Texts for reading, translating, abstracting, reviewing

PART I

TEXTS FOR DISCUSSION AND GIVING TALKS

ACCIDENTS IN CHILDREN

More children die from accidents each year than from any other cause. And yet the majority of these accidents could have been prevented.

It is not too hard to keep the baby safe during the first year of his life, because most of the time he is in a crib, a playpen, and a carriage or held by his mother. But when the child begins to get around he needs constant supervision. He must explore the world for himself, but he has no sense of danger. He does not use his eyes alone in learning about the world: he will lick, taste, squeeze, listen and toss. Ordinary things in the house become dangerous when the child reaches the exploring age. Among the common items are lamp cords, electric sockets, ashtrays, fireplaces, irons left with the cord dangling down, pins and scissors. As the child grows older he covers more territories indoors and out. Just how little we can rely on him is proven by the number of accidents which occurs to adventurous and curious children.

Accidents are the leading cause of death in children at the age of 2-3, and a fifth of all poisonings happening at just this age. Poisons kill more children than polio, diphtheria, scarlet fever, whooping cough and streptococcal infections combined. Other leading causes of death in young children are cars, falls, fire and drowning.

In spite of all care children get hurt. They fall off beds and stairs, cut themselves with broken glass. Parents have to learn to accept some accidents as a part of growing up. If you constantly remind your child to be careful he becomes overanxious about his own welfare, and it can lead him to having more accidents or hurting more severely when he does encounter danger. Through a reasonable amount of experience with heat, sharpness and pain a child learns to explore with caution.

Words to be remembered:

accident - несчастный случай

die – умирать, death - смерть

cause – причина, причинять, вызывать

prevent - предотвращать

hard = difficult - трудный

keep (kept, kept) - держать, хранить

hold (held, held) - держать в руках

supervision – наблюдение («видение сверх, над)

sense - чувство

danger (ous) - опасность(ный)

as – по мере того как, когда, т. к.; как, в качестве

lead (er)– вести (лидер)

poison (ing) - яд, отравлять(отравление)

fall (fell, fallen) - падать

in spite of - несмотря на

care (ful/less) - внимание, забота(внимательный)/(беззаботный)

cut - резать

break (broke, broken) - ломать

majority=most of - большинство

safe - безопасный, находящийся в безопасности

reach - достигать

explore - исследовать

common = ordinary- обычный

indoors/out(doors) - в помещении/ на улице

hurt - поранить(ся)

grow up – вырастать, взрослеть

amount = number - количество

experience - жизненный опыт

heat - жар

pain - боль

as – по мере того как, когда, т. к.; как, в качестве

Words for better understanding:

playpen ~ манеж

crib - детская кроватка

carriage - коляска

lick - лизать

taste ~ пробовать на вкус

squeeze - сжимать

toss - подбрасывать

item - предмет

cord - шнур(провод)

socket - розетка

iron-утюг

pin-булавка

scissors - ножницы

rely on - полагаться на

prove - доказывать

adventurous - авантюрный, любитель приключений

curious - любопытный

scarlet fever - скарлатина

whooping cough - коклюш

fire - огонь, пожар

drowning - утопление

glass - стекло

accept - принимать, признавать

remind of - напоминать о

(over)anxious - (чересчур) беспокойный

welfare - благополучие

reasonable ~ разумный

caution – предосторожность

I. Answer the questions:

1. At what age do children need constant supervision?

2. What things may become dangerous for little children at home?

3. How do children learn about the world?

4. Should the parents worry about the children’s accidents too much? Why not?

5. Can parents prevent accidents with little children? How can they do it?

II. Close the books and complete the sentences:

1. When the child begins to get around he needs...

2. The child needs to be protected because

3. When the child reaches the exploring age ordinary things in the house...

4. When he learns about the world he...

5. Such common things as... become dangerous.

6. Leading causes of death among young children are...

7. Children get hurt when they fall off...

8. They cut themselves with...

9. Parents must know that accidents are a part...

10. If you constantly tell your child to be careful he...

11, A child learns to explore with caution through its experience with

PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS IN LITLLE CHILDREN

While every effort must be made to prevent accidents, minor hurts are a part of a child's initial education. While at all times he must be protected from burns and scalds, it is no harm if he has felt the heat of a teapot or a saucepan. He soon realizes what hot is, and when told not to touch it because it is hot and will burn, he will usually listen. There must be a constant balance between protection and education.

Specific don`ts. Never leave a child alone in the house. Never leave a child near fire or near the stove or heater. Do not allow the child to play with matches. Do not leave him near the hot iron. Do not leave a hot teapot near the edge of the table, or a hanging tablecloth with the tea tray on it. Never hold the baby in your lap while drinking anything hot, or while smoking or cooking. Never leave a child alone near a bucket of water or a bath tub. Keep all the electric wires safe and in good condition. Unplug electric appliances when not in use. See that the safety latch is on the kitchen gas. Do not leave the child alone in the kitchen. He is better safe in a playpen while you are cooking. Cleaning agents, drugs and insecticides should be locked up in a cupboard. Do not leave medicine lying around. Even commonly used medicine like aspirin or iron tablets is dangerous for the baby. Always read the label before administering any medicine. Do not keep any medicine without any label. Do not keep cleaning agents in cola bottles, jam jars and so on. Do not refer to medicine as "sweetie".

Keep all small objects like coins, buttons, beads and nuts away from the baby's reach. Sharp objects such as scissors and knives should not be left lying around. Toys and furniture with lead paint mustn't be used. No child should be allowed to run with anything sticking out of his mouth. If he falls, it will injure his mouth and palate. Children mustn't be allowed to put plastic bags on their heads or cords around their neck.

The bars on the side of the baby's cot or playpen should be close enough, so that the child's head cannot get though them. There should be a barrier for stairs, gates, heaters and fireplaces.

