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The Samara region is situated in the southeastern European part of Russia. The Samara region covers the area of 53.6 thousand square kilometers. It borders on the Republic of Tatarstan in the north, the Saratov region in the south, the Orenburg region in the east, the Ulyanovsk region in the northwest.
The Samara region stretches for 335 kilometers from north to south, and for 315 kilometers from west to east. Most of the territory of the Samara region is forest steppe. Pine and wide-leaf woods are in the north of the region, southern and eastern parts are mostly steppes. The largest mountain chain of the region and at the same time the most magnificent in Russia are the Zhiguly Hills situated in Samarskaya Luka. Besides the Volga, the most important water arteries of the region, are the Samara, the Sok, the Kinel, the Bolshoy Irgiz, and the Kondurcha rivers.
The Samara region has a distinct continental climate. The annual air temperature is +3.8 ْC. The average temperature in January is -13.9 ْC, in July it is +20.1ْ C. The neighborhood with the waterless Asian half desserts affects the climate of the southern parts of the region. Therefore droughts take place here once in a while. For the same reason, large areas of the region are risky for agriculture.
The main fossils of the region are oil and natural gas. Among other natural resources significant for the economy of the region are oil shale, silicate clay, native sulfur, sodium chloride, construction stone and a number of other substances and minerals. With the creation of the Volzhskaya Hydro Electric Station in 1957, the Zhiguly Sea became the most important hydroelectric resource. Despite active industrial development of the city, the wild nature, flora and fauna are carefully preserved. The key nature reserves areas are the national park “Samarskaya Luka”, the Zhiguly public nature reserve named after Ivan Sprygin, “Buzuluksky Bor” and some others. Elks, deer, wild boars, roe deer, wolves, hares, dozens of unique species of birds, fish and insects inhabit the Samara region, rare plants grow here too.
The Samara region ranks first among the most advanced regions as regards development of the educational system. This system includes several stages: nursery school and kindergarten education, primary and secondary education and higher education. Taking into account new requirements of Russian society that undergoes reforms many educational institutions started to train specialists in fields that are relatively new for the country, such as management, marketing, banking and information systems. Many of our institutions of higher education have established strong partnerships with some Western universities.
The Samara region exports automobiles, metal-cutting machine tools, high power transformers, fertilizers, building materials, airplanes, ball-bearings and spirits. The Samara region maintains economic relations with over 70 countries of the world. The region exports its products and services to leading countries in the West, including the USA, Germany, France and Italy.
Exercise I
Answer the questions:
Exercise II
Complete the following sentences:
1. The Samara region is …
2. It borders on …
3. The Samara region has …
4. Natural resources of the Samara region …
5. The Samara region exports …
TEXT B
SAMARA
Samara with its population of more than a million people occupies a large territory (its area is 35 by 13.5 km now) and is one of the largest cities in Russia. It is situated on the bank of the Volga (the largest river in Europe) and is known for its remarkable history and industry.
Samara was founded in 1586. It emerged as a small fortress near the two rivers, the Volga and the Samara, to guard the Russian frontiers from nomads. Due to its favorable position Samara developed into a sizeable river port and a trading centre. And though some factories appeared in the town it remained an agricultural centre up to the October Revolution. It was a dusty town then with narrow and crooked streets, open to the bitter north winds in winter and to the oppressive heat waves in summer. The only thing that struck visitors was a great number of churches.
Great changes have taken place in Samara in the years of Soviet Power. It became a large industrial town, famous for its heavy engineering, motor and tools production, aircraft, chemical and light industries.
Samara is now an important transport centre. It has a river port, a railway station and a home and international airport.
It is a well-known fact that during the years of the Second World War the Government of the Soviet Union had its seat in Samara (Kuibyshev then). Since that time our city has always played an important part in the life of our country.
Samara is also a cultural centre. The city’s numerous highly educational institutions train specialists for all branches of our national science, economy, industry and culture. A wide network of professional schools and technical colleges provides our young people with every opportunity of choosing their road in life.
If you are staying in Samara for a few days you will have no difficulty in finding where to go and what to see. We have a fine Natural History Museum, a picture Gallery and many museums connected with the names of some outstanding people. Our citizens are proud of our Drama Theatre, Opera and Ballet House, Theatre for Younger Spectators and Puppet Theatre. If you want to listen to good music you should go to the Philharmonic Society.
