results:
15 correct answers – excellent
14- 12 – very good
11-9 – satisfactory
8 –7 – passing grade
6 and less – fail
V. Discuss the following in small groups
1.How do you feel about nuclear power? Make a list of advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power compared to coal, gas, water, etc.
2. Imagine you were the minister for the environment. What laws would you pass in the next five years to reduce the levels of pollution in your country (a) from cars, (b) from factories and industry, (c) from agriculture, (d) from the home?
3. Make a list of what individuals can do to improve the environment and reduce waste.
VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
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