Words to be remembered:

effort - усилие

minor(hurt) - незначительный, второстепенный

while - в то время как

protect(ion) - защищать(защита)

burn - ожог

harm(ful/less) - вред (ный/безвредный)

feel (felt, felt) - чувствовать

teapot - чайник

hot - горячий

touch - дотрагиваться

alone - один

heater - обогреватель

allow - позволять

edge (of the table) - край стола

hang (hung, hanged) – вешать, висеть

drink (drank, drunk) - пить

smoke - курить

cook - готовить (еду)

bath - ванна

electric wire (=cord) - провод (шнур)

condition - состояние

use - использовать

drug = medicine - лекарство

label - этикетка

administer (a drug) - назначать

object - предмет

away - прочь

injure - ранить, травмировать

mouth - рот

palate - нёбо

head - голова

neck - шея

bag - мешок

around - вокруг

side - бок, сторона

get through - пролезть

close - близко

enough - достаточно

Words for better understanding:

scald - ошпарить

saucepan - кастрюля

properly - правильно, надлежащим образом

stove - плита

matches - спички

tray - поднос

in your lap - у вас на коленях

bucket (of water) - ведро

(un) plug - включить в розетку (выключить)

appliances - приборы

latch - защёлка, щеколда

jam jar - банка с вареньем

coin - монета

bead - бусина

nut - орех

lead paint - краска со свинцом

stick (out of his mouth) - высовывать(ся)

bars - перекладины

barrier - барьер

cot= crib - детская кроватка

stairs - лестница

cleaning agent - чистящее средство

I. Make up sentences with your advice to an infant's parents:

Never leave a child Do not allow Do not keep Keep

near a heater, fire or stove to play with matches near a hot iron, a bucket of water or a bathtub alone in the kitchen small objects like coins, nuts away from the baby's reach medicine locked up medicine without a label medicine lying around small objects like beads lying around to run with anything sticking out of his mouth to put plastic bag on his head

II. Read and translate. Remember: must = should.

1.Cleaning agents, drugs and insecticides should be locked up in a cupboard, 2.Sharp objects such as scissors and knives shouldn't be left lying around. 3.No child should be allowed to run with anything sticking out of his mouth. 4.Children mustn't be allowed to put plastic bags on their heads or cords or strings around their neck. 5.From an early age the child should be taught everything about road safety. 6.Toys and furniture with lead paint mustn't be used. 7.The bars on the side of the cot should be close enough, so that the child's head cannot get through them, 8,There must be a constant balance between protection and education. 9.There should be a barrier for stairs, heaters and fireplaces.

III. Tell us what you think it is interesting to do for a child when he or she is alone at home. Start with:

It is interesting to.,.

IV. Say what is dangerous for a child to do. Start with:

It is dangerous for a child to...

V. Say in what cases the accident can take place.(Don’t forget to use Present instead of Future after “if”!)

Start with:

An accident will happen if.. (the child plays with matches)

VI. Ask and answer for a young parent and a pediatrician giving his

advice. (Make it a chain)

Parent: Should I do anything about..(the stairs?) Doctor: You should put a barrier before the stairs.

VII. Give a talk to young parents having toddlers at home on their infants’ safety. Use should and should not in your recommendations.

ELECTRIC SHOCK

Electric shock results from touching an exposed electric wire or from defective plugs and electric appliances like kettles, heaters, refrigerators and so on. If the shock is a serious one, the child may stop breathing and become unconscious.

First the child's contact with the electric current should be broken. While doing this remember that water and metal are conductors of electricity. Break the contact by using a dry wooden stick to remove the wire off the child. Or you can push the child away from the wire. Do this while standing on a dry surface. Do not touch the child or the electric wire with bare hands as they conduct the electric current, too.

If the child has stopped breathing, artificial respiration should be started immediately while someone else rushes for medical aid. If the heart is not beating, a second person must do the cardiac massage. Keep up both till the child starts breathing and the heartbeats return. Take the child to the hospital as soon as possible, or send for a doctor if that is quicker.

Words to be remembered:

result from/result in - возникать от/приводить к

touch - прикасаться

electric wire - электрический провод

break (broke, broken) - ломать, рвать

bare (hands) - голый (голыми руками)

breathing = respiration - дыхание

dry - сухой

wooden - деревянный

stick - палка

remove - удалить

while - в то время как

push away - оттолкнуть

as soon as possible - как можно скорее

exposed electric wire - оголённый электрический провод

become unconscious - потерять сознание

current - ток

artificial - искусственный

rush - мчаться

return – возвращаться

L Find the sentences which are true according to the text

l. If the child does not breathe, artificial respiration should be started immediately. 2.A child may stop breathing because of drowning, electric shock, and gas inhalation. 3.Touching an exposed electric cord will result in an electric shock. 4.Place the child on his back, quickly wipe fluid, or any foreign matter from the mouth, open the air passages by raising neck and tilting head back. 5.If the heart is not beating, one must do the cardiac massage and artificial respiration at the same time. б.You should go on with both actions till the child starts breathing and the heartbeats return. 7.Never give artificial respiration to a person who is breathing. 8.Keep it in mind what substances can conduct electricity. 9. In a serious shock the child gets unconscious. 10. A metal stick will help you to save the child.

II. Make up sentences:

1. should be broken, contact, immediately, the child's, with, the current

2. push, the, should, child, away, you, from, it

3. the contact, break, a dry wooden stick, by using, to remove the wire, the child, off

4. the electric wire, do not, or, the child, touch, bare hands, with

5. electricity, water, metals, remember that, and, are, of, conductors

III. Make up a telephone conversation between the mother of a child who has just suffered from an electric shock and a doctor of the emergency aid giving his instructions.

Speak in pairs.

FRACTURE

Fracture or a break in the bone can result from any injury. There is pain, swelling and tenderness and there may be a deformity. The injured part should be prevented from moving and the child should be taken to the doctor or to the hospital. Splints and slings are used to immobilize injured parts so that broken ends of bones could not move A splint can be ready-made or improvised from any stiff material (magazine, stick, ruler and so on). The splint should be wider than the part being splinted, and long enough to prevent movements of the joints near the fracture. Pad the limb with a clean cloth before applying a splint. Bind the splint in place above and below the fracture.

A sling can be made from a scarf or towel or a piece of sheet.

Do not give the casualty anything to eat or drink since the child may need an anesthetic to set the fracture. Usually, an X-ray is necessary to confirm whether there is a fracture or not

Compound fracture. When the broken bone has pierced the skin the fracture is called compound. This is more serious because of possible infection. Place sterile gauze over wound and take the child to the hospital immediately. If sterile gauze is not available, use a clean, washed and ironed piece of cloth. If necessary, control bleeding with pressure.