Tourists usually like Samara’s broad streets and avenues of the new districts. They also admire the old centre of the town with its old but stylish buildings, theatres, museums and historical monuments.
Many new and comfortable houses are being built in all the districts. Some people say that Samara is growing not older but younger and it’s exactly so. The old part of the city is considerably smaller than the new one. Samara’s citizens are proud of our modern districts, green parks and splendid squares, of our embankment that is the most frequented place in the city. And what can be compared with the view of the Volga river from the park near the Drama Theatre.
The Volga, one of the most important waterways in Russia, also provides our citizens with every chance of having a good rest in summer and winter too.
Exercise I
Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words:
Промышленность, возникать, крепость, охранять, границы, кочевники, благоприятный, сельскохозяйственный, кривой, томительный, оборудование, выдающийся, часто посещать, житель, район, обеспечивать.
Exercise III
Make up word combinations using the given words:
large people
favorable districts
sizeable place
dusty position
crooked town
outstanding river port
stylish territory
modern streets
frequented buildings
Exercise II
Complete the following sentences:
1. … to guard the Russian frontiers from nomads.
2. Due to its favorable position ….
3. In the years of Soviet Power Samara became ….
4. … where to go and what to see.
5. Some people say that Samara ….
6. Samara’s citizens are proud of ….
7. The Volga provides ….
Exercise IV
Answer the following questions:
1. Why did Samara emerge?
2. How did the town look like up to the October Revolution?
3. What changes have taken place in Samara in the years of Soviet Power?
4. What museums and theatres in our town do you know?
5. What do you think attracts tourists most of all the city now?
6. Why is Samara growing not older but younger?
7. What is the most frequented place in Samara?
UNIT V: THE UNITED KINGDOM
TEXT A
Vocabulary
to consist of -cоcтоять из total area- общая площадь
to form- формировать, o6paзовывать to separate- paзделять
narrow -yзкий to make up- составлять
to include- содержать, включать to wash- омывать
surface- поверхность to vary - меняться, paзнообразить
valley - долина plain - paвнина
monster- чудовище temperate- умеренный
mild- мягкий, yмеренный to influence- влиять
highly developed- высокоpaзвитый producer -npoизводитель
exporter – экспортер machinery -машинное o6opyдование
textile -текстиль aircraft- самолеты
navigation -судоходство equipment -o6opyдование
chief -главный, основной shipbuilding -кopa6лестроение
power- сила, власть belong -принадлежать offer -предлагать change -изменять, заменять law -закон policy -политика
taxes- налоги member- член
to elect- выбирать permanent- постоянный
government- правительство parliament -парламент
constitutional monarchy- конституционная монархия
delay -откладывать, пpeпятствовать
THE UNITED KINGDOM
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the official name of the British Kingdom. It is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244 000 square kilometers. Many years ago the British Isles formed a part of the continent. Now Great Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel and the North Sea. The narrowest part of the English Channel is called the Strait of Dover.
The UK is made up of four countries. They are England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast. The capital of the UK is London. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland.
The UK is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the north and the North Sea in the west. The two islands are separated by the Irish Sea.
The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous. It's called the Highlands. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343m). The south of Scotland has beautiful valleys and plains. It is called the Lowlands.
Scotland is a land of famous lakes. They are called "lochs" there. The beautiful Loch Lomond is the largest one. Loch Ness attracts millions of tourists by its legendary monster.
The north and west of England are mountainous. Mountains aren't very high. The east, centre and south-east of England is a vast plain.
There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they aren't very long. The largest of them are the Severn (350 km), the Clyde, the Mersey, the Thames (346 km), the Trent (274 km) and the Ouse. The Thames is the deepest river. London stands on the Thames.
The climate of Great Britain is temperate and mild. The warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles.
The population of the UK is over 57 million people.
The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is the largest producer and exporter of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.
The UK is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch. The Queen is the Head of State, but she has no power. The Queen is a symbol of the country's history and its traditions. The real power in the country belongs to the British Parliament and to the British Government.
The British Parliament has two "houses". They are the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords can offer and change laws. It can delay laws. The House of Commons makes laws about the policy of the country, taxes and many other things.