Words to be remembered;

fracture - перелом

compound fracture - сложный перелом

swelling - отёк, опухоль

tenderness - болезненность

set (the fracture) - вправить перелом

confirm - подтвердить

X-ray - рентген

whether - ли

sling - перевязь

scarf - шарф

towel - полотенце

sheet – простыня

casualty - пострадавший

pierce - пронзить, прорвать

gauze - марля

to place - помещать

wound-рана

splint - шина

ready-made - готовый

stiff - негнущийся

wide - широкий

pad - мягкая прокладка, подушечка

clean cloth - чистая ткань

apply – положить (применить)

bind (bound, bound) - привязать

below/above - ниже/выше

because of - из-за

available - доступный, имеющийся

control - остановить

bleeding – кровотечение

I. Answer the questions:

1. What symptoms indicate a fracture?

2. Which type of fracture is more dangerous?

3. What are the first steps of the medical aid to a patient with fracture?

4. How can one stop bleeding?

5. How can the diagnosis of fracture be confirmed?

6. Why is it necessary to immobilize the injured part?

7. How are a splint and a sling made?

8. Can one move an injured person? Why not?

II. Speak about fracture according to the plan:

1. Сause

2. Symptoms

3. Treatment

4. Compound fracture

III. Find the correct order of first aid actions in case of a fracture according to the text:

1. Bind the splint in place above and below the fracture.

2. Make a splint of any stiff material.

3. Stop the bleeding with pressure.

4. Pad the limb with sterile gauze.

5. Take the victim to the hospital.

SUNSTROKE AND HEAT STROKE

Sun Stroke. During the hot summer months a child may develop sun stroke if he plays about in the sun for a long time. The child sweats profusely, which results in the loss of body fluid and salts. He (or she) complains of headache, weakness and dizziness and may vomit. Skin is cool and wet with sweat, and it may not be possible to assess his body temperature. The child should be made to lie down in a cool place under the fan and given plenty of fluid. Some salt is also necessary because the child has lost a lot of it. A lemon drink with salt and sugar is very pleasant and should be given frequently.

Heat Stroke. Another way in which the heat may affect a child is by a sudden rise of body temperature to 106 F or above. The child may become delirious and get a convulsion. Every effort should be made to bring the temperature down. He should be wrapped in a wet sheet and given plenty of fluid to drink. Aspirin or paracetamol should be given to bring down the temperature - half a tablet for a child of 2-3 years of age and 1 tablet for older children. A doctor should be consulted as soon as possible, or the child should be taken to hospital.

Prevention of Sun and Heat Stroke.

The child should not play in the sun for long periods, but that does not mean that you should not let him go out in the sun at all. Over-clothing should be avoided. The child should have plenty of water, a lemon drink or fruit juice.

Words to be remembered:

heat - жара, жaр

sun stroke - солнечный удар

heat stroke - тепловой удар sweat - потеть, пот

profusely - обильно

loss - потеря

lose (lost, lost;) - терять

fluid - жидкое

result in - приводить к

complain of - жаловаться на

headache - головная боль

weakness - слабость

dizziness - головокружение

vomit - (глагол от "vomiting"- "рвота")

skin - кожа

cool - прохладный

wet - влажный

lie down - лечь

fan - вентилятор

plenty of = a lot of - много, множество

drink - напиток

frequently - часто

way-путь, способ

affect - поражать

a sudden rise - внезапный подъём

convulsion - судорога

bring the temperature down - сбить температуру

wrap - заворачивать

sheet - простыня

over-clothing - перекутывание

avoid - избегать

juice - сок

Words for better understanding:

assess the body temperature - оценить (измерить) температуру тела

exhaustion - изнеможение, упадок сил

stroke - удар (в том числе инсульт)

another - ещё один

delirious - бредящий

effort - усилие

mean - означать

let - позволять

I. Answer the questions about both of these conditions:

1. What are the symptoms of sun/heat stroke?

2. What is it caused by?

3. What can we do to help?

4. What measures can prevent this condition?

IL Play the parts of a mother (grandmother, etc) of a child with sun/heat stroke who is calling the emergency aid for help, and a doctor or a member of a rescue team giving advice. Start with:

You can /you must/ you should or like this:.../Do it/Don’t do it/ immediately!

ANIMAL BITES

An animal scratch or bite can be very frightening. The child may need extra comfort and attention in the next few days or weeks to get over the experience.

The first thing to do is to wash the bite thoroughly with water to remove the animal’s saliva immediately. Then you should wash the wound with soap for another five minutes and rinse it thoroughly. Consult the doctor the same day. It is very important to do stitches, if any are needed, within the first 12 hours after the bite.

Later the wound should be examined for signs of infection. They are: increased redness or swelling around the wound, pain or foul odor, discharge from the wound, skin warm or hot to touch at and around it, the child may get fever. In case of infection the doctor should be called at once. Until the wound is healed, the child should avoid activities that may cause the wound to open.

Any animal bite may transmit rabies. If the bite was from a pet, you should try to find out if it had taken shots for rabies and its date, to be told to the doctor. When possible, the animal should be isolated for 10 days and watched for any change in behavior.

Tetanus may also be transmitted by bites, so you should know the date of the child’s last tetanus shot.

Preventing animal bites. It is important to teach children how to avoid being bitten by an animal. If approached by a dog who may attack, you should never scream or run. You should stand very still with your hands at your sides and avoid eye contact with the dog. Once the dog loses interest in you, slowly back away until he is out of sight. If the dog does attack, give him your bag, book, jacket, anything you can put between you and the dog. If you fall or are knocked to the ground, curl into a ball with your hands over your ears and don’t move.

Children should be taught never to tease an animal or pull its tail, even if they know the animal. They should always walk away (but never run!) if a dog begins to growl when approached. A dog should not be bothered while it is eating. Don’t go near stray dogs or animals you don’t know

Words to be remembered:.

bite (bit, bitten) – укус, кусать

scratch – царапина

frighten - пугать

get over (the experience) –справиться (с пережитым опытом)

thoroughly – тщательно (but: through – через, сквозь)

soap – мыло

rinse - полоскать

stitches – швы, накладывать швы (на раны): do stitches, stitch the wound

(tetanus) shot – укол (прививка) от (столбняка)

wound - рана

sign - признак

swelling – опухоль, отек

foul odor – неприятный запах

discharge - выделения

heal - заживать

avoid – избегать

rabies - бешенство

cause – причина, вызывать

pet – животное, живущее в семье, домашний любимец

stray (dog) – бродячая (собака)

watch = observe - наблюдать

behavior - поведение

approach – приближаться, подходить

scream – кричать, визжать

stand still – стоять смирно, тихо

lose - терять

back away – пятиться назад, чтобы уйти

out of sight – не видно, вне поля зрения

curl (into a ball) – свернуться клубком, сгруппироваться

move – двигать(ся)

tease - дразнить

pull (its tail) – тянуть (его за хвост)

growl - рычать

bother – тревожить, беспокоить

while – в то время как

I. a) Read the text to find out some important facts about rabies (its cause, the way of transmission, the incubation period, the rabies symptoms in a dog, other names of rabies, first aid measures); b) now explain it to parents what they should know about rabies

RABIES

Rabies is caused by a virus which is present in the saliva of affected animal, mainly the dog. Rabies is transmitted through bites and even licks, if the skin surface is open with a scratch, wound or sore. The virus travels to the brain and symptoms begin 4-8 weeks after the bite. Sometimes there may be a delay of over two years. The disease is always fatal, so every effort should be made to prevent it.

The pet dog should be protected against rabies by injections. However, one has no control over stray dogs. It is important to recognize a rabid animal. It may go off its food completely, behave in a strange manner or later run around biting people without any provocation. It has difficulty in swallowing, dribbles saliva all over and foams at the mouth.

The name hydrophobia is given to the disease because the animal cannot swallow and may even start convulsing at the sight of water.

In dumb rabies the animal is quiet and it appears as if a bone has got stuck in its mouth. If you try to remove the bone with your hand the dog may bite you.

The wound should be washed thoroughly with soap and water, and the dog should be tied and observed for 4 - 5 days. If it seems to be quite well at the end of this time it can be considered healthy. You should consult a doctor immediately after a dog's bite. All hospital casualty departments stock anti-rabic vaccine and know the indications, doses and so on.

Bites on head, face and neck should be treated with anti-rabic vaccine even while the dog is being watched. The treatment can be stopped after 4 days if the dog appears normal and healthy.

Words for better understanding:

saliva - слюна

affect - пора

lick - лизать

skin surface – поверхность

protect - защищать

in a strange manner – странно (странным образом)

swallow - глотать

convulsion - судорога

at the sight of – при виде

dumb - немой

remove - удалять

sore - ссадина

delay - задержка

effort - усилие

completely - полностью

foam - пена

appear - выглядеть

casualty=victim – пострадавший, жертва

treat – обрабатывать, обращаться с чем-то, лечить

II. Ask and answer 5 questions covering the main information of the text “Animal Bites”.

III. Close the books and complete the following sentences:

a) 1. To get over the experience of an animal bite the child may need...

2. The bite should be washed...

3. The doctor should be consulted witnin...

4. It is necessary to examine the wound for...

5. Until the wound is healed, the child should avoid...

6. You should try to find out if the dog...

7. The dog should be...for 10 days for...

b) 1.Rabies is caused by...

2. It is transmitted by...

3.It is transmitted through licks if...

4.The symptoms begin.......

5.Bites on the head face and neck...

6.The treatment can be stopped...

POISONING

What Is a Poison?

A poison (or toxin) is a substance which, if taken into the body in sufficient quantity, can cause temporary or permanent damage. Poisons may be swallowed, inhaled, absorbed through the skin, instilled at the eye, or injected. Once in the body, poisons may work their way into the bloodstream, and be swiftly carried to all the tissues. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the poison and its method of entry, though vomiting is common to many cases, with the risk to the casualty that stomach contents may be inhaled.

The digestive system

The body "processes" food to extract its nutrients and eliminate waste that includes many mildly toxic elements. From the stomach, food passes into the small intestine, where nutrients are broken down and absorbed into the blood. This blood then filters through the liver, which inactivates many toxins. The kidneys also filter and excrete impurities. The food residue passes to the large intestine, and waste is expelled at the anus.

How poisons enter the body

Poisons may enter the eye, possibly causing chemical bums

Poisonous gases, solvents, vapours or fumes may be inhaled

Swallowed poisons may enter the circulatory system through the walls of the

digestive tract

Injected poisons and drugs enter the bloodstream rapidly.

Poisonous snakes, fish or insects may inject their venom into the skin. Dangerous

drugs, particularly narcotics, are injected by abusers.

Strong chemicals, such as corrosives and pesticides, may be absorbed through the skin. and may also cause burns

How poisons affect the body

. Роison reaching the brain may cause confusion, delirium, fits, and unconsciousness

Swallowed corrosives can burn the lips, mouth, and food passages

Inhaled poisons can cause severe respiratory distress

Some poisons disturb the action ol the heart

The body's poison filters, the liver and kidneys, can be seriously damaged by an "overload" of toxins

Poison in the digestive system can cause vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea

Poisons may damage the blood itself, preventing the red cells from carrying oxygen to the tissues

FOOD POISONING

Food poisoning may be caused by germs or chemicals, or by some poisonous food like certain types of mushrooms. All food should be hygienically prepared and be as fresh as possible. In summer germs multiply quite rapidly, so the food should be kept in a refrigerator. If you do not have one, only freshly cooked food should be eaten. Avoid eating outside the home as much as possible.

Food poisoning can make you anything from a bit off-colour to so seriously ill that you need medical attention. In a few rare cases people can die from food poisoning.

Signs of food poisoning may develop within from a few hours to a few days after the meal. They are cramp-like pain in abdomen accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea.

If the vomiting is not severe the child can be given weak tea or other fluids in sips

If vomiting is severe the child will need intravenous fluids and so should be taken to the hospital as soon as possible.