The members of the House of Lords aren't elected. These members are permanent. The members of the House of Commons are elected. The British people elect 650 members of the House of Commons every five years.
There are three main political parties in Great Britain. They are the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties.
The flag of the UK is known as the Union Jack. It is made up of three crosses: the cross of St. George (the patron saint of England), the cross of St. Andrew (the patron saint of Scotland) and the cross of St. Patrick (the patron saint of Ireland).
Names
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland- Coeдиненное Kopoлевство Beликобритании и Ceвepной Ирландии
the British Isles- Британские ocтpoвa the English Channel- Английский канал
the Strait of Dover- Дуврский пpoлив the North Sea- Ceвepнoe мope
the Atlantic Ocean- Атлантический океан the Irish Sea- Ирландское море
the House of Lords- Палата Лордов the House of Commons - Палата общин
the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties - Лейбористская, Консервативная и Либеральная партии
Exercise II
Read the first part of the sentence in A and find the second part in B:
A
1. The UK is made up of...
2. The climate of Great Britain is...
3. The flag of the UK is known as...
4. The British Parliament has...
5. The UK is washed by...
6. The UK is the largest producer and exporter of
7. The UK is...
8. The British Isles consist of...
B
... machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment.
... two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands.
... the Union Jack.
... England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
... a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch.
... two "houses", the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
... temperate and mild.
... the Atlantic Ocean in the north and the North Sea in the east.
Exercise I
Answer the questions:
1. What is the official name of the British Kingdom?
2. Where is the UK situated?
3. What do the British Isles consist of?
4. What is the total area of the British Isles?
5. What did the British Isles form many years ago?
6. How is Great Britain separated from the continent?
7. What is the narrowest part of the English Channel called?
8. What parts does Great Britain consist of?
9. What is the UK washed by?
10. What are the two islands, Great Britain and Ireland, separated by?
11. What is the north of Scotland called? Why?
12. What is the highest mountain in Scotland?
13. What is the south of Scotland called? Why?
14. What is the largest lake in Scotland?
15. What can you say about the surface of England?
16. What rivers are there in Great Britain? What are the largest ones?
17. What is the deepest river in Great Britain?
18. What is the climate of Great Britain like?
19. What waters influence the climate of the British Isles?
20. What is the population of the UK?
21. The UK is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch, isn't it?
22. Does the Queen rule the country?
23. Who does the real power in the country belong to?
24.How many "houses" does the British Parliament have? What are they?
25.What are the main political parties in Great Britain?
Exercise III
Read the beginning of the sentence and find its end in the text:
1. The Queen is the Head of State....
2. The largest of them are....
3. The British people elect....
5. It is made up of three crosses....
6. The real power in the country belongs....
7. London stands....
8. Now Great Britain is separated....
Exercise IV
Put in the missing words according to the text:
1. The south of Scotland has beautiful... and....
2. The narrowest part of the English Channel is called....
3. The British people elect 650 members of the... every five years.
4. The House of Commons makes laws about the... of the country,... and many other things.
5. The climate of Great Britain is... and....
6. Loch Ness attracts millions of tourists by its legendary....
7. The UK is a... developed industrial country.
8. The Union Jack is made up of three...
Exercise V
Read the dialogue and translate it. Act it out:
Ann: Nice day, isn't it? But too mild for this time of the year.
Susan: Yes, it is. I like such weather. It's snowing, but it isn't very cold.
Ann: But I like colder weather better. After all, winter must be winter.
Susan: Well, and now you know that the climate of England is very different from yours.
It's true that our winter is warmer than yours, but our summer is cooler too.
Ann: In summer you have a lot of rainy days and in winter there isn't much snow.
Susan: Exactly. This winter we're going to have as little snow as last winter, I'm afraid.
Ann: Yes, I think you are right. But now there is much snow. Let's go for a weekend to Brighton. The air is much cleaner there than in London.
Susan: OK. Clean air is so important for people's health!
Ann: It certainly is.