Words to be remembered:

germ – микроб

chemicals – химические вещества

food/meal – пища\ прием пищи, еда

poison(-ous) – яд, (ядовитый), отравлять

cause - вызывать

fresh - свежий

keep- хранить, держать

multiply - размножаться

rapidly=quickly=fast - быстро

cook – готовить еду, варить

avoid - избегать

outside/inside – вне дома, снаружи \ внутри, в доме

as...as possible – как можно...

a bit=a little – чуть-чуть, немного

rare/frequent – редкий \ частый

sign - признак

develop – развивать(ся)

a few=some=several - несколько

cramp-like pain – схватко-образная боль

abdomen - живот

accompany - сопровождать

vomiting - рвота

diarrhea- понос

severe – сильный, тяжелый

fluid – жидкость weak/strong - слабый \ крепкий,сильный

in sips – маленькими глотками

I. Answer the questions:

1. What is a poison?

2. How can poisons enter the body?

3. What substances can be poisons?

4. What do symptoms of poisoning depend on?

5. How does the human body filter poisons out?

6. How can poisons affect the body?

7.How can we avoid food poisoning?

8. What are the best conditions for keeping food?

9. What symptoms may it cause?

10. When may the symptoms develop?

11. How can we help the victim?

II.Close the books and complete the following sentences:

1.Food poisoning is caused by...

2.All food should...

3.Only freshly cooked food...

4.The person may feel anything from...

5.In unusually severe cases food poisoning may...

6.If the vomiting is not bad...

7. If the vomiting is severe...

III. Speak about:

a) symptoms of food poisoning

b) its cause

c) its prevention

d) its treatment

e) various kinds of poison and how they enter the body

f) how different poisons may affect the body

PART II

TEXTS FOR READING, TRANSLATING, ABSTRACTING, REVIEWING

FIRST AID IN ACCIDENTS

Any part of the body can be injured in an accident, but there are many factors which decide the final loss. If a person is hit directly he may be wounded or simply break a bone. With indirect blunt injuries, also fractures are very common. There is often a fire in the accidents, and this may result in serious burns. However, people who are injured and are in the process of inching towards death can be saved by proper first aid.

The first purpose of such aid is to keep the person alive and in as good a condition as possible until proper medical aid is available. The other aim is to prevent any deterioration in the condition of the patient and to maintain or improve the injured part. Thirdly, nothing which can interfere with the treatment should be done during the waiting period. Any person who is familiar with these ideas and who knows how to administer first aid at such times can save the life of someone who would otherwise have died.

First Actions. The most important thing is to make the victim lie comfortably in an open place. All tight clothing around the neck, such as the tie and shirt collar, should be loosened.

Respiration. To maintain life, it is very important that the patient be able to breathe. The first point is to see that there is no obstruction in the breathing. If the tongue has fallen back it should be pulled out and all the froth from the mouth should be cleaned. If there is no neck injury it is advisable to turn the face on one side.

If the patient is not breathing it becomes necessary to administer artificial respiration. Mouth-to-mouth breathing is very simple and can be tried whenever necessary. All one has to do is to take a deep breath oneself and forcibly blow the air into the victim's open mouth after pinching his nose. This can be done 15 to 20 times a minute. This ventilates the lungs. The other method is to put the patient in a prone position (face down) and turn his face to one side. The person giving respiration should kneel and put pressure with his palms near the armpits to expel the air out of the victim's lungs. Then he relieves pressure, which permits air to enter the lungs. This has to be done with a rhythmic action 15-20 times a minute. Usually the victim restores normal breathing. Bleeding. Excessive bleeding may cause danger. It is obviously necessary that one should try and stop the bleeding as soon as possible. This can be done by pressing any clean cloth or handkerchief at the point of bleeding against the bone. This stops bleeding. If absorbent cotton is available, then with its padding, the wounded area should be tightly bandaged.

At times it may be necessary to block circulation of the affected limb, if the bleeding is very heavy. This can be done by tying a tourniquet. It is very important that the tourniquet should not be left on for more than 45 minutes, otherwise the limb below the tourniquet will not survive. The time when the tourniquet was applied must be put in bold letters and firmly attached to the patient for the doctors to notice.

Fracture. A fracture is very painful and it should be splinted properly. This can be done by tying a wooden plank with padding against the limb, so that it can be immobilized. This not only prevents pain, but also further damage to the adjoining tissues. In the case of neck injuries it can be quite dangerous to move the neck, even a pillow can cause tremendous damage. Therefore, unless you are certain that there is no neck injury, please do not try to move the injured person.

Eye. If the eye is injured it is enough to wash it with clean water and cover it up. Washing also helps in cleaning any chemical or foreign particle which may enter into the eye.

Burns. Burns are another serious problem and invariably the person who tries to rescue others, burns himself, It is just as necessary to protect oneself as one tries to put out the fire. The best methods are either to throw water or roll the person in a blanket on the floor. It is sufficient to cover the burnt area with a clean cloth and send the person to the hospital immediately.

Choking. If a child chokes over some food, hold him upside down and slap him vigorously on the back. If he is beginning to turn blue, rush him to the hospital..

Poisoning. If a child has swallowed a poison, dilute it by giving him a glass of milk to drink. You may encourage him to vomit by putting your finger or toothbrush handle into his throat. Vomiting should not be induced in the case of any corrosive acid or alkali. Take him to the hospital as soon as possible.

Shock. A painful injury, bleeding or severe vomiting may cause shock. The child looks pale, cold and clammy, and has a weak pulse. Keep the child lying quietly, with his head a little lower than his body and legs. Keep him warm with blankets and a hot water bottle, and give him warm drinks till the doctor arrives.

I. Match A and B:

A B
a) excessive bleeding a) инородное тело
b) tightly bandaged b) дыхание рот в рот
c) painful injury c) ритмическое воздействие
d) affected limb d) печатные буквы
e) bold letters e) повреждение шеи
f) mouth-to-mouth breathing f) болезненное повреждение
g) neck injury g) обильное кровотечение
h) rhythmic action h) крепко/плотно перевязанный
i) victim's lungs i) поврежденная конечность
j) foreign particle j) легкие пострадавшего

II. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the main aim of the first aid?
2. Why is it so important to know how to administer the first aid?
3. Is it possible for any person to be familiar with the basic principles of proper first aid?

III. Fill in the following table reviewing the correct procedures in the case of an accident:

Type of injury Actions of the nurse
1) Shock a) Keep the patient lying quietly.
b) Keep the patient's head a little lower than his body.
c) Keep the patient warm.
d) Call the doctor in.
e) Give the patient some warm drinks.
f) Calm the patient.
2) Poisoning a)
b)
c)
...)
.

PREVENTION OF FOOD POISONING

The food we eat is one of the keys to good health. We rightly expect that the food on our plates shouldn't make us ill. But the risk of bacteria in food must be taken seriously.

Most of us eat without any ill effects. But it is important to guard against the risk of contaminating food whenever possible and use commonsense in the way we prepare and cook our food.

Over 44,000 cases of food poisoning were reported last year, but many cases go unreported. Salmonella and listeria may have hit the headlines, but other common bacteria can also cause food poisoning. Most bacteria, however, can be prevented from contaminating food, or killed, if you follow the food safety guidelines.

Symptoms of food poisoning may appear in an hour or as long as five days later. Common signs are stomach pain and/or vomiting and diarrhea. If symptoms are painful or persistent, consult your doctor, especially if the sufferer is elderly, pregnant, a child or an infant.

If you are only mildly ill, rest and take plenty of fluids until you feel ready to take solid food again. Try not to prepare food for other people while you are suffering from vomiting or diarrhea.

If you or your doctor thinks the infection was related to a particular food stuff, shop or eating place, the Environmental Health Officer at your local Council offices should be contacted - you could be part of an outbreak and prompt action may safeguard others.

Bacteria. Bacteria are everywhere. They are often thought of as bugs or germs and the human body is remarkably well-equipped to deal with them. Some bacteria are useful - most cheeses rely on bacteria for their production. There are only a few types of bacteria which cause illness, but it makes sense to minimize the risk of becoming ill by preventing harmful bacteria from growing on food.

Bacteria can get into our food at any stage from production to sale and from purchase to eating. After purchase it is up to us, consumers, to handle and prepare food properly. There is a lot we can all do to keep our food safe from the time we buy it to the time we eat it.

Buying food. Commonsense will tell you if the shop or shelves look dirty, or if staff behavior is unhygienic - dirty hands and nails, constantly touching mouth or hair, eating or smoking. Check the dates on the goods and ensure that they are still current. Avoid packs that look damaged. Beware of chilled or frozen food displays which are overfilled or look poorly cared for. Do not buy dirty eggs that show any cracks.

Taking food home. Pack fresh food separately and, in particular, ensure that fresh meat is wrapped and cannot contaminate other food.

Take fresh food home as quickly as possible, A warm car, office or just carrying it around for an hour can raise the temperature of the food considerably and allow bacteria to grow

Put perishable goods in the fridge or freezer as soon as you get home.

Keeping food. Keep your cupboards, fridge and freezer clean - spilt food, drips and broken packets can spread bacteria and attract flies, ants and mice. Use cupboard stocks efficiently, using older packs first. Follow instructions on packets. Use food within recommended dates. Contaminated food does not always look or smell "off". If in doubt, throw it out.

Fridges cannot kill bacteria but they can slow the growth of most common bugs. Make sure the fridge is cold enough - and stays below 5 С or 41 F - buy a fridge thermometer to check. Leaving a fridge door open warms the internal temperature, so does putting warm food straight into it. Defrosting fridges regularly will keep them cooler and will use less energy.

Different types of food such as raw meat, fish, dairy products and cooked food should be kept separately to avoid contamination from one to another. Put fresh meat and defrosting foods on a plate, covered, at the bottom of the fridge - if it drips onto other foods it can pass on food poisoning bacteria. Do not let meat drip into fresh vegetables and salads.

Freezers kept at the correct temperature - minus 18 С or 0 F - stop bacteria multiplying but do not kill them. Note storage or freezing instructions when stocking a freezer and try to defrost the freezer when stocks are low. While defrosting keep any remaining stocks as cold as possible - in an insulated box, or wrapped in plenty of newspapers or old clean blankets.

Cleanliness is the key. Keep your kitchen clean and dry. Don't allow pets near food or worktops. Wash hands in warm water with soap before touching food - and always after touching pets, dirty nappies, the dustbin or going to the toilet, and cover up cuts and grazes.

Keep worktops, chopping boards and utensils clean with hot soapy water. Dry them thoroughly after washing, preferably with disposable paper towels. When you are preparing food, wash utensils and worktops between stages - don't use the same knife or chopping board for raw meat, cooked food and fresh vegetables without washing them between times. Ideally, keep one chopping board for raw meats and another for other foods. Wash vegetables, fruit and salads thoroughly whether homegrown or shop-bought.

Preparation and Cook Sense. Follow package instructions carefully on prepared or cook/chill foods. When required, thaw frozen food completely before cooking – it is best in the fridge or microwave. A warm room may hurry up defrosting but it also helps bacteria to grow. Cook meat thoroughly - if possible use a meat thermometer which penetrates the joint to check that temperature at the center has reached 70 С This is especially important for large joints or poultry. When cooking foods from frozen, ensure they are similarly cooked right through. Poultry should always be defrosted completely and thoroughly before cooking.;

The Government's Chief Medical Officers have advised until further notice that everyone should avoid eating raw eggs and home-made uncooked egg dishes such as mayonnaise, mousses, ice-cream and raw eggs mixed with drinks. If you are sick, elderly, pregnant or preparing food for toddlers and babies then any egg in the meal should be thoroughly cooked until the white and yolk are solid. For healthier people there is very little risk from eating eggs cooked, however you prefer them. Food made with pasteurized eggs is all right for everybody.

Everyone can eat hard cheeses, processed cottage cheese and cheese spreads. However, high numbers of listeria bacteria can sometimes contaminate certain soft cheeses such as blue vein types. Pregnant women and those particularly susceptible to infection are advised to avoid these types of cheese.

Reheating Food. Cooked food shouldn't be left to cool for more than one hour before putting it into the fridge or freezer. Never keep it in the fridge for more than one or two days before eating. Food should never be reheated more than once and then only until it is piping hot right through. Special advice has been issued to pregnant women and those particularly susceptible to infection about the need to reheat certain foods to minimize the risks of listeriosis. For these special groups retail cooked and chilled meals and ready to eat cooked poultry should be reheated until they are piping hot.

Safety Tips. Take chilled or frozen food home as quickly as possible.