Exercise VI
Use the information below to make a report on the following:
LAND
Area - 241,752 sq km
Highest Point — Ben Nevis 1,343 m above sea level
Lowest Point - Holme Fen 3m below sea level
CLIMATE
Average Temperatures
London — January 4°C, July 18°C
Edinburgh — January 3°C, July 15eC
Average Annual Precipitation
London 590 mm Edinburgh 680 mm
POPULATION
Population - 59,000,000 (approximate figure)
Population Density - 242 persons/sq km
Urban/Rural population
92% Urban
8% Rural
ETHNIC GROUPS
94.5% English, Scottish, Welsh, or Irish
5.5% Other
LANGUAGES
Official Language - English
Other Languages - Welsh, Scots-Gaelic, other minority languages
RELIGIOUS
54% Anglicanism
13% Roman Catholicism
33% Other including other Protestant denominations, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism and Sikhism
ECONOMY
Gross Domestic Product - US $1,023,900,000,000
Agriculture: wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, livestock, animal products
Fishing: mackerel, herring, cod, plaice
Mining: coal, limestone, petroleum and natural gas
INDUSTRY
Machinery and transport equipment, food products, chemical products, minerals and metal products. Employment Statistics
58% Trade and Services
23% Industry
16% Business and Finance
2% Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing
1% Military and Defense
Major Exports
Industrial and electrical machinery, automatic data processing equipment, road vehicles, petroleum.
Major Imports
Road vehicles, industrial and electrical machinery, automatic data processing equipment, petroleum, paper and paperboard, textiles, food.
Major Trading Partners
Germany, the United States, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Japan
TEXT B
LONDON
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. London is one of the greatest cities in the world and the biggest seaport in Europe. The territory of London is twice asgreat as the territory of New York, though its population is almost twice smaller.
London is the oldest city of the English-speaking peoples, more than twenty centuries old. The Old City is the birthplace of London. Here, on the banks of the Thames, was a small settlement named Llyn-din, which means a lonely port. To this place, in the year 55 before our era, Caesar came from Rome. For 400 years Britain remained a Roman province. Llyn-din became Londinium. The Romans made Londinium a large and rich city with good streets, beautiful palaces and shops. Trade was growing. A lot of goods-skins, copper and iron ore, silver and gold-were sent to Rome.
In the fifth century the Romans left Britain, and other invaders came to the British shores. The Saxon hordes and the Danes rushed to Londinium, conquered the land and ruined the city. During nearly 400 years Londinium lay in ruins, grass grew where the beautiful buildings had been before, wild beasts walked on the good Roman roads.
In the ninth century and later the Saxon Kings began to rebuild the ruined city of Londinium. Soon another centre, Westminster Abbey, was founded. In 1066 came William the Duke of Normandy, or William the Conqueror. He settled in Londinium, which now became London-the capital of Norman Britain. The Norman masters built new palaces, churches and cathedrals. The population grew and more wooden houses were built along the narrow streets. Simple wooden houses were good enough for the poor Brittons. Stone and marble were used by the Normans who wanted to shine in the conquered land.
In 1666 the Great Fire broke out, almost the whole London was scorched by the fire. Not only wooden, but even stone buildings were burnt down. After the fire the City could not be reconstructed, it had to be built again. A commission of six architects was organized for this business and Sir Christopher Wren was the most talented of them. It was forbidden to build wooden houses in the City of London. The streets were made much wider and open land was left for squares.
Today the City is the central part of London, its business and financial centre and the heart of commerce. The Bank of England is not only the centre of English trade, but of the world trade as well. Only about five thousand live permanently in the City today but nearly a million works there. In the day-time the streets of the City are crowded but late at night they are deserted.
But life never stops in the streets and squares of the West End, not far from the City. This area is famous for splendid shops, concert-halls and theatres. You can see elegant people, wealth and luxury, beautifully illuminated shop-windows in Piccadilly or Regent Street. The West End is the richest and the most beautiful part of London.
The Thames is a natural boundary between the West End and the East End of London. Working class London is centered in the East End. This is a vast area running eastwards from the City. This area is populated by workers, dockers and small craftsmen. There are not many places of interest here. The Londoners who live in the East End are not rich and their houses are seldom built by great architects.
Westminster is the central part of London. Most governmental buildings are in Westminster.
Although there is much traffic in London there is indeed little dust. The road is asphalted, and the pavement is of stone. When it rains, there is no mud. Narrow side-streets lead off from the main street at right angles. If you walk along one of these, you are surprised to find how quiet it is.
London has many great and wonderful sights which attract the attention of tourists from many parts of the world.
Exercise I
Answer the questions:
1. Is London the largest city in the world?
2. What's the population of London?
3. Traditionally London is divided into several parts. Can you name them?
4. What do you know about the City?
5. Who was St Paul's Cathedral built by?
6. Who founded the Tower of London? When was it rebuilt?
7. What is Westminster Abbey famous for?
8. Where does the British Parliament sit?
9. What is Big Ben?
10. Why was Trafalgar Square named so?
11. Why does Buckingham Palace attract so many tourists?
12. What are the most famous London museums and art galleries?
Exercise II
Give equivalents to the following Russian word combinations from the text:
коммерческий центр, более 20 веков, приехал из, росла, устремились, завоеватели, лежали в руинах, был основан, деревянный, вспыхнул пожар, почти 1000 лет, не только центр, известна, естественная граница, несмотря, заметим, привлекают внимание, постоянно.
Exercise III
Complete the following sentences according to the text:
1. The Old City is...of London.
2. For 400 years Britain...a Roman province.
3....skins, copper and iron ore were sent to Rome.
4. The Saxon kings began...the ruined city.
5. The Saxon hordes and the Danes.. to.Londinium…the land and the city.
6. During nearly 400 years Londinium....
7. Simple...were good for poor people.
8. In 1666 the Great Fire…, almost the whole London was scorched by the fire.
9. It…to build wooden houses in the City of London.
10. Westminster Abbey…soon.
11. London has wonderful sights which…of tourists.
Exercise IV
Agree or disagree.
1. London is more than 10 centuries old.
2. Caesar came from Rome to the settlement named Londinium.
3. Agriculture was developing.
4. During nearly 400 years Londinium lay in ruins.
5. In the 9th century the Roman kings began to rebuild the ruined city.
6. The Norman masters built wooden houses for rich people.
7. In 1666 the Great Fire broke out.
8. It was forbidden to build wooden houses in the City after the fire.
9. The West End is famous for shops, concert halls and theatres.
10. Working class live in Westminster.
11. Most governmental buildings are in the East End.
12. When it rains there is no mud on the pavement.
13. London has a lot of sights.
Exercise V
Read and translate the dialogue:
Sightseeing
A: Is it possible to see anything of London in one or two days?
B: Well, yes, but, of course, not half enough.
A: What do you think I ought to see first?
B: Well, if you are interested in churches and historical places you should go to Westminster Abbey, The Houses of Parliament, St. Paul's and the Tower. Do you like art galleries?
A: Rather!
В: Then why not go to the National gallery and the Tate?
A: I`m told one ought to see the British Museum. Do you think I shall have time for that?
B: Well, you might, but if I were you, I should leave that for some other day. You could spend a whole day there. It's much too big to be seen in an hour or so.
A: I suppose it is. What about going to the Zoo?
B: That's not a bad idea. You could spend a couple of hours there comfortably, or even a whole afternoon, watching the wild animals, birds and reptiles. You could have tea there too.
A: I`ll do that then. How do I get there?
B: Let me see. I think your best way from here is to walk across Regent's Park.
A: Is it much of a walk?
B: Oh, no, a quarter of an hour or so, but, if you are in a hurry, why not take a taxi?
A: I think I will. Ah, here's one coming. Taxi! The Zoo, please.