Keep your fridge/freezer at the correct temperature - buy a fridge thermometer. Cook food thoroughly.

Do not eat raw eggs.

Observe microwave standing times.

Store raw and cooked foods separately.

Check dates on goods, use food within the recommended period.

Do not reheat food more than once.

Keep pets out of the kitchen. Wash hands after handling them.

Keep your kitchen clean and dry, wash and dry utensils between preparation stages.

Always wash your hands with hot soapy water before preparing food.

I. Fill in the following table reviewing the main rules to prevent food poisoning:

Places of close Recommended actions Prohibited actions

contact with food
1) Shop a) Check the dates on the goods. a)Do not take damaged packs
b) Mind the hygiene of the stuff b) Do not touch unpacked food
c)... c)...
2) Way home
3) Your house
4) Your kitchen

II. Match A and B:

A B
1) contaminating a) eggs
2) internal b) bacteria
3) pregnant c) poultry
4) broken d) meat
5) soft e) dates
6) pasteurized f) temperature
7) cooked g) food
8) useful h) cheese
9) recommended i) woman
10) raw j) packets

III.Make up sentences. (Use every word!):
1) but, bugs, of, cannot, bacteria, kill, most, growth, slow, fridges, can, the, they, common.
2) any, bacteria, food, get, at, can, our, stage, into.
3) freezer, in, home, the, as, get, fridge, the, soon, you, put, goods, or, as.
4) touching, warm, soap, food, in, wash, with, hands, before, water.
5) diarrhea, and, poisoning, of, stomach, are, food, pain, symptoms, vomiting.

AGGRESSIVE DOGS GET EVER MORE DANGEROUS

According to the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision, 46 percent of people bitten by animals in Moscow last year were attacked by domestic dogs and 10 percent by cats. Stray dogs bit only 38 percent of people while stray cats account for 3 percent. The rest were attacked by a variety of animals: rodents, monkeys, and even bears.

In all, 32,832 people sought medical assistance for animal bites last year, 9 percent of them being seriously injured.

The number of people who have problems with animals keeps growing. And, apparently, this is becoming a trend.

"Owing to a greater number of animals in the city, Moscow has the dubious honor of having one of the highest levels of registered bites," says Lyudmila Tsvil, an epidemiologist at Gossanepidnadzor's Infection Supervision Department. "Many will acquire a pet just for fun and then chuck it out. Such animals are more aggressive, they do not trust people. Generally, ill-bred animals are a product of ill-bred owners.

Between 8,000 and 10,000 children get bitten by dogs in Moscow every year. This is hardly surprising. They ran about, ride bicycles, and sometimes try to play with strange dogs. A dog, however, does not always need a cause to attack.

Increasingly, people are attacked by "well-to-do" canines that have owners - mainly Rottweilers and bull terriers - that is, aggressive dogs bred specifically for fighting and guarding purposes.

Back in 1995, the Moscow city government issued a resolution whereby "overaggressive" dogs are subject to mandatory registration with Internal Affairs Main Administration agencies on the residential basis. That is to say, almost like firearms. The owners of such dogs are supposed to take a special training course. And they must walk their pets muzzled and on a short leash. All pets must be registered and vaccinated against rabies, which is free with domestically made vaccine, while imported vaccine costs a lot of money.

Sanctions for violation of pet maintenance regulations are negligible. For example, the owner of a dog that has mauled a child can get off with a mere 10 or 15 ruble fine.

Luckily, unlike the bite record, the incidence of rabies in the city is very low: one or two people a year. However, even this must be a cause for concern, given that rabies is fatal.

This year a 27-year- old man from a Moscow suburb died of rabies at Infection Hospital № 1. He had been bitten by a fox and not duly vaccinated against rabies, which led to a tragedy.

Rabies has existed as long as the animal world itself. It affects every species of mammal - from mouse to man. This dangerous virus is passed on by the bite of a rabid animal, through its saliva or a scratch made by it. Moreover, it can penetrate even undamaged skin and mucous membranes. Rabies was described way back by Hippocrates: In those days bites were seared with red-hot iron. That did not help, of course. It was not until.1885 that Lois Pasteur invented a vaccine, modifications of which are still used today.

It should be born in mind that the incubation period of the disease lasts for ten days, during which time the affected pet looks perfectly harmless even though it can easily dispatch its owners to the next world. So it's better to err on the side of caution and have your pets vaccinated.

If, however, you have been bitten by a strange animal, you should see a doctor as soon as possible. Incidentally, the notorious 40 shots against rabies is history now. Today the course of treatment consists of 6 shots - still free.

From Moscow News, June 21-27, 2000

I. Rearrange the sentences in the order in which the information is given in the text:

1. Rabies has existed as long as the animal world itself.

2. Moscow has the dubious honor of having one of the highest levels of registered bites,

3. If you, however, have been bitten by a strange animal you should see a doctor as soon as possible.

4. Rabies was described way back by Hippocrates.

5. Sanctions for violation of pet maintenance regulations are negligible.

6. Rottweilers and bull terriers are aggressive dogs bred specifically for fighting and guarding purposes.

7. Luckily, unlike the bite record, the incidence of rabies in the city is very low.

8. Many people will acquire a pet just for fun and then chuck it out.

9. The number of people who have problems with animals keep growing.

10. All pets must be registered and vaccinated against rabies.

11. Today the course of treatment consists of six shots - still free.

II. Prepare the law project with the rules of behavior for the owners of pets. What must they do and what cannot be done?

III. Compose a list of animals that can be aggressive and dangerous for people:
a) dogs;
b) cats;
c)...

IN CASE OF EMERGENCY

Homeopathic remedies are made of incredibly small doses of natural substances. The following are mentioned in the text:

Aconite - борец ядовитый, царица-трава

Antimonium tartaricum – «рвотный камень», содержит медь, железо и сурьму

Apis mellifica - медоносная пчела

Arnica - баранья трава, арника горная

Arsenicum album - мышьяк белый

Belladonna - красавка

Bryonia. - переступень белый

Calendula officinalis - цветки календулы

Chamomilla (German chamomile) - ромашка аптечная

China –кора хинного дерева

Coffea cruda - кофейное дерево

Cuprum metallicum - медь

Ferrum phosphoricum - фосфат железа(III)

Gelsemium - жасмин желтый

Glonoine - гомеопатизированный нитроглицерин

Ledum - багульник болотный

Phosphorus - фосфор

Pulsatilla nigricans (wind flower) - прострел луговой, ветреница

Pyrogenium – препарат животного происхождения

Ruta graveolens - садовая рута, рута пахучая

Sabina - можжевельник донской

Veratrum album - чемерица белая

A true emergency is a life-threatening condition. There are only two situations that qualify as true emergencies: serious bleeding and obstruction to breathing.