UNIT VI: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTOIN
TEXT
Vocabulary
environment - окружающая среда protection - защита
surroundings – окружение development - развитие
crowded – переполненный nuclear -ядерный
pollution – загрязнение noise - шум
destruction – разрушение alarming - тревожный
acid rain - кислотный дождь to suffer from - страдать от
depletion – истощение ozone - озон
layer – слой to protect - защищать
ultraviolet – ультрафиолетовый ray - луч
to damage - портить, наносить ущерб chlorofluorocarbon s – хлорфторуглеводы
to release – выбрасывать refrigerator - холодильник
conditioner – кондиционер to increase - возрастать
skin – кожа cancer - рак
to weaken – ослаблять immune – имунная
danger – опасность to fill - заполнять
waste – отходы chemical - химический
fertilizer – удобрение pesticide - пестицид
the Mediterranean Sea - Средиземное море to die – умирать
following – следующий the Aral Sea - Аральское море
brink - край (обрыва, пропасти) extinction - вымирание
major – большой impact – влияние
to recycle – перерабатывать carbon – углерод
nitrogen – азот oxygen - кислород
to determine – определять rainfall - количество осадков
even – еще threat - угроза
power station - атомная станция accident - катастрофа
disaster – бедствие catastrophe - катастрофа
to affect - действовать, влиять destiny - судьба
to survive – выживать to solve - решать
research - (научное) исследование urgent - срочный
measure – мера to avoid - избежать
numerous – многочисленный to preserve – сохранять
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTOIN
People have always polluted their surroundings. But until now pollution was not such a serious problem. With the development of crowded industrial cities the problem has become more important. The most serious environmental problems are pollution in its many forms (water pollution, air pollution, nuclear pollution), noise from cars, buses, planes, destruction of wildlife and others.
Air pollution is a very serious problem. One of the most alarming forms of air pollution is acid rain. Acid rain is killing forests in Canada, the USA and central and northern Europe. In the USA 1 in 5 lakes suffers from this type of pollution.
One of the most important problems is depletion of the ozone layer. The ozone layer protects the earth from the sun's ultraviolet rays. The ozone layer is being damaged by chlorofluoro-carbons. They are released by the daily use of industrial and household products, such as refrigerators, air conditioners and so on. Depletion of the ozone layer increases the risk of skin cancer, weakens the immune system of people.
The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead, the North Sea is following. The Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction.
Another problem is destruction of the tropical forest. It has a major impact on the world climate. The tropical rain forest is a natural protector for our planet. It recycles carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, helps determine temperature, rainfall and other climatic conditions.
An even greater environmental threat is nuclear power stations. After the Chernobyl accident Belarus has become the zone of the ecological disaster. The Chernobyl catastrophe has affected the destinies of millions of people.
If people want to survive they must solve these problems quickly. Some progress has been already made. 159 countries - members of the UN have set up environmental protection agencies. They hold conferences discussing ecological problems and take practical urgent measures to avoid ecological catastrophe. There are numerous public organizations such as Greenpeace. They are doing much to preserve environment.
Exercise I
Answer the questions:
1. In your opinion, is pollution a very serious problem nowadays?
2. Why has this problem become more important now?
3. What forms of pollution do you know?
4. What do you know about acid rains? What suffers from this type of pollution?
5. What do you know about the depletion of the ozone layer?
6. What does the ozone layer protect?
7. Why is the ozone layer being damaged?
8. Why are the ozone "holes" dangerous for the life on the Earth?
9. Why do we say that the seas are in danger?
10. What seas are in danger?
11. What is the natural protector for our planet? What do you know about the destruction of the tropical forest?
12. In you opinion, are nuclear power stations dangerous? Nuclear power stations can cause a lot of trouble, can't they? Why? What have you read or heard about the Chernobyl catastrophe?
13. Which in your opinion is the most serious ecological problem?
14. Why should people solve ecological problems as soon as possible?
15. What have people done in this direction?
16. What public organizations do you know which do much to preserve environment?
Exercise II
Answer these questions:
1. Which environmental problems does your town, village or city suffer? Which are the most serious?
2. Do you think the situation in your country is better or worse than in other countries?
3. What can you do to help your local environment?
4. Can anything be done about global environmental problems? Can the world community solve them and on what conditions?
5. If you had a chance to go on a nature study holiday anywhere in the world, would you go? Or would you be bored? Where would you go?
Exercise III
Read and translate the dialogue:
Bessy: It's an interesting world we live in, isn't it?
Linda: Yes, indeed. We fly to other planets and discover old manuscripts.
Bessy: We build, build and build...
Linda:...and pollute our beautiful planet.
Bessy: Yes. When I went with my parents to the seaside last summer, I was surprised to see that the water was not blue but brown with rubbish floating in it.
Linda: Besides, millions of tons of oil are released into the sea every year.
Bessy: We can only imagine how many seabirds and animals die because of it.
Linda: And those ozone holes...
Bessy: I think people will be able to solve this problem.
Linda: Let's stop using our aerosol spray right now.
Bessy: That's a great idea!
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