Other urgent conditions requiring prompt help such as shock, sudden collapse, poisoning, eye trauma, fever, sunstroke, and heat prostration are usually also considered emergencies, and the following will provide you with up-to-date first-aid procedures and a description of one of more indicated homeopathic remedies for these and other situations.

Homeopathic remedies both stimulate the body's defense mechanism and make the patient more comfortable. The combination of homeopathy and standard first aid offered in this chapter can make any emergency less of one, even while you are awaiting further medical help.

BLEEDING

To stop bleeding from a cut or injury, press sterile gauze (or the cleanest material available) firmly over the wound. If this doesn't help, apply firm pressure on the blood vessel above the wound. When the bleeding stops, bandage the dressing firmly in place, and take the patient to a doctor.

Choose one of the following internal homeopathic remedies that most closely fits the situation:

Arnica. Your first choice if bleeding has been caused by injury, or if the patient is suffering from shock.

China. Weakness from loss of blood, as indicated by faintness, dimming vision, ringing in cars, and in extreme cases, air hunger (gasping for breath or yawning).

Sabina. When there is threatened abortion and uterine hemorrhage. Remedy may or may not prevent abortion but will improve condition of patient.

Phosphorus. For a profuse nosebleed often caused by vigorous noseblowing, or any type of hemorrhage; when small wounds bleed profusely.

BEYOND FIRST AID: If bleeding has been caused by a pathological condition, a first-aid remedy cannot cure the underlying condition. However, it can help control the bleeding until proper treatment has been given.

OBSTRUCTION TO BREATHING

The brain and other vital organs require a steady supply of life-giving oxygen. Breathing may become obstructed from choking on food or other foreign objects; also, from drowning, allergic swelling of the throat, or severe asthma attack. Prompt action is necessary to restore the flow of oxygen and avoid permanent damage to vital organs.

CHOKING

The choking victim is unable to speak or-breathe. If someone collapses while eating and is not breathing, the person is probably choking. You must act quickly; a person choking on food will usually die in four minutes.

Use one of the two variations of the Heimlich Maneuver, devised by a surgeon, Dr. Henry J. Heimlich, and then administer a remedy if necessary.

Standing Heimlich Maneuver. When the victim is standing or sitting, stand behind him and wrap your arms around the victim's waist. Make a fist with one hand and place it thumbside in against the victim's abdomen, slightly above the navel and below the rib cage. Grasp your fist with the other hand, and press into the victim's abdomen with a quick upward thrust. Repeat the Heimlich Maneuver several times until food pops out.

Lying-down Heimlich Maneuver. If the victim has collapsed and is too heavy for you to lift, turn the victim face upward and kneel astride the victim's hips. With one hand on top of the other, place the heel of the bottom hand on abdomen slightly above the navel and below the rib cage. Press into the victim's abdomen with a quick upward thrust. Repeat the thrust several times if necessary. If you are a small rescuer who cannot reach around the victim, you can save the person with this position - by using your own body weight to perform the Maneuver.

If the patient suffers from the effects of fright after a choking episode, give a dose of Aconite. Aconite is made from the plant monkshood, and was used as a medicine by the ancient Romans. If patient feels bruised and sore as a result of a too-forcefully applied Maneuver, give Arnica.

DROWNING

Recently, it has been shown that the Heimlich Maneuver can evacuate water from the lungs. Therefore, to revive a drowning victim, first perform the Heimlich Maneuver as for choking. Second, clear the airway as quickly as possible by wiping out the victim's mouth and lowering the head or turning over the abdomen. Then follow immediately with mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. If the heart has stopped beating, give complete cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which includes external compression of the chest to massage the heart.

Persist in your efforts until help arrives. Unlike the choking victim, who will die in four minutes unless aided, drowning victims who have been submerged for as long as half an hour have survived.

As soon as possible, give Antimonium tartaricum, made from tartrate of antimony. Antimonium tart., one of our valuable remedies from the mineral world, is indicated when the patient is cold and blue, is covered with clammy sweat, has rattling respiration, and is drowning in the body's own secretions, whether from actual drowning or from respiratory or cardiac failure. Dosage: Every ten to fifteen minutes, or until improvement is evident.

Since it is dangerous to put anything in the mouth of an unconscious person, soften two tablets in one-quarter teaspoon of water, and place inside the cheek or under the tongue the medicine will work as long as it is in contact with the mucous membranes. If the patient is breathing through the mouth and the tissues there are very dry, moisten your finger with a little water before placing the tablets on the inside of the cheek or on the tongue.

ALLERGIC RESPIRATORY SWELLING

A rare but serious occurrence is a sudden swelling of the tongue or tissues of the throat -which may close off the airway. This allergic, or anaphylactic, shock may occur after a highly sensitive person has been stung by a bee or has taken penicillin.

Regardless of the type of allergy, Apis melliflca has proved lifesaving in this type of respiratory emergency. If you are hypersensitive to bee stings, you would do well to carry Apis at all times. If possible, consult a homeopathic physician as to the advisability of carrying high-potency Apis.

SHOCK

Even minor injuries may be accompanied by some degree of shock. You hammer your finger instead of the nail and experience a sudden, clutched feeling in the stomach, increased pulse and breathing rates. The more serious the injury, the greater degree of shock. Symptoms are pale, cold, clammy skin, rapidly rising pulse, restlessness, shallow breathing, a feeling of impending disaster. These symptoms are due to circulatory disturbance and consequent lack of oxygen supply to the nervous system and other tissues.

To lessen shock, reassure the patient. Place on back with legs elevated (except in cases of head and chest injuries, when the head should be slightly higher than the feet). You want the blood to flow to the brain; gravity can help.

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